白酒厂类火灾高危单位消防安全评估及应用

白酒厂属于典型的甲乙类火灾高危单位,具有火灾风险高、火灾扑救难度大、火灾造成伤亡大等特点。以白酒厂类火灾高危单位为研究对象,针对酒厂酒库、原酒车间、成品库、包装车间、包装材料库、办公楼等重点部位,通过深入调研,采用安全检查表法分析某白酒厂存在的火灾安全隐患及安全管理的薄弱环节,用层次分析法建立了该白酒厂的消防安全评估指标体系,主要包括建筑火灾风险、消防救援力量和消防给水几个方面。采用专家打分法赋予评估指标权重,并根据风险等级划分得出该酒厂的整体火灾风险评估等级,进而评判该酒厂的安全状况,针对存在的火灾隐患及薄弱环节采取有针对性的预防措施和有重点的整改管理,保障其安全生产。     

An evaluation of Manutention training in preventing back strain and resultant injuries in nurses

As the number of manual handling injuries in carers and nurses continues to be very high, the problem of how to prevent injury has not been solved. Despite the obvious need for optimum working environments, the literature does not really support that an ergonomics or systems approach solves the injury problem. Similarly, the evidence for training as a preventive strategy is equivocal, although clearly people handling requires trained handlers for both their own and the patient's safety. This research aimed to evaluate the outcomes of training in a method of manual handling of people, Dotte's Manutention method, which claims to decrease back strain and effort in carers. The study evaluated handling techniques and injury outcomes of a group of nurses in a nursing home trained in this method, using two other homes as comparisons. The study hypothesized that training in the Manutention method would decrease back strain and resultant back injuries in nurses working in geriatric care. The results showed a clear pattern of declining incidence of nurses' back pain for the nurses trained in Manutention and increasing incidence in the other two homes. These findings approached significance with a probability of < 0.1. Of those respondents who indicated a decrease in pain during the twelve month research period, all attributed it to their training. Ninety four percent of respondents who received training agreed it made their manual handling job easier. The observation method used was not sensitive enough to evaluate the multiple movements involved in a patient transfer. A supplementary controlled study was performed using videotaping and the Ovako Working Assessment System (OWAS). Manutention lifts were rated significantly better than non-Manutention on the critical variable of working posture (p < 0.01) and observed effort (p < 0.05). Accident statistics on patient handling did not show decreased injury rates at twelve months. The difficulties of controlling variables in the workplace and of the measurement of complex handling tasks were limitations of this study.     

Developing a Questionnaire for Measuring Safety Climate in the Workplace in Serbia

This study was conducted because a real method for measuring safety climate had never been developed and assessed in Serbian industry. The aim of this paper was to start the process of developing a safety climate questionnaire that could be used in Serbia. As a starting point a 21-item questionnaire was adopted after an extensive literature review. The questionnaire was distributed at several Serbian factories; 1098 workers responded. After a statistical analysis of the data obtained with the questionnaire and a critical comparison with the available reference results, a final questionnaire with 21 questions, divided into 7 groups, was developed. The 7 groups of questions (factors) were safety awareness and competence, safety communication, organizational environment, management support, risk judgment and management reaction, safety precautions and accident prevention, and safety training.     

废显像管玻璃循环经济模式系统分析研究

近年来,我国CRT显像管制造行业迅速发展,但制造显像管所需的大量优质矿石和化工原料的开采和合成过程却破坏了自然生态环境,还造成环境污染.同时,大量被淘汰和不合格的显像管被简单处理,造成巨大的优质资源浪费.采用系统分析的方法,对废显像管玻璃再利用进行环境分析,从而找出适合我国的废显像管玻璃循环经济模式,并使用模糊综合评价对废显像管玻璃循环经济效益的综合评价方式进行了探讨.     

工厂供配电系统运行和维护的安全技术要求

工厂供配电系统触电事故以及电气火灾和爆炸事故时有发生,不但影响生产,还造成巨大的经济损失甚至人员伤亡。介绍了工厂供配电系统运行和维护的安全要求,主要包括变配电所的运行和维护、电力线路的运行和维护及其他安全管理要求。     

Evaluating sulfuric acid reduction,substitution, and recovery to improve environmental performance and biogas productivity in rubber latex industry

Sulfuric acid is heavily used in concentrated rubber latex factories to coagulate rubber particles in skim latex. The resulting sulfate-rich wastewater creates the onset of toxic H₂S gas production in the wastewater holding ponds, causing severe corrosion to materials and community disturbance when dispersed to ambient air. This work identified and evaluated measures to reduce H₂S production by minimizing sulfate concentration in the wastewater. Sulfuric acid use could be cut down by pre-removal of ammonia in the skim latex as well as a stricter manipulation of acid dosing. In search of a more benign chemical, a heat sensitive polymer was identified and tested as sulfuric acid substitute. The use of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose polymer (HPMC) changed wastewater characteristics and was found to increase biogas production approximately by 2.4 times in batch assay at the initial pH 7.0 and methane yield by 2.7 times in continuous digester operation at HRT 7 days. Finally, a resource recovery option was evaluated. The remaining H₂S in the produced biogas was oxidized in the biotrickling filter to sulfuric acid that has a potential to partially supplement the fresh acid. This work demonstrated an integrated approach in waste management to improve environmental performance, safety and energy recovery in the concentrated latex industry.     

液化石油气站装卸连接装置改造的安全隐患分析

针对目前液化石油气站内装卸软管已强制要求改装为液体装卸臂的现状,本文梳理了原质监部门和安监部门对液化石油气站内装卸连接装置的不同要求,对在用液体装卸臂改造存在的安全隐患和后续的监管问题进行了分析,并对液体装卸臂的改造和监管提出了几点建议.     

Organisational learning and continuous improvement of health and safety in certified manufacturers

Certified management systems have increasingly been applied by firms in recent decades and now cover the management of health and safety, principally through the OHSAS 18001 standard. In order to become certified, firms must not only observe the relevant legislation, but also improve performance and raise goals within health and safety on a continuous basis. The article examines how certified occupational and health management systems influence this process to evaluate how far they hinder or support learning. It presents a model with which it is possible to identify and analyse improvement processes. The model is applied to five cases from a qualitative study of Danish manufacturers with certified health and safety management systems. The cases illustrate the wide variation in health and safety management among certified firms.Certification is found to support lower levels of continuous improvement performance in handling health and safety issues. However, more advanced improvement practices are shown to be connected to the integration of health and safety in other managerial areas, as well as to the employment of similar advanced improvement processes within firms. The article argues that certified health and safety management does not obstruct learning, and can support advanced learning. Improvement practices with regard to health and safety are mainly dependent upon the firm’s overall organisational processes and do not automatically arise from the standard alone.     

危险化学品装卸运输一体化安全风险预警平台设计与研究

针对危险化学品装卸环节与运输环节安全事故频发,涉及监管部门较多,及危险化学品流转过程中多物态、跨地域、跨时空的特征通过调研和分析,得出运输介质不符、疲劳驾驶、超载、企业超资质营业、装卸操作不规范等是影响危险化学品装卸、运输环节的主要安全风险因素;另外,装卸、运输环节安全风险影响因素之间存在紧密的耦合关系。为更有效落实企业安全生产主体责任和政府监管职责,严格依据相关法律法规和标准,并融合互联网、物联网、人工智能、地理信息等新一代信息化技术和理念,设计并研究集危险化学品装卸与运输一体化的安全风险预警平台。目前该平台已在山东淄博上线试运行,取得了良好的运行效果,提高了该市危险化学品装卸运输过程本质安全水平,增强了政府危险化学品监管能力。     

漂粉精生产过程中危险有害因素分析

通过对天津市漂粉精生产企业进行研究,分析了漂粉精生产过程可能存在的危险有害因素是尘毒、火灾、爆炸、灼伤、机械伤害等,并针对上述危险有害因素提出相应的防毒,防火防爆,防灼伤,防机械伤害等安全技术措施及安全管理措施.     

基于DEA和Malmquist指数的煤矿安全投入效率评价

为了系统的评价煤矿安全投入效率,采用DEA（数据包络分析）方法,选取我国1991~2010年煤矿安全投入产出数据构建DEA模型,其中煤矿安全投入指标为采煤机械化程度、工程技术人员百分比、颁布煤矿安全法规数和行业标准,产出指标为煤矿百万吨死亡率。根据构建的DEA模型对每年的效率进行分析和评价,并提出建议。同时运用Malmquist指数（全要素生产力指数）对煤矿安全投入效率进行分解研究。研究结果表明,从静态上看,我国仅有1993年和2010年当年的煤矿安全投入和产出都达到了最优状态,并且随着煤矿安全投入逐年增加,煤矿安全投入技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率逐年提升。从动态上看,我国煤矿安全投入Malmquist指数的提高对技术的依赖很明显,无论是技术进步还是技术效率的提高都会相应的提高Malmquist指数。     

热-力耦合作用对建筑结构火灾安全的影响

结构火灾安全可以避免建筑物在火灾中坍塌.火灾热环境影响建筑结构的响应,传统的标准火灾环境有一定的局限性,不能完全适用于若干真实火灾场景.因此有必要开展真实火灾环境下建筑结构的热-力响应特性研究,发展有效的工程工具来设计经济安全的结构.近来,性能化的结构火灾安全设计评估方法和相应技术发展迅速,该文给出一种综合考虑热-力耦合作用的结构火灾安全设计评估方法及相应流程.首先通过建筑和燃料特性来预测可能的火灾热环境特性,然后再分析构件和结构的热响应和力学响应特性来判定结构是否会失效,以及可以降低热和力影响的预防失效措施.该文通过案例分析将该方法应用于某中庭钢结构屋顶的防火保护,得到经济合理的防火涂层设计,满足有关防火规范的安全等价要求.     

Safety,reliability and worker satisfaction during organizational change

The research presented in this paper was carried out in four process industry plants in the Netherlands, to identify factors that have the potential to increase safety and reliability while maintaining or improving job satisfaction. The data used were gathered as part of broader trajectories in these firms, aiming at the simultaneous improvement of productivity and safety, while maintaining or improving worker satisfaction. The results show that participative leadership is crucial for combining an increase in safety and reliability with job satisfaction. Participative leadership has a positive effect on job satisfaction and through proper maintenance also on the prevention and absence of disturbances and on the reliability of the production process. The results of this research show the importance of participative leadership for safety, reliability and worker satisfaction, especially during organizational change. Other important factors are operator competences, teamwork, proper handling of variance and disturbances, and proper maintenance. It also confirms that apart from technological factors associated with proper maintenance, people and team related factors are important for increasing safety and reliability in the process industry, especially for being prepared for disturbances and to be able to cope adequately with them.     

A new multiple-risk map approach to solve process plant layout considering safety and economic aspects

Mathematical models used to optimize the process plant layout (PPL) with risk reduction have four primary objectives, which are related to the minimization of land, pumping (pipe system), protection system devices, and risk costs. Moreover, these models are of two types: continuous plane models (CPM) and grid-based models (GBM); however, the nonconvexity of the CPM models makes difficult to achieve the global optimum, because it is formulated as Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP). Thus, the risk map approach has been implemented with the grid-based models to solve problems of process plant layout focused on finding the best possible solution. However, these risk map formulations present important limitations, mainly related with the use of protection devices and the occupied area. Therefore, a new GBM-MILP formulation is proposed to optimize the selection of protection devices and minimize the occupied area. The risk is reduced through the investment on safety devices instead of considering the increase of separation distances. The proposed model was used to solve the layout problem of an ethylene oxide process, and the results was compared with a process layout reported in the literature. The results show that the model can provide the best possible solution; however, the time spent in the calculation is considerably greater than that reported for continuous plane models. Finally, the model can be used by decision-makers to evaluate different layout options for several explosion scenarios, during the early stages of the plant design.     

应用数值模拟技术评价矿山地压灾害

在国内外矿山安全评价领域内,主要以矿山概率风险评价为基础的评价技术,把矿井生产系统中隐患导致事故的概率与隐患造成的损害乘积作为系统状态危险度。隐患发生的概率和造成的损害是通过数据统计获得。该评价方法对隐患发生的概率和损害统计不够规范,缺乏实用性,且只讨论了采用数据的模糊性问题[1]。近年来兴起的数值模拟技术是基于可视化计算软件的一种岩石破裂过程分析方法。笔者提出了用计算机模拟技术进行矿山开采过程中的安全评价新方法,该方法应用材料相似性原理,通过计算机数值模拟,解决针对矿山开采过程中采场结构参数优化、矿柱受力破坏形式、部位、范围及合理性评价等有关地压危害方面的难题。     

《化工厂危险程度分级》在大化肥厂的应用

评述１９９０ 年以后以天然气为原料的川化集团公司大化肥厂，利用化工部青岛劳保所开发的《化工厂危险程度分级》方法开展安全评价，并对评价出的潜在危险采取了安全措施，从而有效地提高了工厂的安全可靠性。在运用该评价方法时，一是将《分级》中安全管理等级的评定部分增加了评定内容，使之更符合工厂客观实际；二是将固有危险等级评价的手工处理和计算部分编制成计算机软件，提高了评价工效     

Optimizing safety-constrained solvent selection for process systems with economic uncertainties

Solvents are very commonly used in industrial facilities for a multitude of reasons. Traditionally, solvent selection has been based on minimizing the process operating cost while satisfying a set of operational requirements. Regrettably, safety considerations have typically been overlooked during the design phase. In this paper, a systematic approach is introduced to integrate safety issues into solvent selection and provides a computationally effective method for establishing tradeoffs between the economic and safety objectives. In order to quantify the risk associated with the solvent, we focus on the potential spillage of the solvent and introduce a risk index that is a function of the amount of solvent used and stored, as well as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) dictated by regulatory directives. An optimization formulation is developed and the associated mathematical program solved to select optimal solvents and blends while incorporating economic, technical, and safety considerations. Tradeoff (Pareto) curves are developed to represent the multi-objective optimization results and tradeoffs. Furthermore, economic-data uncertainty and variability over expected ranges are included in the optimization formulation to conduct an insightful sensitivity analysis. Finally, an illustrative case study is considered via increasing levels of complexity in order to evaluate the proposed optimization method which considers both operating cost and safety risk implications in the presence of economic uncertainties.     

火炸药、弹药工厂和企业中重大事故隐患的定量评估:爆炸危险源系统的现实危险度方程

火药、炸药、弹药工厂和企业存在着极大的燃烧爆炸危险性,对这类企业的重大事故隐患进行危险性评估是非常必要的。提出了危险源现实危险度(DAH)即事故隐患严重度的判据H的评估方程,而火炸药燃烧爆炸危险源系统的现实危险度H与下列因素有关,即与火炸药的危险指数W、系统的固有危险度B、未受控系数K、以及距该系统安全距离不足的建筑物和设施受危险源爆炸事故影响的破坏程度等因素有关。讨论了对这些因素的评估和计算。     

PFT风速仪的研制与应用

介绍了一种新型的皮托管-射流-热丝风速仪(PFT)。PFT风速仪是一种宽量程,广泛应用于工厂、矿山安全环保检测,各种建筑的空调通风等领域的风速仪。特别介绍了在物料输送管道中的应用。     

Essential hazard and process safety assessment of para-toluene sulfonic acid through calorimetry and advanced thermokinetics

Para-toluene sulfonic acid is a typical intermediary for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes and is a catalyst for organic synthesis. The consumption of para-toluene sulfonic acid used in organic synthesis has increased substantially. The toluene sulfonation process is the central path for synthesizing para-toluene sulfonic acid in China. However, the process has risks and has resulted in numerous disasters. This study utilized a reaction calorimeter 1 to reproduce the commercial toluene sulfonation process in a laboratory. The para-toluene sulfonic acid product was examined with an accelerating rate calorimeter and through differential scanning calorimetry. Both differential and integral isoconversional methods were used to determine the thermal stability of and appropriate thermokinetic models for para-toluene sulfonic acid. The safety parameters of para-toluene sulfonic acid were estimated. The research findings can be used for optimization of the toluene sulfonation process and for safe handling of para-toluene sulfonic acid.