基于GIS的生命线防震减灾系统

生命线系统的震害预测和震害分析是防震减灾研究的重要内容。本文利用地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）强大的空间管理分析功能,建立了基于ＧＩＳ的生命线系统空间数据库,并根据生命线系统的特点,结合震害预测方法,在ＡｒｃＶｉｅｗ环境下集成了生命线防震减灾计算机系统。     

北川县城汶川地震震害特征及其成因探讨

根据笔者在汶川大地震极震区北川县城现场考察的第一手资料,分析了2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震后北川县城的震害特征,论述了北川县城地震后建筑物、生命线工程的破坏以及次生地质灾害;并对造成各类震害的原因进行了初步的探讨。最后,在总结震害特征及其成因的基础上,提出了当前应加强研究的相关课题,旨在为今后的工程抗震设防和研究提供参考。     

云南生命线工程及水工结构的地震灾害损失研究

云南地震灾害频发,生命线工程和水工结构破坏严重.本文对1993～2003年云南地区生命线工程和水工结构(常称"水利设施")的震害损失进行了研究.结果表明:①随着社会经济的发展,同等地震能量所造成的经济损失呈增大趋势;②生命线工程及水工结构的地震灾害损失随震级的增大而显著增大;③生命线工程和水利设施占总损失比例的算术平均值之和没有表现出明显的变化特征,较为接近,占11.4%～16.2%.     

框架结构房屋地震灾害风险评估

如何预测地震作用下建筑物的损伤风险,一直是地震工程和生命线工程领域的一个关键而不易解决的问题.利用大型有限元分析软件对上海浦东某医院框架结构进行了多地震非线性动力时程分析;针对延性破坏指标和强度破坏指标,计算了不同地震烈度下建筑物震害的严重程度,及5种破坏状态的发生概率,给出了震害率曲线.通过曲线,预测了类似建筑的震害,为城市抗震防灾政策的制定提供了依据.     

基于电气设备震害评定地震烈度的研究

通过比较和综合归纳国内外地震中电气设备的典型震害,提出了电气设备的震害特点;基于国内强烈地震的震害数据,将变电站内的变压器及电瓷型电气设备的震害程度作为评定地震烈度的依据;在地震工程领域首次应用定性比较分析,获得了变压器及电瓷型电气设备的宏观震害与烈度之间非线性的、相互关联的条件组合,确定了各设备或主要构成部分在不同烈度下发生破坏的概率及组合。最后,分析了在地震烈度表中引入生命线系统评价指标的可行性,并依据电气设备的典型破坏特征和功能失效模式,给出了评定地震烈度的初步参考指标。     

高压隔离开关地震灾害评估

震害表明,电力系统在地震时破坏严重.如何预测地震中电气设备的损伤风险,是生命线工程领域的重要课题.进行了高压隔离开关的地震灾害评估.采用具有柔性节点的有限元法建立设备的模型,用弹性时程分析法进行了设备的地震反应分析,在此基础上,采用强度破坏指标,计算了设备的地震破坏概率.以GW4-220高压隔离开关为例,进行了其地震灾害评估,绘制了震害率曲线,可用以预测该型号隔离开关的震害情况.     

生命线系统的震害耦联

在震害分析时,弧立地评价一个生命线系统的功能,不考虑与其它生命线系统间的耦联关系,可能会低估地震造成的损失。将地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）与现有的震害预测方法结合起来,有利于推动新方法的研究。本文在ＧＩＳ环境下定义了网络失效率,提出了一种考虑不同生命线系统之间耦联关系的震害分析方法,给出了一个算例,并建议了相应的生产能力相关的震后应急抢修决策方案。     

云南鲁甸5.1、5.0级地震震害分析

通过对鲁甸5.1、5.0级两次地震后112个居民点的震害调查,分别给出了5.1级地震等烈度分布图及5.1、5.0级地震等烈度综合分布图;分析了场地条件及其震害、各类房屋的震害特征、典型结构房屋的震害原因以及生命线工程震害。结果表明,两次地震形成较大范围的7度破坏区和少数调查点有8度破坏现象的主要原因是:震源浅,地表振动强烈;盆地区广泛分布有煤层、膨胀土、淤泥土和松散的粉砂、粉土等不良影响地层,且埋藏浅;震区建筑结构简易,抗震能力极差;两次地震震害叠加。最后对灾区恢复重建提出了4条建议。     

基于RS与GIS功能互补性的震害评估方法浅析

震害评估是震后对建筑物和生命线工程等易损性,以及对人员伤亡和直接经济损失进行统计评估,实时有效的震灾评估是减少震灾损失的有力途径,意义重大。随着空间遥感技术以及计算机技术和图像处理技术的不断发展,基于数字图像处理的震害评估越来越得到广泛应用。在对RS和GIS技术的介绍的基础上,探讨了二者在震灾评估功能上的互补性,并以特定的方式相结合,建立了由四模块组成的基于RS和GIS的建筑物震害评估系统,得出基于震害提取的损失评估方法。基于震害指数的粗略评估和基于RS图像分类的精细评估方法结合运用,可以实时地、较准确地对建筑物震害损失进行评价。     

给定地震烈度下供水系统受灾程度分析

本文提出了供水系统在给定地震烈度下受灾程度的一种分析方法。给出了地震后生命线工程系统受灾程度的一个定义。文中利用不同地震烈度下地下管道的统计震害率,并通过经验判断,确定各供水节点之间管道破坏的数量.根据震后各地下管段接头或管体本身对三种不同破坏状态的隶属度,判断管道破坏的位置和破坏的状态。在进行供水系统流量分析的基础上,给出各供水节点的服务状态。最后根据系统受灾程度的定义,计算供水系统的受灾程度。本文既利用了震害统计资料,又综合应用了理论分析得到的对三种不同破坏状态的隶属度。较科学地给出了供水系统地震后受灾程度的分析方法。同时还给出了生命线工程抗震设计准则.     

突出重点 全面防御 健全体系 强化管理 社会参与 共同抵御

陈建民局长在2011年全国地震局长会暨党风廉政建设工作会议上指出,科学规划＂十二五＂时期的事业发展,按照＂科学防灾、积极避灾＂的要求,大力开展基础探测工作,加强抗震设防要求与行业抗震设计规范的衔接,强化监管,把防震保安工作纳入新农村建设,全面提升民居的抗震能力,实现有效减灾。     

岩土矿物与疾病

地方病是与地质环境有一定依存性的疾病。它的致病物质除直接来自人类生产和生活制品外,主要源于自然界的大气、水土、岩石中。换言之,人类生存发育与一定地区的水、土和生物化学元素含量有关,当某些元素含量过高,与人需要量不相适应时,就可能导致人发生某种疾病。归纳与地质因素有关的地方病有甲状腺肿(克汀病)、克山病、硒中毒、氟中毒、铜毒、铅毒症、不孕症、食道癌、肝癌、布鲁氏菌病、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、乳腺癌等。     

陕西汉中“98.7”洪涝灾害剖析

对汉中市１９９８年７月上旬的雨情、灾情作了初步统计,分析了致灾原因及经验与教训。     

Foundations of community disaster resilience: well-being,identity, services,and capitals

If community disaster resilience is to mature into a robust and lasting area of research, methodologically facilitated dialogue between empirical observations and theory is necessary. However, methodological and empirical research has outpaced community disaster resilience theory. To address this gap, a theoretical framework called WISC is presented. WISC is named after four constructs of the framework: well-being, identity, services, and capitals. WISC relates the two concepts of community and infrastructure, broadly defined, to the four constructs it is named after. The 4 constructs are respectively defined by 29 variables. The broadest interpretation of WISC is that infrastructure supports and facilitates components of community within human settlements. Infrastructure is represented as combinations of capitals and services; community is represented by connections of identity and well-being. Ultimately, well-being of a community is dependent on that community's collective capital. But these two constructs are mediated by the intervening constructs of identity and services. WISC goes beyond existing frameworks by addressing essential elements of theory building that have been overlooked in the literature, while synthesizing other frameworks and areas of knowledge. WISC provides a powerful foundation for posing and evaluating hypotheses, improving data collection efforts, and, most importantly, enabling critical theory building.     

Social entrepreneurship,co-production,and post-disaster recovery

Post-disaster recovery requires co-production; that is, the inputs of citizens are essential for successful community recovery to occur. Citizens contribute to post-disaster recovery by volunteering, taking on consultative and decision-making roles within their communities, and directly participating in post-disaster reconstruction efforts. Without meaning ful contributions from citizens—the intended beneficiaries—unilateral efforts by public officials and authorities will inevitably fail. This study shows that social entrepreneurs can thus play a critical role in spurring post-disaster recovery by facilitating co-production. It focuses on the role of social entrepreneurs after disasters and centres on one rural village, Giranchaur Namuna Basti in the Sindhupalchowk District of Nepal. Specifically, the study uses the case of the Dhurmus Suntali Foundation's Namuna village project in Giranchaur following the 7.8-magnitude earthquake that struck on 25 April 2015 to examine the pivotal role that social entrepreneurs assume in promoting voluntary activities, community engagement, and participation in post-disaster recovery efforts.     

Ethnicity,income, and disaster preparedness in Deep South Texas,United States

This paper examines the influence of a series of demographic and socioeconomic factors on preparedness outcomes for a sample of residents of the Rio Grande Valley in the southernmost part of Texas, United States. Data were collected as part of the regional Pulse of the Valley Study, a general social survey of south Texas residents conducted by the Center for Survey Research at the University of Texas‐Rio Grande Valley. The purpose of this investigation is to understand better the effects of ethnicity and income on preparedness within a region of the US that suffers from widespread poverty and limited infrastructure and is prone to flooding and hurricanes. Taken together, the results suggest that while age, disaster experience, and income are associated with preparedness, the relationship between preparedness and ethnicity remains complex. Furthermore, policymakers should consider initiatives that address the socioeconomic and other issues that shape preparedness for a disaster.     

Immediate behavioural responses to earthquakes in Christchurch,New Zealand,and Hitachi,Japan

This study examines people's immediate responses to earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan. Data collected from 257 respondents in Christchurch and 332 respondents in Hitachi revealed notable similarities between the two cities in people's emotional reactions, risk perceptions, and immediate protective actions during the events. Respondents' physical, household, and social contexts were quite similar, but Hitachi residents reported somewhat higher levels of emotional reaction and risk perception than did Christchurch residents. Contrary to the recommendations of emergency officials, the most frequent response of residents in both cities was to freeze. Christchurch residents were more likely than Hitachi residents to drop to the ground and take cover, whereas Hitachi residents were more likely than Christchurch residents to evacuate immediately the building in which they were situated. There were relatively small correlations between immediate behavioural responses and demographic characteristics, earthquake experience, and physical, social, or household context.