安全观下的企业社会责任探讨

结合我国企业社会责任发展现状,基于安全观的视角对其进行了探讨,给出了安全观下的企业社会责任的定义,构建了社会责任层次模型,并着重运用安全经济学观点,对企业承担最基本的社会责任——安全责任进行了效益分析,得出的结论是企业承担适度的社会责任是能够为企业带来利润的.提高企业的社会责任意识,鼓励企业承担起适度的社会责任,将极大地提高其对社会的反应能力和经济绩效,有利于企业的长远发展.     

Occupational health and safety in the framework of corporate social responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been defined as the voluntary integration of social and environmental concerns into the firm’s decision-making. The search for a good Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) environment and the promotion of a culture of risk prevention are two of the firm’s main social responsibilities, and consequently an integral part of CSR. This paper discusses how the growing interest in corporate social responsibility can contribute to improving the implementation of adequate systems of prevention. For this purpose, we study to what extent OHS issues are present in the field of CSR, and consequently determine which aspects have received the most attention, and which are less well developed; we offer some proposals as well. The methodology followed is a content analysis of the main international CSR management tools.     

企业应该承担社会责任

近几年来，接连发生的安徽阜阳奶粉、湖南岳阳砷污染、松花江和江苏太湖水污染以及各种矿难和假冒伪劣安全帽等事件，引发了人们对企业承担“社会责任”的思考。社会责任成为国人关注的热点问题。     

ISO 26000框架下的煤矿安全管理

随着国际标准化组织制定的社会责任指南(ISO26000)颁布日期的临近,企业社会责任再次被提上日程,企业的各项管理工作也需要在履行社会责任的前提下开展。本文针对煤炭企业安全事故频发的现状,将煤矿安全置于社会责任框架下进行研究。论文在对ISO26000进行概述的基础上,讨论煤炭企业履行社会责任对煤矿安全的影响,提出社会责任框架下,煤矿安全管理的建议。     

Maintaining the corporate memory

A well known fact is that corporations don’t have memories. This is because the majority of the knowledge is maintained in the employees’ heads and when they leave that knowledge walks out with them. This continues to be the bane of process safety as errors get perpetuated and incidents repeated. A system can be created, though, to form and keep a corporate memory by accumulating the knowledge as it is developed and saving it in an organized manner, to be easily found and used by others as needed. In a previous paper we saw how knowledge can be organized. In this paper we will show that knowledge is best shared by example (for instance, we would like to design our plant based on the best applicable designs available), and how it can be continually collected with little effort once a proper workflow has been adopted. In this workflow the knowledge is reviewed and indexed as part of the collection process and organized into the niches of a previously created framework. The resulting knowledge infrastructure serves as the corporate memory and besides being a boon to process safety, it becomes an efficiency machine (no more need to reinvent the wheel!).     

责任矩阵在生活必需品应急保障责任评估中的应用

在突发事件生活必需品应急保障工作中开展责任管理与评估,对提高我国的应急保障水平有重要意义。采用责任矩阵的方法,对生活必需品应急保障过程的角色和任务进行了划分,构建了应急保障的责任矩阵,明确了应急保障工作中的责任划分。进而提出了在责任矩阵的基础上完善生活必需品应急保障责任评估的建议,具有一定的积极意义。     

Critical infrastructures and responsibility: A conceptual exploration

In this article some considerations are presented as a starting point for judging responsibility for infrastructural systems from a moral point of view. Infrastructural systems are essential for present day high-tech society. Without good working infrastructural systems people would hardly be able to survive. The importance and relevance of good working critical infrastructures for states and other public authorities are illustrated with some examples. Next, the meaning of the concept of responsibility in relation to infrastructural systems is developed. Outcome responsibility and remedial responsibility – developed in philosophy of law and political philosophy – are elaborated as useful concepts for dealing with responsibilities in infrastructural systems. This analysis is applied to the players on the infrastructural field: governments and other public authorities, non-state institutional actors and last but not least individual agents. In a last paragraph some conclusions are drawn, which can be applied for apportioning responsibility for infrastructures in practice.     

Enhancing corporate compliance with worksite safety and health legislation

Introduction: A 2-year prospective study evaluated the effectiveness of a managerial training program to enhance corporate compliance with statewide worksite safety and health regulations. The program offered participants information about regulatory requirements and emphasized organizational and environmental strategies for reducing occupational injuries and illnesses. Objectives: To assess the effects of a train-the-trainer program on business managers' knowledge of statewide occupational safety and health legislation and on levels of corporate compliance with regulatory requirements. Methods: Forty-eight small- and medium-sized companies participated in the training sessions during the first year of the study. These firms were compared with 46 control companies that did not receive the training until the conclusion of the study. Results: Participation in the program was associated with higher levels of corporate regulatory compliance 12 months after the training sessions were held (controlling for baseline levels of corporate compliance with the regulations). Program effects on compliance levels were mediated by posttraining changes in managers' knowledge of regulatory requirements. Conclusions: The REACH OUT training program raised managers' awareness of and corporate compliance with statewide worksite safety and health regulations. Impact on Industry: Smaller companies face greater challenges than larger ones in developing and maintaining worksite safety and health programs. Barriers to regulatory compliance, especially in small- and medium-size companies, should be identified and removed to enhance the efficacy of these programs.     

认真履行主体安全责任

企业是市场的主体,也是安全生产的责任主体,安全生产工作必须坚持抓好基层、打好基础,“基础不牢、地动山摇”。     

Attributing responsibility for alcohol-related near-miss accidents

An experimental study was conducted to examine the attribution of responsibility for alcohol-related near-miss accidents. Ninety-six observers were presented with specially prepared accident scenarios in which the level of unsafe driving behavior (none, drinking, drinking and speeding) and the severity of accident outcome were varied. The results indicated that less responsibility was assigned to the perpetrator for near-misses than for more severe accidents, regardless of the presence or absence of unsafe behavior. Recommended penalties also varied with severity of outcome, particularly for drinking and driving accidents. In general, the culpability of drinking and driving appeared to depend on the consequences produced. The perceived seriousness of this behavior varied according to whether it led to a secondary unsafe driving act or whether it was associated with serious harm to others. When neither of these occurred, drinking and driving was not viewed as being significantly more serious than no unsafe behavior. Some implications of these findings for safety are discussed.     

安全管理中“责任扩散”与“责任上移”

安全责任管理是现实当中遇到的非常具体的实践问题,由于人们往往认识不到在落实责任过程中会出现“责任扩散”和“责任上移”的逃责现象,给企业安全管理留下了隐患和诱发事故的缺口.通过分析安全责任扩散和责任上移形成的原因,界定了出现安全责任缺口的内在机制,用建立的组织责任关系模型说明落实责任的原理,提出了利用“安全责任链”和执行“工作上级”流程来解决责任管理不到位的方法,对企业提高安全管理水平有现实的借鉴作用.     

Determining older driver crash responsibility from police and insurance data

This study aimed to determine the extent to which older drivers can be considered responsible for their crashes, to identify key factors in those crashes for which older drivers have been judged responsible, and to assess the extent to which older drivers' extra crash responsibility contributes to the road toll. Insurance claims from the State of Tasmania, Australia, for 1998-2002 were linked with police records for crashes involving drivers aged either 41-55 years or 65 years or older. Insurance and police data sets contained independent judgments of crash responsibility. There was a high level of agreement between the two sets of judgments, with older drivers judged around 1.5 times more likely to be responsible for their crashes than middle-aged drivers and, conversely, older drivers were around 0.6 as likely to be absolved from crash responsibility. It was concluded that older drivers' additional crash responsibility while valuable in explaining "what went wrong," currently makes only a small contribution to the overall road toll.     

构建安全管理长效机制探讨

云铝公司始终把贯彻落实国家法律法规、实现科学可持续发展道路作为衡量社会责任的重要标尺,持续构建以风险控制为主要内容的安全长效机制,坚持用安全工作统领基础管理工作.实施技术改造,提高本质化安全水平;强化安全生产责任落实;贯彻OHSAS18001国际标准,规范管理工作;深入开展隐患排查和治理;强化安全教育培训,提高全员安全素质.     

企业安全生产责任矩阵研究

企业的安全生产工作是由一系列安全生产业务构成的,企业实施一项安全生产业务,都需若干步骤,要几个部门参加,对部门工作的要求和目标就是该部门在实施该项安全生产业务时安全生产责任.本文基于上述的思想,提出了企业安全生产责任矩阵的概念,给出了构建企业安全生产责任矩阵的过程.当企业有m项安全生产业务、n各部门时,企业安全生产责任矩阵A是m×n阶矩阵,A的元素aij是部门安全生产责任数.在进行企业安全生产责任分析时,应首先构造企业安全生产业务集M和企业部门集Ⅳ,再构造企业安全生产责任矩阵A,通过对矩阵A的元素分析就可以给出各部门的安全生产责任.     

企业安全生产责任的图表分析法研究

企业的任何一项安全生产业务都可以分解为一系列安全生产责任,完成一项安全生产业务,都需有若干个步骤,要几个部门或人员参加。为了最大限度地节省人力、物力和财力资源,提高效率,应尽量避免安全生产责任的交叉和步骤的重复,并且做到安全生产责任落实到企业部门或人员。本文充分利用图表直观的特点,提出了一种用图表分析企业安全生产责任的方法,明确了企业安全生产业务责任图表的基本概念及其编制过程,给出了分析案例。     

Totalitarian loss of responsibility in an explosives production plant

One of the largest accidents of communist era in former Czechoslovakia occurred in an explosion production plant in Semtín 26 years ago. Original analysis of the accident concentrated on technical causes and did not look for root causes. Additional root cause analysis showed that the plant’s safety management had been decaying and that other layers of causes had lain under the root causes. According to deeper analysis in this article, the event represents an accident that shows the decay of safety management after decades of dispersed ownership in a totalitarian society. We attempt to understand the mechanisms which led the plant into such a state. Their substantial aspects are identified and a model of the development of managers’ attitude to safety is constructed. The analysis points at the replacement of ideal managers’ behavior in safety management by distorted behavior which is here termed the totalitarian loss of responsibility. Presumably, more accidents with similar backgrounds can be identified in totalitarian surroundings. The analysis shows that the Chernobyl disaster can be considered one of them. Tools that helped deepen the analysis are based on the STAMP model and on the archetypes of safety. The analysis integrates various ideas and models into a single procedure based on the original representation of assumptions about the structure of safety management.     

British directors perspectives on the impact of health and safety on corporate performance

Occupational health and safety is established as a factor in international competitiveness, but we question the relevance of this economic argument at the organisational level. On this basis we assess the place of health and safety in the senior management agenda, based on findings from recent market research. Out of this we take a brief perspective on the literature on performance assessment and corporate reputation, and their relationship with health and safety in the workplace. We then report original in-depth research on directors' attitudes to and practice in workplace health and safety. We conclude with a summary of the key issues and a discussion of directions for further work.     

从伦理教育看安全工程师职业道德

为强化安全工程师职业道德的培养,从道德问题的敏感性和处理工程伦理问题的技巧入手,将伦理教育引入职业道德教育,使安全工程师在道德层面上恪守客观公正的执业要义,并分析他们因遵守职业道德规范所遭受的非正义压力情形,提出建立职业投诉机制.针对树立生命安全的责任观,提出唤醒安全工程师对生命敬畏教育和关怀伦理教育,构建了以"道德规范驾驭职业服务"的安全工程师职业道德培养机制,并给出了职业道德培养的有效方法.     

落实企业安全主体责任,强化生产过程安全管理

上海华谊集团是地处特大型城市中的大型化工企业集团,拥有30家从事危险化学品的生产经营单位。搞好生产过程安全管理,确保一方平安,是集团实现安全发展、科学发展的基础,是重中之重的工作。华谊集团重点强化企业安全责任主体,落实各级安全管理责任制;加强制度建设,统一制订实施集团《安全管理制度》,强化完善制度监管;强化重点危险化学品等的全过程安全监管,推进危化品企业安全标准化;组织开展HSE大检查,消除安全隐患;全员参与,实施全员危险源辨识活动,开展应急预案的修订与演练;加快推进产品结构调整和布局调整,消除安全"孤岛";实施"一个华谊,全国业务"的跨市发展战略。