基于数值模拟的扇形水幕阻挡稀释氯气扩散的影响因素研究

在重气储罐区内设置喷射水幕是安全隔离、控制重气泄漏后扩散和减缓事故后果严重程度的重要措施之一。为此,利用计算流体力学(CFD)模型建立了氯气泄漏扩散模型,对扇形水幕阻挡稀释氯气扩散过程进行了动态模拟及影响因素分析,分别模拟了外界风速、水幕的喷射角度、水幕距泄漏源距离、水幕流量和水幕液滴直径等参数对氯气泄漏后扩散的影响情况。结果表明,合理地设置水幕能够有效阻挡氯气的扩散、缩短危险距离和减少危害面积。在大气稳定的情况下,外界风速、水幕的喷射角度、水幕距泄漏源距离、水幕流量等参数、水幕液滴直径是影响扇形水幕阻挡氯气扩散的重要因素。其中水幕距泄漏源距离和水幕流量2个因素对阻挡稀释效果的影响比较明显,水幕距泄漏源的距离越小,水幕的动量越大,阻挡稀释效果越好,水幕流量适中时效果最好,流量过大或过小阻挡稀释效果都要差一些。因此,合理设置相关参数有利于提高水幕性能,更加有效地降低氯气泄漏事故的后果。     

Accounting for the effect of concentration fluctuations on toxic load for gaseous releases of carbon dioxide

In Great Britain, advice on land-use planning decisions in the vicinity of major hazard sites and pipelines is provided to Local Planning Authorities by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), based on quantified risk assessments of the risks to the public in the event of an accidental release. For potential exposures to toxic substances, the hazard and risk is estimated by HSE on the basis of a “toxic load”. For carbon dioxide (CO₂), this is calculated from the time-integral of the gas concentration to the power eight. As a consequence of this highly non-linear dependence of the toxic load on the concentration, turbulent concentration fluctuations that occur naturally in jets or plumes of CO₂ may have a significant effect on the calculated hazard ranges. Most dispersion models used for QRA only provide estimates of the time- or ensemble-averaged concentrations. If only mean concentrations are used to calculate the toxic load, and the effects of concentration fluctuations are ignored, there is a danger that toxic loads and hence hazard ranges will be significantly under-estimated.This paper explores a simple and pragmatic modification to the calculation procedure for CO₂ toxic load calculations. It involves the assumption that the concentration fluctuates by a factor of two with a prescribed square-wave variation over time. To assess the validity of this methodology, two simple characteristic flows are analysed: the free jet and the dense plume (or gravity current). In the former case, an empirical model is used to show that the factor-of-two approach provides conservative estimates of the hazard range. In the latter case, a survey of the literature indicates that there is at present insufficient information to come to any definite conclusions.Recommendations are provided for future work to investigate the concentration fluctuation behaviour in dense CO₂ plumes. This includes further analysis of existing dense gas dispersion data, measurements of concentration fluctuations in ongoing large-scale CO₂ release experiments, and numerical simulations.     

Dilution with air to minimise consequences of toxic/flammable gas releases

Dilution has long been considered a solution to many problems of toxic/flammable material releases. It implies diluting to a concentration that is below physiologically dangerous levels for a toxic substance (generally below TLV), or to a level below LFL for a flammable material release, ensuring that the process adopted for dilution does not itself enhance the risks.

In this paper, we discuss the dilution of a gaseous release by deliberate and cautious mixing with air to reduce its concentration to a harmless level. The idea bears its origin to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy where some families saved themselves by turning the ceiling fans on when MIC reached their bedrooms at the dead of very cold night on December 2–3, 1984. The air pushed in by the fans diluted the MIC to below the harm level.

Some of the advantages of using air dilution are: no cost of air, no air storage needed, no need to treat the air after use as in case of water curtains; required equipment, its maintenance and staff training in its use are very likely to cost less than in other ways of handling a release.

Air dilution may not be feasible in all cases, such as gaseous release within a congested equipment layout, release that forms a liquid pool, etc. The method needs to be evaluated for each case.     

基于微积分的LPG和CNG喷射火模型建立和三维数值模拟

由液体和气体泄漏引发的喷射火灾事故屡见不鲜,而现有的喷射火模型却有诸多缺陷。将喷射火形状近似为圆锥,鉴于液体和气体的泄漏速度随压强和温度均有变化、点源离地面会有一定高度、风速对火焰倾角也有影响、圆锥喷射中心线上每个点源对目标的热辐射均不同等实际情况,新建液体和气体扩展半径的计算方法,引入风速对火焰高度和火焰偏角的作用,比较AGA法和Thornton模型,发现AGA法更加符合实际,再利用微积分原理建立三维点源喷射火模型,展示火焰形状对目标的影响,从而得出热辐射的最终危险性。最后以LPG和CNG储罐喷射火事故为例进行对比验证,首次模拟出喷射火的形状,更清晰准确地展示了目标入射热辐射通量随目标点位置的变化和危险范围,可为火焰阵面处的消防安全决策提供参考。     

核电厂厂区实验室乙炔泄漏扩散过程的数值模拟

为了得到核电厂厂区实验室乙炔在复杂气流环境下的泄漏扩散规律及事故的危险范围,在建立了乙炔实际泄漏环境条件下物理模型的基础上,采用CFD对厂区实验室两类乙炔泄漏扩散过程进行数值模拟,得到乙炔泄漏后的室内扩散过程,以及在不同时间内室内存在爆炸极限的区域和达到爆炸极限的范围,同时给予了讨论和分析.研究结果为实验室可燃气体探测、管道布局与实验室风口设计配合、泄漏实验室危险处置和安全技术管理提供理论依据.     

烧结机头脱硫配套湿式电除尘器的流场模拟及优化设计

分析湿法脱硫顶部设置湿式电除尘器的结构形式,采用CFD流场优化设计,重点研究了湿电极管入口和极管内的流场;对比分析了优化前、后的流场分布情况,结果表明湿电侧部出风是导致流场偏流的主要原因.通过增设导流叶片和非均匀开孔孔板,优化了湿电极管内部流场,满足了流场设计要求,充分发挥了湿电除尘的效能.该流场设计方案在多个烧结机头...     

Employers′ knowledge of the hazard communication standard requirements and the perceived barriers to compliance

This study examined employers′ perceived knowledge of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) requirements prior to the inspection in which they were cited for an HCS violation. A lack of staff available to implement the HCS program was identified as having a significant impact upon compliance (p < 01). The perceived difficulty with compliance was also examined by the violations received by the organization. Those organizations cited for failing to have a written program identified a lack of staff available to implement the HCS requirements as having a greater impact upon compliance than those not cited for written program violations (p < 05). Suggested methods for improving the overall compliance with the HCS may include using the many compliance resources available through insurance companies, safety organizations, and state programs. Areas for further research include identifying the availability, use, and effectiveness of the outside safety and health compliance resources.     

火灾中液化气储罐热响应CFD模拟的UDF程序设计

为了降低火灾环境下储罐内部介质热响应及储罐失效试验研究的成本和风险,更好地为储罐事故的预测预防提供模拟依据,利用Fluent 12.0软件对密闭容器内部介质的传热传质过程进行模拟,给出了内部介质在受热和冷却条件下相变的控制方程;通过考虑内部介质气化热随温度的变化及饱和温度与区域单元压力之间的关系,编写了内部介质在受热和冷却条件下质量和能量源项的用户自定义函数(UDF);通过对部分参数进行简化,分别给出了喷射火和池火条件下丙烷储罐热响应模拟的结果,并与试验结果进行了对比.结果表明:储罐热响应各主要参数(内部介质温度、壁面温度,储罐内部压力)的误差在喷射火条件下低于15％,在池火条件下低于12.4％.这表明模拟所需源项UDF正确,可以用于现实储罐热响应的模拟.     

Use of empirical and full Bayes before–after approaches to estimate the safety effects of roadside barriers with different crash conditions

IntroductionAlthough many researchers have estimated the crash modification factors (CMFs) for specific treatments (or countermeasures), there is a lack of prior studies that have explored the variation of CMFs. Thus, the main objectives of this study are: (a) to estimate CMFs for the installation of different types of roadside barriers, and (b) to determine the changes of safety effects for different crash types, severities, and conditions.MethodTwo observational before–after analyses (i.e. empirical Bayes (EB) and full Bayes (FB) approaches) were utilized in this study to estimate CMFs. To consider the variation of safety effects based on different vehicle, driver, weather, and time of day information, the crashes were categorized based on vehicle size (passenger and heavy), driver age (young, middle, and old), weather condition (normal and rain), and time difference (day time and night time).ResultsThe results show that the addition of roadside barriers is safety effective in reducing severe crashes for all types and run-off roadway (ROR) crashes. On the other hand, it was found that roadside barriers tend to increase all types of crashes for all severities. The results indicate that the treatment might increase the total number of crashes but it might be helpful in reducing injury and severe crashes. In this study, the variation of CMFs was determined for ROR crashes based on the different vehicle, driver, weather, and time information.Practical applicationsBased on the findings from this study, the variation of CMFs can enhance the reliability of CMFs for different roadway conditions in decision making process. Also, it can be recommended to identify the safety effects of specific treatments for different crash types and severity levels with consideration of the different vehicle, driver, weather, and time of day information.     

Methodology for the quantification of toxic dispersions originated in warehouse fires and its application to the QRA in Catalonia (Spain)

A tool for the quantification of the consequences of toxic dispersions coming from fires in warehouses has been developed. This tool is expected to be applied in the framework of the risk assessment in Catalonia, specifically in the Quantitative Risk Assessment. The present study is based on the criteria gathered in the technical guide BEVI 3.2 and the methodology CPR-15 used in the Netherlands. Hence, the approach performed accepts the main body of the foresaid methodology but implements a different and free source dispersion model, a modified Gaussian model that takes into account the warehouse effect. In the work conducted, a historical analysis of accidents involving fire in warehouses has been performed in order to justify the importance of assessing their potential toxic dispersions. Furthermore, the tool has been tested in different case studies providing results that have been compared with other methodologies, observing similar results that can be useful for the stakeholders and decision makers in the framework of the risk assessment.     

复杂地层旁通道冻结施工过程的模拟与实测分析

采用FLAC3D模拟分析了在复杂地质条件下,采用冻结法修建上海地铁旁通道时,土体的冻胀和融沉的现象。将模拟得到的地表位移与现场实测值进行了对比,结果表明:(1)积极冻胀阶段:地表竖向位移主要发生在旁通道的正上方,随着向两边的延伸,距离隧道中心的距离越大,垂直冻胀量越小。(2)维持冻结阶段:测点因为开挖过程中的继续冻胀位移值随开挖步距先略有增加而后随着开挖量的增加沉降量随之逐步的增大,最终地表发生了明显的变形。(3)融沉阶段:施作完衬砌结构以后进行60天自然解冻过程中,实测位移和计算位移较为一致,研究表明建立的数值分析模型合理、结果可靠。     

房间开门形式和走廊转角条件对人员疏散规律影响的实验研究与数值模拟分析

为了研究房间开门形式和走廊转角条件对人员疏散规律的影响,通过一系列实验并采用计算机数值模拟相结合,对比分析了不同开门形式和走廊转角条件下的人员疏散规律。结果表明:房间开门总宽度一定且出口出现拥堵条件下,只设置一道门,疏散效率最高。当房间需要满足设置两道门时,门应尽量设置在房间的两对边墙上,这样疏散效率较高。两道门设置在房间相邻边墙上时最不利于人员疏散。走廊转角角度从0°增加到90°,疏散时间先增长然后缩短最后又增长。同条件下,圆角疏散能力优于折角。圆角半径大小对人员疏散没有显著影响。研究结果为建筑房间开门形式和走廊设计提供了参考依据。     

煤层开采诱发地表裂缝成因数值模拟

为了通过分析地表裂缝的成因来研究采空区上覆火成岩非连续性破坏,根据现场数据和概率积分法确定了研究的岩土体范围,使用FLAC3D进行建模。布置6条监测线进行地表沉降监测,并与模拟得到的地表裂缝出现位置的变形数据进行对比,模拟得到了岩体塑性区的分布。结果表明,造成地表裂缝的主要原因是采空区上覆岩层中存在产状不均匀的火成岩,且位于松散层下方。采空区影响向上发展至火成岩底部造成火成岩边缘区域局部悬空。当采空区面积足够大时,火成岩上部拉应力超过其抗拉强度,进而发生断裂,松散层陷落导致地表裂缝。     

煤层瓦斯流动的数值模拟及在煤壁的应用

研究煤层中瓦斯流动规律对于预防瓦斯突出,改善煤层瓦斯抽放率和煤层气开发利用具有现实意义。根据基本假设,对煤层瓦斯流动规律进行了研究,运用瓦斯运动方程—达西定律(DarcyLaw)、煤层瓦斯含量方程—抛物线方程、理想气体状态方程以及气体流动的连续性方程,建立了煤层单向瓦斯流动的动力学模型,并根据边界条件和初始条件,对动力学模型进行了求解,推导出煤壁单位面积的瓦斯涌出量的计算公式,分析了瓦斯涌出量的影响因素,利用测得的数据,进行了实例计算,并用vc编制了计算机程序。     

玻璃隔墙冷却专用喷头的设计及其应用效果研究

用水喷淋冷却是提高玻璃隔墙耐火极限的有效途径。首先确定了玻璃隔墙冷却专用喷头的设计目标,基于溅水盘的布水原理,通过溅水盘底部和背部的形状设计,确定了新型喷头的整体结构。然后搭建冷态试验平台进行布水规律试验。以钢化玻璃为冷却对象,在水压为0.05 MPa(表压)下,观察喷头距玻璃隔墙水平距离分别为0.1 m、0.3 m和0.5 m时,喷头在玻璃隔墙表面的布水现象,记录喷水密集和稀疏的区域,从喷洒半径、不同布水区域覆盖面积、水的利用率及水膜厚度等方面分析了布水规律,并与常用工程喷头的布水效果进行了比较。最后进行点火试验,在玻璃表面布置贴片热电偶,以汽油作为燃料,预燃60 s后,启动喷淋系统,分别测定了喷淋启动前后玻璃表面的温度,并选取玻璃迎火面布水密集区的一点计算冷却速率。结果表明:新型喷头的布水效果较好,与直立边墙型喷头相比,水量密集区域的覆盖面积增大了13.9%~19.5%,基本实现了玻璃隔墙表面的全覆盖;喷头冷却速率为1.1,冷却效果较好。     

Risks of faults intrinsic to software languages: Trade-off between design performance and application safety

A lot of products embed software applications carrying out complex functions (e.g. cars, aircrafts, and medical equipments). More and more authority for control is placed on these applications whose failures may lead to accidental loss. Numerous methods have been developed to prevent these failures. These methods apply either to the programs developed or to the design activities. However, the programming or modelling languages used to operationalise the solutions as software applications are rarely questioned. These languages constitute the technology of realization of the program. On one hand, the language features are selected to increase the development performance and to decrease the software application costs. On the other hand, these features may be at the origin of specific types of faults which constitute the intrinsic risks of these languages. Therefore, the choice of a language or of a subset of a language, leads to a decision-making issue of how to deal making safety and performance trade-offs. The first part of the paper analyzes the evolution of the programming languages. We show that these changes were aimed at the convergence of design performance improvement with designed application safety. The introduction of the object-oriented technologies breaks this commonality. They cut the development expenditures but introduce new types of faults. The decision-makers such as the critical software application producers (e.g. the aircraft manufacturers) and the authorities (e.g. the avionics certification authorities) have to deal with this trade-off. These new technologies cannot be just rejected as they are more and more often used in certain domains (e.g. mobile phones, internet applications). The proposed constraint on using them seem to be too restrictive and are not justified. In particular, the safety levels of software programs developed applying these constraints are not assessed. The second part of the paper addresses these questions. It specifies the problem and it proposes a method to estimate the risk of faults in object-oriented programs. Thus, the decision-makers can elaborate rules for using object-oriented languages establishing a trade-off between the wished-for development performance and the required safety levels.     

The development of probabilistic models to estimate accident risk (due to runway overrun and landing undershoot) applicable to the design and construction of runway safety areas

The risks of landing overrun (LDOR – LanDing OverRun), Take-off Overrun (TOOR – Take-Off OverRun) and landing undershoot (LDUS – LanDing UnderShoot) are dependent on multiple factors related to operating conditions. These include wind, runway surface conditions, landing or take-off distances required, the presence of obstacles, runway distance available, the existence and dimensions of runway safety areas.In this paper we propose risk models for runway overrun and landing undershoot, using a probabilistic approach. These models are supported by historical data on accidents in the area around the runway and will enable us to determine if the risk level is acceptable or whether action must be taken to mitigate such risks at a given airport. Furthermore, these models permit comparison of the results of different risk mitigation actions in terms of operational risk and safety.The principal advantage of this method is the high quality results obtained for a limited investment in terms of time, computing power and data. As such the method is extremely practical and easy to apply in aerodrome planning, development and operation.