降雨条件下纳米零价铁镍对污染土壤中六价铬迁移的影响

通过模拟降雨进行土柱淋溶实验来研究降雨条件下纳米零价铁镍(nZVI/Ni)对污染土壤六价铬迁移的影响,并测定淋溶液的Cr(Ⅵ)浓度、pH、电导率和累积释放量.使用改进BCR连续提取法测定淋溶后各层土壤的铬形态分布,分析施加nZVI/Ni对土壤中铬形态的影响.结果表明,降雨条件下六价铬的释放过程主要分为快速和慢速释放两个阶段.随着淋溶体积的增加,土壤淋溶液的pH逐渐升高后最后趋于平稳,电导率和Cr(Ⅵ)浓度迅速下降后趋于平稳.模拟降雨条件下,土壤中投加nZVI/Ni显著降低了淋溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的累积释放量.投加0.10%nZVI/Ni土壤淋溶液的Cr(VI)累积释放量低于空白对照57.53%.在nZVI/Ni投加量相同时,模拟降雨的pH值越低nZVI/Ni的修复效果越好;降雨的淋溶次数对修复效果基本无影响;采用均匀混合的方式投加nZVI/Ni有着更好的修复效果.在土壤中nZVI/Ni对Cr(Ⅵ)修复过程中,纳米铁材料起主要作用,Fe(Ⅱ)的贡献很小.土壤经nZVI/Ni修复后,可还原态铬含量减少,可氧化态铬含量增加,表明纳米零价铁镍可以降低土壤中铬的迁移性,降雨条件下对六价铬污染土壤具有一定的修复效果.     

基于高通量测序技术的铬污染农田土壤菌群多样性及修复菌株的筛选

菌种资源筛选是铬污染土壤生物修复的基础.以铬污染农田土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序方法分析土壤细菌多样性特征,并根据多样性分析结果,采用选择性培养基和培养方法快速筛选对铬具有适应性和去除能力的细菌,以寻找能在铬污染农田土壤原位修复中具有较大应用潜力的菌种资源.结果显示:受铬污染的土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性均低于未受铬污染土壤.门水平上,铬污染土壤中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)细菌丰度显著高于未受铬污染的土壤,是两种生境丰度差异最大的门.属水平上,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)是铬污染土壤中丰度最高的优势属,显著高于未受铬污染的土壤.从铬污染土壤中共分离到6株能够耐受1 000μg/mL铬的细菌. 6株菌都具有一定的六价铬Cr(VI)去除能力,其中Cr1、Cr3和Cr8能在72 h内将500μg/mL铬培养基中的Cr(VI)全部去除,Cr8能在72 h内将1 000μg/mL铬培养基中的Cr(VI)去除61.2%. 16S rDNA测序结果表明,6株菌中有5株属于厚壁菌门芽孢杆菌属,1株属于放线菌门纤维微菌属(Cellulosimicrobium).结合菌体及菌落形态特征和序列分析结果,铬去除能力最高的Cr8菌可初步被确定为C. aquatile.本研究表明铬污染降低土壤中细菌多样性,根据高通量测序结果有选择性地快速筛选铬污染修复菌株具有可行性,Cr8菌是国内首次分离到的具有铬污染修复功能的纤维微菌属菌株.(图11表5参40)     

一株铬还原菌的分离鉴定及铬还原特性研究

铬污染是目前最为普遍的重金属污染物之一,一定浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)会威胁动植物健康。用微生物修复技术降解高毒性的Cr(Ⅵ)可为环保高效的铬污染治理开辟新途径。针对从湖南某铬盐厂污染区土壤中分离筛选出的铬还原菌G12进行菌种鉴定及铬还原特性研究,明确该菌株的最适生长条件,考察其在不同环境条件下的铬还原效果,为原位微生物修复技术实际工程应用提供理论依据。通过菌株形态特征和16S r RNA基因序列分析,确定该菌株为革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌,鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)。研究发现B.pumilus G12的最佳生长温度和p H分别为30℃和9.0;且菌株铬还原能力随着初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的升高而下降;在50、100、200、400和600 mg·L~(-1)初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度条件下其铬还原率分别为66.2%,35.7%,26.1%,16.0%和6.0%。在改变环境过程中,该菌株以甘油为外加碳源电子供体时对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率可达100%,在60 h可将50mg·L~(-1)Cr(Ⅵ)还原为零;菌株G12培养可耐受较高盐浓度,在10 g·L~(-1) Na Cl盐浓度下菌株的还原能力最佳,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率为70%;将菌株分别培养在含不同重金属离子的培养液中,菌株G12还原能力均受到抑制。对菌株G12的铬还原能力的初步研究结果表明,菌株G12在铬污染修复中具有良好的应用潜力。     

铬污染土壤的微生物修复工艺及中试

本研究利用土柱试验研究了铬污染土壤微生物修复的各工艺参数,结果表明:土壤粒径、喷淋强度、以及修复工艺对铬污染土壤的修复效果有很大的影响.最佳的工艺参数为:土壤粒径1～2 cm、喷淋强度在29.6～59.2 mL·min-1、工艺制度Ⅱ(先用自来水淋洗1 d,接着用菌液循环喷淋).在土柱试验的基础上开展了25吨/批的中试试验,铬污染土壤经过7～10 d的处理,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浸出毒性浓度由53.8 mg·L-1降低至0.4 mg·L-1,达到《铬渣污染治理环境技术规范》(HJ/T301～2007)中铬渣用作路基材料和混凝土骨料的标准限值,证明铬污染土壤微生物修复工业化具有可行性,为铬污染土壤工程化修复提供了技术支撑.     

底泥铬污染的纳米铁粉修复及其土壤酶活性动态

采用纳米铁粉修复Cr(Ⅵ)不同程度污染底泥,通过测定底泥中4种土壤酶活性,分析纳米铁粉修复对Cr(Ⅵ)污染底泥土壤酶活性的恢复情况.结果表明,纳米铁粉修复对底泥Cr(Ⅵ)有很好的去除效果,添加底泥干质量1%的纳米铁粉在16 d内对底泥30～100 mg·kg-1的Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率均高于99.7%.Cr(Ⅵ)污染显著降低了底泥多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和脲酶的活性.其中多酚氧化酶对Cr(Ⅵ)污染有很好的线性响应,可用于0～100 mg·kg-1底泥Cr(Ⅵ)污染评价.经过16 d的纳米铁粉修复,Cr(Ⅵ)污染底泥的脲酶活性恢复至未污染对照水平,过氧化氢酶活性的恢复效果不明显,多酚氧化酶和蛋白酶活性有待进一步恢复.     

土壤铬（VI）污染及微生物修复研究进展（Progress on Microbial Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil）

在总结国内外相关研究基础上,介绍了土壤环境中铬(Cr)的污染来源、现状及其对生物的危害,阐述了Cr在土壤中的存在形态和转化机理,并重点综述了土壤重金属Cr(VI)污染的微生物修复机理:土壤中的Cr(VI)可以在微生物还原作用、生物吸附、富集等作用下降低其生物可利用性和毒性,从而达到Cr污染土壤修复的目的.此外,针对微生物修复过程中存在的问题,提出了提高微生物修复Cr污染土壤效果的措施,并对土壤Cr污染微生物修复的发展趋势进行了展望.     

湘江(长沙段)沿岸土壤中铬的形态分布及其在水草中的积累

铬在土壤中主要以Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)两种形态存在,而Cr(Ⅵ)主要以CrO2-4,Cr2O2-7,Cr(Ⅲ)主要以Cr3 和CrO-2等形式存在.上述存在形式在土壤中的迁移转化主要受土壤pH值和氧化还原电位(Eh)的制约.另外,也受土壤有机质含量、无机胶体组成、土壤质地及其化合物种类的影响.不同形态的铬在一定条件下可以相互转化.但是单从价态来区分并不能完全反映土壤中铬的真实存在形态,当前较为公认的是Tesseler的形态划分法. 本文研究了湘江(长沙段)沿岸土壤中铬的形态分布、转化及其在水草中的吸收.     

铬(Ⅵ)污染高岭土电动修复实验研究

用电动方法对铬(Ⅵ)污染高岭土的修复进行了实验室研究。选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,配制的高岭土的重铬酸钾质量分数为100mg·kg-1。实验研究了铬(Ⅵ)污染高岭土电动修复的可行性,施加电压和处理时间对去除效率的影响,阴极电解产生的OH-对去除效率的影响及其控制方法,以及铬的迁移和分布规律。实验结果表明,电动修复可以有效去除高岭土中存在的铬(Ⅵ),最高去除效率可达97.8%;高岭中六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]以含氧阴离子形式存在,在电动修复过程中向阳极区域迁移;用蒸馏水冲洗和醋酸中和阴极电解产生的OH-,可以提高铬的去除效率。     

粘土矿物作用下铬的迁移转化机理研究进展

铬含量超标威胁生态环境安全,探究多种粘土矿物作用下铬的迁移转化机理,可以为铬污染土壤修复提供理论依据。主要从粘土矿物对铬的氧化-还原、吸附-解吸、催化作用等几个方面归纳分析了粘土矿物作用下铬迁移转化机理的研究现状,探讨了氧化物及微生物作用、pH、温度、有机质、矿物类型等因素对铬迁移转化的影响。首先,锰氧化物是氧化Cr(Ⅲ)的唯一天然矿物,其结构中Mn(Ⅱ)或Mn(Ⅲ)含量越高,氧化能力越强;低温、碱性条件下,Cr(Ⅲ)稳定性较高。锰氧化细菌会加速Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化,矿物表面吸附的Mn(Ⅱ)会抑制Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化。其次,黄铁矿、黑云母、绿泥石、柯绿泥石、磁铁矿等矿物常用于Cr(Ⅵ)还原,黄铁矿组成中的Fe(Ⅱ)和S2~(2-)能有效地还原Cr(Ⅵ),而黑云母、绿泥石只有经生物作用产生Fe(Ⅱ)才能还原Cr(Ⅵ),蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、黄铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原速率在pH4.5时较大。最后,高岭石、伊利石、蛭石、蒙脱石可吸附固持Cr(Ⅵ),且酸性、有机质含量低的条件下吸附效果明显,吸附顺序为:高岭石伊利石蛭石=蒙脱石;粘土矿物层间结合比表面结合更强,可对粘粒矿物进行改性以提高吸附效果。在吸附机理方面,研究者广泛采用Langumiur、Freundlich等方程来描述矿物对铬的吸附。粘土矿物作用下铬的迁移转化机理探究,可以使我们更加深入的了解沉积物、土壤对铬的解毒原理以及矿物在其中所起的作用,这对于矿物材料吸附性能的提高、铬污染土壤的治理具有深远的意义。     

土壤水介质中Cr(Ⅵ)与Fe(Ⅱ)氧化还原反应环境动力学的研究

铬本是环境中普遍存在的微量营养元素,由于大量含铬废水、废渣排入环境,致使土壤、水体和生物遭受损害,铬污染成为公众关心的环境问题。在环境中经常以Cr(Ⅲ)及Cr(Ⅵ)两种价态存在,它们的环境化学行为及生物效应很不相同,但在不同的氧化还原环境中它们常常互相转化,因此研究Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)相互转化的反应动力学机理是十分重要的。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).