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1.
Juha Einola Kai Sormunen Anssi Lensu Antti Leiskallio Matti Ettala Jukka Rintala 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(7):2105-2120
Methane oxidation was studied at a closed boreal landfill (area 3.9 ha, amount of deposited waste 200,000 tonnes) equipped with a passive gas collection and distribution system and a methane oxidative top soil cover integrated in a European Union landfill directive-compliant, multilayer final cover. Gas wells and distribution pipes with valves were installed to direct landfill gas through the water impermeable layer into the top soil cover. Mean methane emissions at the 25 measuring points at four measurement times (October 2005–June 2006) were 0.86–6.2 m3 ha?1 h?1. Conservative estimates indicated that at least 25% of the methane flux entering the soil cover at the measuring points was oxidized in October and February, and at least 46% in June. At each measurement time, 1–3 points showed significantly higher methane fluxes into the soil cover (20–135 m3 ha?1 h?1) and methane emissions (6–135 m3 ha?1 h?1) compared to the other points (<20 m3 ha?1 h?1 and <10 m3 ha?1 h?1, respectively). These points of methane overload had a high impact on the mean methane oxidation at the measuring points, resulting in zero mean oxidation at one measurement time (November). However, it was found that by adjusting the valves in the gas distribution pipes the occurrence of methane overload can be to some extent moderated which may increase methane oxidation. Overall, the investigated landfill gas treatment concept may be a feasible option for reducing methane emissions at landfills where a water impermeable cover system is used. 相似文献
2.
Tarek Abichou Koenraad Mahieu Lei Yuan Jeffery Chanton Gary Hater 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(5):1595-1601
Previous publications described the performance of biocovers constructed with a compost layer placed on select areas of a landfill surface characterized by high emissions from March 2004 to April 2005. The biocovers reduced CH4 emissions 10-fold by hydration of underlying clay soils, thus reducing the overall amount of CH4 entering them from below, and by oxidation of a greater portion of that CH4. This paper examines in detail the field observations made on a control cell and a biocover cell from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2005. Field observations were coupled to a numerical model to contrast the transport and attenuation of CH4 emissions from these two cells. The model partitioned the biocover’s attenuation of CH4 emission into blockage of landfill gas flow from the underlying waste and from biological oxidation of CH4. Model inputs were daily water content and temperature collected at different depths using thermocouples and calibrated TDR probes. Simulations of CH4 transport through the two soil columns depicted lower CH4 emissions from the biocover relative to the control. Simulated CH4 emissions averaged 0.0 g m?2 d?1 in the biocover and 10.25 g m?2 d?1 in the control, while measured values averaged 0.04 g m?2 d?1 in the biocover and 14 g m?2 d?1 in the control. The simulated influx of CH4 into the biocover (2.7 g m?2 d?1) was lower than the simulated value passing into the control cell (29.4 g m?2 d?1), confirming that lower emissions from the biocover were caused by blockage of the gas stream. The simulated average rate of biological oxidation predicted by the model was 19.2 g m?2 d?1 for the control cell as compared to 2.7 g m?2 d?1 biocover. Even though its Vmax was significantly greater, the biocover oxidized less CH4 than the control cell because less CH4 was supplied to it. 相似文献
3.
Peter Harborth Roland Fuß Kai Münnich Heinz Flessa Klaus Fricke 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(10):2099-2107
Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) is an effective technique, which removes organic carbon from municipal solid waste (MSW) prior to deposition. Thereby, methane (CH4) production in the landfill is strongly mitigated. However, direct measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from full-scale MBT landfills have not been conducted so far. Thus, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from a German MBT landfill in operation as well as their concentrations in the landfill gas (LFG) were measured. High N2O emissions of 20–200 g CO2 eq. m?2 h?1 magnitude (up to 428 mg N m?2 h?1) were observed within 20 m of the working face. CH4 emissions were highest at the landfill zone located at a distance of 30–40 m from the working face, where they reached about 10 g CO2 eq. m?2 h?1. The MBT material in this area has been deposited several weeks earlier. Maximum LFG concentration for N2O was 24.000 ppmv in material below the emission hotspot. At a depth of 50 cm from the landfill surface a strong negative correlation between N2O and CH4 concentrations was observed. From this and from the distribution pattern of extractable ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate it has been concluded that strong N2O production is associated with nitrification activity and the occurrence of nitrite and nitrate, which is initiated by oxygen input during waste deposition. Therefore, CH4 mitigation measures, which often employ aeration, could result in a net increase of GHG emissions due to increased N2O emissions, especially at MBT landfills. 相似文献
4.
L. Martín-González L.F. Colturato X. Font T. Vicent 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(10):1854-1859
Anaerobic digestion is applied widely to treat the source collected organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (SC-OFMSW). Lipid-rich wastes are a valuable substrate for anaerobic digestion due to their high theoretical methane potential. Nevertheless, although fat, oil and grease waste from sewage treatment plants (STP-FOGW) are commonly disposed of in landfill, European legislation is aimed at encouraging more effective forms of treatment. Co-digestion of the above wastes may enhance valorisation of STP-FOGW and lead to a higher biogas yield throughout the anaerobic digestion process. In the present study, STP-FOGW was evaluated as a co-substrate in wet anaerobic digestion of SC-OFMSW under mesophilic conditions (37 °C). Batch experiments carried out at different co-digestion ratios showed an improvement in methane production related to STP-FOGW addition. A 1:7 (VS/VS) STP-FOGW:SC-OFMSW feed ratio was selected for use in performing further lab-scale studies in a 5 L continuous reactor. Biogas yield increased from 0.38 ± 0.02 L g VSfeed?1 to 0.55 ± 0.05 L g VSfeed?1 as a result of adding STP-FOGW to reactor feed. Both VS reduction values and biogas methane content were maintained and inhibition produced by long chain fatty acid (LCFA) accumulation was not observed. Recovery of a currently wasted methane potential from STP-FOGW was achieved in a co-digestion process with SC-OFMSW. 相似文献
5.
Xiaojun Wang Sili Chen Xiaoyang Gu Kaiyan Wang 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(4):1354-1358
Mature landfill leachate is typically non-biodegradable. A combination process was developed that includes coagulation, Fenton oxidation, and biological aerated filtering to treat biologically-produced effluent. In this process, coagulation and Fenton oxidation were applied in order to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) organic load, and enhance biodegradability. Poly-ferric sulfate (PFS) at 600 mg l?1 was found to be a suitable dosage for coagulation. For Fenton oxidation, an initial pH of 5, a total reaction time of 3 h, and an H2O2 dosage of 5.4 mmol l?1, with a (H2O2)/n(Fe2+) ratio of 1.2 and two-step dosing were selected to achieve optimal oxidation. Under these optimal coagulation and Fenton oxidation conditions, the COD removal ratios were found to be 66.67% and 56%, respectively. Following pretreatment with coagulation and Fenton oxidation, the landfill leachate was further treated using a biological aerated filter (BAF). Our results show that COD was reduced to 75 mg l?1, and the color was less than 10 degrees. 相似文献
6.
A study of the second step or methanogenic stage of a two-stage anaerobic digestion process treating two-phase olive oil mill solid residue (OMSR) was conducted at mesophilic temperature (35 °C). The substrate fed to the methanogenic step was the effluent from a hydrolytic–acidogenic reactor operating at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 12.9 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) L?1 d?1 and at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12.4 days; these OLR and HRT were found to be the best values to achieve the maximum total volatile fatty acid concentration (14.5 g L?1 expressed as acetic acid) with a high concentration in acetic acid (57.5% of the total concentration) as the principal precursor of methane. The methanogenic stage was carried out in an anaerobic stirred tank reactor containing saponite as support media for the immobilization of microorganisms. OLRs of between 0.8 and 22.0 g COD L?1 d?1 were studied. These OLRs corresponded to HRTs of between 142.9 and 4.6 days. The methanogenic reactor operated with high stability for OLRs lower than 20.0 g COD L?1 d?1. This behaviour was shown by the total volatile fatty acids/total alkalinity ratio, whose values were always kept ?0.12 for HRTs > 4.6 days. The total COD (T-COD) removed was in the range of 94.3–61.3% and the volatile solids (VS) removed between 92.8% and 56.1% for OLRs between 0.8 and 20.0 g COD L?1 d?1. In the same way, a reduction of 43.8% was achieved for phenolic content. The low concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) observed (below 1 g L?1 expressed as CH3COOH) in the methanogenic reactor effluents showed the high percentage of consumption and conversion of these acids to methane. A methane yield of 0.268 ± 0.003 L CH4 at standard temperature and pressure conditions (STP) g?1 COD eliminated was achieved. 相似文献
7.
A series of processes by biofilter and Fenton oxidation to treat mature landfill leachate has been devised. At a hydraulic loading rate of 20 l m?3 d?1, a biofilter packed with aged refuse is found to remove 80% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 89% of ammonia nitrogen and 96% of total phosphorus (TP). Particularly, TP levels dropped below 1 mg l?1. The optimal condition for Fenton oxidation was selected to be an initial pH of 5, a dosage of 0.01 and 0.02 mol l?1 of FeSO4 and H2O2, respectively, and a duration of 3 h, where COD removal efficiency reaches 58.6%, and BOD5/COD ratio is raised from 0.05 to 0.20. Subsequent treatment by a biofilter packed with slag reduces COD, ammonia nitrogen levels to less than 100, 25 mg l?1, respectively. A pilot scale experiment conducted in situ demonstrates that this series of processes exhibits a high efficiency in removing pollutants from mature landfill leachate and it is viable for application. 相似文献
8.
Anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and fruit/vegetable waste: Lab-scale and pilot-scale studies
Long Wang Fei Shen Hairong Yuan Dexun Zou Yanping Liu Baoning Zhu Xiujin Li 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(12):2627-2633
The anaerobic digestion performances of kitchen waste (KW) and fruit/vegetable waste (FVW) were investigated for establishing engineering digestion system. The study was conducted from lab-scale to pilot-scale, including batch, single-phase and two-phase experiments. The lab-scale experimental results showed that the ratio of FVW to KW at 5:8 presented higher methane productivity (0.725 L CH4/g VS), and thereby was recommended. Two-phase digestion appeared to have higher treatment capacity and better buffer ability for high organic loading rate (OLR) (up to 5.0 g (VS) L?1 d?1), compared with the low OLR of 3.5 g (VS) L?1 d?1 for single-phase system. For two-phase digestion, the pilot-scale system showed similar performances to those of lab-scale one, except slightly lower maximum OLR of 4.5 g (VS) L?1 d?1 was allowed. The pilot-scale system proved to be profitable with a net profit of 10.173 $/ton as higher OLR (?3.0 g (VS) L?1 d?1) was used. 相似文献
9.
K.E. Gómez G. Gonzalez-Gil A. Lazzaro M.H. Schroth 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(9):2518-2526
Methane (CH4) oxidation by aerobic methanotrophs in landfill-cover soils decreases emissions of landfill-produced CH4 to the atmosphere. To quantify in situ rates of CH4 oxidation we performed five gas push–pull tests (GPPTs) at each of two locations in the cover soil of the Lindenstock landfill (Liestal, Switzerland) over a 4 week period. GPPTs consist of the injection of a gas mixture containing CH4, O2 and noble gas tracers followed by extraction from the same location. Quantification of first-order rate constants was based upon comparison of breakthrough curves of CH4 with either Ar or CH4 itself from a subsequent inactive GPPT containing acetylene as an inhibitor of CH4 oxidation. The maximum calculated first-order rate constant was 24.8 ± 0.8 h?1 at location 1 and 18.9 ± 0.6 h?1 at location 2. In general, location 2 had higher background CH4 concentrations in vertical profile samples than location 1. High background CH4 concentrations in the cover soil during some experiments adversely affected GPPT breakthrough curves and data interpretation. Real-time PCR verified the presence of a large population of methanotrophs at the two GPPT locations and comparison of stable carbon isotope fractionation of CH4 in an active GPPT and a subsequent inactive GPPT confirmed that microbial activity was responsible for the CH4 oxidation. The GPPT was shown to be a useful tool to reproducibly estimate in situ rates of CH4 oxidation in a landfill-cover soil when background CH4 concentrations were low. 相似文献
10.
Chris Pratt Adrian S. Walcroft Julie Deslippe Kevin R. Tate 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(2):412-419
Landfills that generate too little biogas for economic energy recovery can potentially offset methane (CH4) emissions through biological oxidation by methanotrophic bacteria in cover soils. This study reports on the CH4 oxidation efficiency of a 10-year old landfill cap comprising a volcanic pumice soil. Surface CH4 and CO2 fluxes were measured using field chambers during three sampling intervals over winter and summer. Methane fluxes were temporally and spatially variable (?0.36 to 3044 mg CH4 m?2 h?1); but were at least 15 times lower than typical literature CH4 fluxes reported for older landfills in 45 of the 46 chambers tested. Exposure of soil from this landfill cover to variable CH4 fluxes in laboratory microcosms revealed a very strong correlation between CH4 oxidation efficiency and CH4/CO2 ratios, confirming the utility of this relationship for approximating CH4 oxidation efficiency. CH4/CO2 ratios were applied to gas concentrations from the surface flux chambers and indicated a mean CH4 oxidation efficiency of 72%. To examine CH4 oxidation with soil depth, we collected 10 soil depth profiles at random locations across the landfill. Seven profiles exhibited CH4 removal rates of 70–100% at depths <60 cm, supporting the high oxidation rates observed in the chambers. Based on a conservative 70% CH4 oxidation efficiency occurring at the site, this cover soil is clearly offsetting far greater CH4 quantities than the 10% default value currently adopted by the IPCC. 相似文献
11.
Long term methane emissions from landfill sites are often predicted by first-order decay (FOD) models, in which the default coefficients of the methane generation potential and the methane generation rate given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are usually used. However, previous studies have demonstrated the large uncertainty in these coefficients because they are derived from a calibration procedure under ideal steady-state conditions, not actual landfill site conditions. In this study, the coefficients in the FOD model were estimated by a new approach to predict more precise long term methane generation by considering region-specific conditions. In the new approach, age-defined waste samples, which had been under the actual landfill site conditions, were collected in Hokkaido, Japan (in cold region), and the time series data on the age-defined waste sample’s methane generation potential was used to estimate the coefficients in the FOD model. The degradation coefficients were 0.050 1/y and 0.062 1/y for paper and food waste, and the methane generation potentials were 214.4 mL/g-wet waste and 126.7 mL/g-wet waste for paper and food waste, respectively. These coefficients were compared with the default coefficients given by the IPCC. Although the degradation coefficient for food waste was smaller than the default value, the other coefficients were within the range of the default coefficients. With these new coefficients to calculate methane generation, the long term methane emissions from the landfill site was estimated at 1.35 × 104 m3-CH4, which corresponds to approximately 2.53% of the total carbon dioxide emissions in the city (5.34 × 105 t-CO2/y). 相似文献
12.
Alkhafaji R. Abood Jianguo Bao Jiangkun Du Dan Zheng Ye Luo 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(2):439-447
This study describes the complete treatment of non-biodegradable landfill leachate by combined treatment processes. The processes consist of agitation as a novel stripping method used to overcome the ammonia toxicity regarding aerobic microorganisms. The NH3-N removal ratio was 93.9% obtained at pH 11.5 and a gradient velocity (G) 150 s?1 within a five-hour agitation time. By poly ferric sulphate (PFS) coagulation followed the agitation process; chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) were removed at 70.6% and 49.4%, respectively at an optimum dose of 1200 mg L?1 at pH 5.0. The biodegradable ratio BOD5/COD was improved from 0.18 to 0.31 during pretreatment step by agitation and PFS coagulation. Thereafter, the effluent was diluted with sewage at a different ratio before it was subjected to sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment. Up to 93.3% BOD5, 95.5% COD and 98.1% NH3-N removal were achieved by SBR operated under anoxic–aerobic–anoxic conditions. The filtration process was carried out using sand and carbon as a dual filter media as polishing process. The final effluent concentration of COD, BOD5, suspended solid (SS), NH3-N and total organic carbon (TOC) were 72.4 mg L?1, 22.8 mg L?1, 24.2 mg L?1, 18.4 mg L?1 and 50.8 mg L?1 respectively, which met the discharge standard. The results indicated that a combined process of agitation-coagulation-SBR and filtration effectively eliminated pollutant loading from landfill leachate. 相似文献
13.
Mojca Loncnar Marija Zupančič Peter Bukovec Maja Zupančič Justin 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(1):110-118
Recirculation of leachate on a covered landfill site planted with willows or other highly evapotranspirative woody plants is an inexpensive option for leachate management. In our study, a closed landfill leachate recirculation system was established on a rehabilitated municipal solid waste landfill site with planted landfill cover. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the sustainability of the system with regard to high hydraulic loads of the landfill leachate on the landfill cover and high concentrations of saline ions, especially potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl?), in leachate.The results of intensive monitoring, implemented during May 2004 and September 2007, including leachate, soil and plant samples, showed a high sustainability of the system regarding saline ions with the precipitation regime of the studied region. Saline ion concentrations in leachates varied between 132 and 2592 mg Cl? L?1, 69 and 1310 mg Na+ L?1 and between 66 and 2156 mg K+ L?1, with mean values of 1010, 632 and 686 mg L?1, respectively. Soil salinity, measured as soil electrical conductivity (EC), remained between 0.17 and 0.38 mS cm?1 at a depth between 0 and 90 cm. An average annual precipitation of 1000 mm provided sufficient leaching of saline ions, loaded by irrigation with landfill leachate, from the soil of the landfill cover and thus prevented possible salinity shocks to the planted willows. 相似文献
14.
Marlies Hrad Marion Huber-Humer Bernhard Wimmer Thomas G. Reichenauer 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(12):2324-2335
Landfill aeration by means of low pressure air injection is a promising tool to reduce long term emissions from organic waste fractions through accelerated biological stabilization. Top covers that enhance methane oxidation could provide a simple and economic way to mitigate residual greenhouse gas emissions from in situ aerated landfills, and may replace off-gas extraction and treatment, particularly at smaller and older sites. In this respect the installation of a landfill cover system adjusted to the forced-aerated landfill body is of great significance. Investigations into large scale lysimeters (2 × 2 × 3 m) under field conditions have been carried out using different top covers including compost materials and natural soils as a surrogate to gas extraction during active low pressure aeration. In the present study, the emission behaviour as well as the water balance performance of the lysimeters has been investigated, both prior to and during the first months of in situ aeration. Results reveal that mature sewage sludge compost (SSC) placed in one lysimeter exhibits in principle optimal ambient conditions for methanotrophic bacteria to enhance methane oxidation. Under laboratory conditions the mature compost mitigated CH4 loadings up to 300 l CH4/m2 d. In addition, the compost material provided high air permeability even at 100% water holding capacity (WHC). In contrast, the more cohesive, mineral soil cover was expected to cause a notably uniform distribution of the injected air within the waste layer. Laboratory results also revealed sufficient air permeability of the soil materials (TS-F and SS-Z) placed in lysimeter C. However, at higher compaction density SS-Z became impermeable at 100% WHC.Methane emissions from the reference lysimeter with the smaller substrate cover (12–52 g CH4/m2 d) were significantly higher than fluxes from the other lysimeters (0–19 g CH4/m2 d) during in situ aeration. Regarding water balance, lysimeters covered with compost and compost-sand mixture, showed the lowest leachate rate (18–26% of the precipitation) due to the high water holding capacity and more favourable plant growth conditions compared to the lysimeters with mineral, more cohesive, soil covers (27–45% of the precipitation).On the basis of these results, the authors suggest a layered top cover system using both compost material as well as mineral soil in order to support active low-pressure aeration. Conventional soil materials with lower permeability may be used on top of the landfill body for a more uniform aeration of the waste due to an increased resistance to vertical gas flow. A compost cover may be built on top of the soil cover underlain by a gas distribution layer to improve methane oxidation rates and minimise water infiltration. By planting vegetation with a high transpiration rate, the leachate amount emanating from the landfill could be further minimised. The suggested design may be particularly suitable in combination with intermittent in situ aeration, in the later stage of an aeration measure, or at very small sites and shallow deposits. The top cover system could further regulate water infiltration into the landfill and mitigate residual CH4 emissions, even beyond the time of active aeration. 相似文献
15.
Within the scope of an investigation for the German Federal Environment Agency (“Umweltbundesamt”), the basics for the estimation of the methane emissions from the landfilling of mechanically and biologically treated waste (MBT) were developed. For this purpose, topical research including monitoring results regarding the gas balance at MBT landfills was evaluated.For waste treated to the required German standards, a methane formation potential of approximately 18–24 m3 CH4/t of total dry solids may be expected. Monitoring results from MBT landfills show that a three-phase model with differentiated half-lives describes the degradation kinetics in the best way. This is due to the fact that during the first years of disposal, the anaerobic degradation processes still proceed relatively intensively. In addition in the long term (decades), a residual gas production at a low level is still to be expected.Most of the soils used in recultivation layer systems at German landfills show a relatively high methane oxidation capacity up to 5 l CH4/(m2 h). However, measurements at MBT disposal sites indicate that the majority of the landfill gas (in particular at non-covered areas), leaves the landfill body via preferred gas emission zones (hot spots) without significant methane oxidation. Therefore, rather low methane oxidation factors are recommended for open and temporarily covered MBT landfills. Higher methane oxidation rates can be achieved when the soil/recultivation layer is adequately designed and operated.Based on the elaborated default values, the First Order Decay (FOD) model of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006, was used to estimate the methane emissions from MBT landfills. Due to the calculation made by the authors emissions in the range of 60,000–135,000 t CO2-eq./a for all German MBT landfills can be expected. This wide range shows the uncertainties when the here used procedure and the limited available data are applied. It is therefore necessary to generate more data in the future in order to calculate more precise methane emission rates from MBT landfills. This is important for the overall calculation of the climate gas production in Germany which is required once a year by the German Government. 相似文献
16.
G. Tallec C. Bureau P. Peu J.C. Benoist M. Lemunier A. Budka D. Presse T. Bouchez 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(7):2078-2084
This study evaluates the impact of nitrate injection on a full scale landfill bioreactor through the monitoring of gaseous releases and particularly N2O emissions. During several weeks, we monitored gas concentrations in the landfill gas collection system as well as surface gas releases with a series of seven static chambers. These devices were directly connected to a gas chromatograph coupled to a flame ionisation detector and an electron capture detector (GC-FID/ECD) placed directly on the field. Measurements were performed before, during and after recirculation of raw leachate and nitrate-enhanced leachate. Raw leachate recirculation did not have a significant effect on the biogas concentrations (CO2, CH4 and N2O) in the gas extraction network. However, nitrate-enhanced leachate recirculation induced a marked increase of the N2O concentrations in the gas collected from the recirculation trench (100-fold increase from 0.2 ppm to 23 ppm). In the common gas collection system however, this N2O increase was no more detectable because of dilution by gas coming from other cells or ambient air intrusion. Surface releases through the temporary cover were characterized by a large spatial and temporal variability. One automated chamber gave limited standard errors over each experimental period for N2O releases: 8.1 ± 0.16 mg m?2 d?1 (n = 384), 4.2 ± 0.14 mg m?2 d?1 (n = 132) and 1.9 ± 0.10 mg m?2 d?1 (n = 49), during, after raw leachate and nitrate-enhanced leachate recirculation, respectively. No clear correlation between N2O gaseous surface releases and recirculation events were evidenced. Estimated N2O fluxes remained in the lower range of what is reported in the literature for landfill covers, even after nitrate injection. 相似文献
17.
Pradeep Jain Jae Hac Ko Dinesh Kumar Jon Powell Hwidong Kim Lizmarie Maldonado Timothy Townsend Debra R. Reinhart 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2312-2320
A case study of landfill liquids addition using small diameter (5 cm) vertical wells is reported. More than 25,000 m3 of leachate was added via 134 vertical wells installed 3 m, 12 m, and 18 m deep over five years in a landfill in Florida, US. Liquids addition performance (flow rate per unit screen length per unit liquid head) ranged from 5.6 × 10?8 to 3.6 × 10?6 m3 s?1 per m screen length per m liquid head. The estimated radial hydraulic conductivity ranged from 3.5 × 10?6 to 4.2 × 10?4 m s?1. The extent of lateral moisture movement ranged from 8 to 10 m based on the responses of moisture sensors installed around vertical well clusters, and surface seeps were found to limit the achievable liquids addition rates, despite the use of concrete collars under a pressurized liquids addition scenario. The average moisture content before (51 samples) and after (272 samples) the recirculation experiments were 23% (wet weight basis) and 45% (wet weight basis), respectively, and biochemical methane potential measurements of excavated waste indicated significant (p < 0.025) decomposition. 相似文献
18.
Xihua Zhang Yongbing Xie Hongbin Cao Faheem Nawaz Yi Zhang 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(9):1715-1724
To solve the recycling challenge for aqueous binder based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a novel process for recycling and resynthesizing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from the cathode scraps generated during manufacturing process is proposed in this study. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is employed to separate the cathode material from the aluminum foil. The effects of TFA concentration, liquid/solid (L/S) ratio, reaction temperature and time on the separation efficiencies of the cathode material and aluminum foil are investigated systematically. The cathode material can be separated completely under the optimal experimental condition of 15 vol.% TFA solution, L/S ratio of 8.0 mL g?1, reacting at 40 °C for 180 min along with appropriate agitation. LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is successfully resynthesized from the separated cathode material by solid state reaction method. Several kinds of characterizations are performed to verify the typical properties of the resynthesized LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powder. Electrochemical tests show that the initial charge and discharge capacities of the resynthesized LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 are 201 mAh g?1 and 155.4 mAh g?1 (2.8–4.5 V, 0.1 C), respectively. The discharge capacity remains at 129 mAh g?1 even after 30 cycles with a capacity retention ratio of 83.01%. 相似文献
19.
Shaobo Liang Armando G. McDonald Erik R. Coats 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2022-2027
Potato peel waste (PPW) as zero value byproduct generated from food processing plant contains a large quantity of starch, non-starch polysaccharide, lignin, protein, and lipid. PPW as one promising carbon source can be managed and utilized to value added bioproducts through a simple fermentation process using undefined mixed cultures inoculated from wastewater treatment plant sludge. A series of non-pH controlled batch fermentations under different conditions such as pretreatment process, enzymatic hydrolysis, temperature, and solids loading were studied. Lactic acid (LA) was the major product, followed by acetic acid (AA) and ethanol under fermentation conditions without the presence of added hydrolytic enzymes. The maximum yields of LA, AA, and ethanol were respectively, 0.22 g g?1, 0.06 g g?1, and 0.05 g g?1. The highest LA concentration of 14.7 g L?1 was obtained from a bioreactor with initial solids loading of 60 g L?1 at 35 °C. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Martín R. Fernández A. Serrano J.A. Siles 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(7):1633-1639
The manufacturing of orange juice generates high volumes of orange peel waste which should not be deposited in landfill according to current recommendations. Furthermore, glycerol is a compound co-generated in biodiesel manufacturing, but the volume generated is higher than the current demand for pure glycerol. The anaerobic co-digestion of orange peel waste with residual glycerol could reduce the inhibitory effect of some compounds and provide a correct nutrient balance. Under mesophilic temperature and semi-continuous conditions, a mixture of orange peel waste-residual glycerol of 1:1 (in COD) operated favorably for organic loads up to 2.10 g VS/L. At higher organic loads, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and a decrease in the pH caused process destabilization. The methane yield coefficient was quite constant, with a mean value of 330 ± 51 mLSTP/g VSadded, while the organic loading rate (OLR) reached a mean value of 1.91 ± 0.37 kg VS/m3 d (17.59 ± 2.78 kg mixture/m3 d) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied in a range of 8.5–30.0 d. 相似文献