基于GIS空间分析的县域建设功能空间分区研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

在新一轮土地利用规划启动的背景下,建设功能空间分区研究迅速成为当前关注的热点。在GIS数据库和空间分析方法支持下,采用综合指标评价方法定量评价县域尺度建设用地适宜性程度和生态限制性程度,并结合矩阵判断方法进行建设功能空间分区。在此基础上,以县域经济快速发展、建设用地供需矛盾突出的昆山市为例进行实证研究,将昆山划分为允许建设区、控制建设区、限制建设区和禁止建设区4类区域,并提出不同类型区建设用地布局的对策和建议。在允许建设区,鼓励产业和城镇集聚,鼓励高密度、高强度的开发建设;在控制建设区,控制开发建设活动类型,以对生态环境影响较小的开发建设活动为主;在限制建设区,不仅控制开发建设活动类型,而且限制开发建设规模;在禁止建设区,除生态环境保护必要的基础设施建设外,禁止其他任何开发建设活动。     

基于GIS空间分析的县域建设功〖JP2〗能空间分区研究——以江苏省昆山市为例

在新一轮土地利用规划启动的背景下，建设功能空间分区研究迅速成为当前关注的热点。在GIS数据库和空间分析方法支持下，采用综合指标评价方法定量评价县域尺度建设用地适宜性程度和生态限制性程度，并结合矩阵判断方法进行建设功能空间分区。在此基础上，以县域经济快速发展、建设用地供需矛盾突出的昆山市为例进行实证研究，将昆山划分为允许建设区、控制建设区、限制建设区和禁止建设区4类区域，并提出不同类型区建设用地布局的对策和建议。在允许建设区，鼓励产业和城镇集聚，鼓励高密度、高强度的开发建设；在控制建设区，控制开发建设活动类型，以对生态环境影响较小的开发建设活动为主；在限制建设区，不仅控制开发建设活动类型，而且限制开发建设规模；在禁止建设区，除生态环境保护必要的基础设施建设外，禁止其他任何开发建设活动。     

云南省楚雄州生态功能区划研究

生态功能区划是实施区域生态环境保护、建设和科学管理的基础。以云南省生态功能区划方案为背景,利用遥感和GIS等先进的空间模拟技术,综合考虑自然因素与人为因素的影响,形成楚雄州生态功能区划方案,将楚雄州划分为2个一级生态区、9个二级生态亚区、17个三级生态功能区。在完成生态功能区划的基础上,根据人与自然相互关系的基本格局和宏观生态环境管理的需要,将不同类型的生态功能区进行统筹和归并,把楚雄州划分为农产品提供生态功能区、林产品提供生态功能区、生物多样性保护生态功能区、水土保持生态功能区、水源涵养生态功能区、城镇农业与居住生态功能区,并对各生态功能类型区进行了概述,阐明各区存在的主要生态问题和生态保护的主要方向。     

海门沿江地区开发适宜性分区研究

区域不合理开发将会引发大量的生态环境问题。要建立开发与保护兼容的空间秩序,区域开发适宜性分区具有十分重要的意义。以海门沿江地区作为研究案例区,借助GIS空间分析技术,通过确定符合区域要求的格网评价单元,利用约束型和引导型指标叠合判断的方法,将案例区划分为鼓励开发、适度开发、适度保护和优先保护区域。结果表明,鼓励开发区域主要集中在城区、港区这类自然基础较好、发展潜力较大而生态约束较低的地区;适度开发区域主要分布在重点中心镇以及一般镇的镇区;适度保护区域主要分布在生态敏感性较高、发展基础和条件一般的地区;优先保护区域则主要为具有重要生态服务功能的地区。并依据开发适宜性分区提出开发建设强度和时序的建议,可为合理布局沿江城镇和产业发展提供科学引导。     

基于沿江开发建设的生态安全格局研究——以九江市为例

随着长江沿江开发的不断深入,区域生态安全与开发建设的矛盾也越来越突出。以九江市沿江开发建设活动与区域生态系统空间结构、生态服务功能相互作用为理念,通过遥感、GIS技术手段,划分小流域单元。并将这些单元作为空间分析与评价的基础,选择工业集中区、城镇居民地、路网布局作为自然生态环境的影响因子或施压因子,以河流级别、湖泊数量和面积、地貌类型、坡度、植被覆盖程度、重要生态功能区类别等作为承压因子,综合叠加形成生态环境压力区划。并以此为基础,构建由5个生态源区和9条生态隔离、缓冲、生物多样性保护廊道组成的生态空间安全体系,用以减缓生态环境压力、消纳水气及土壤污染、稳定区域生态、推进沿江开发建设,实现生态保护空间与区域经济社会发展空间的有序融合,并对重要生态功能保护区提出管制的要求与措施。     

基于沿江开发建设的生态安全格局研究——以九江市为例

随着长江沿江开发的不断深入，区域生态安全与开发建设的矛盾也越来越突出。以九江市沿江开发建设活动与区域生态系统空间结构、生态服务功能相互作用为理念，通过遥感、GIS技术手段，划分小流域单元。并将这些单元作为空间分析与评价的基础，选择工业集中区、城镇居民地、路网布局作为自然生态环境的影响因子或施压因子，以河流级别、湖泊数量和面积、地貌类型、坡度、植被覆盖程度、重要生态功能区类别等作为承压因子，综合叠加形成生态环境压力区划。并以此为基础，构建由5个生态源区和9条生态隔离、缓冲、生物多样性保护廊道组成的生态空间安全体系，用以减缓生态环境压力、消纳水气及土壤污染、稳定区域生态、推进沿江开发建设，实现生态保护空间与区域经济社会发展空间的有序融合，并对重要生态功能保护区提出管制的要求与措施。     

区域空间管制约束下的建设用地动态变化分析——以常州市为例

在建设用地受到土地利用总体规划空间管制分区约束的背景下,参照“三界四区”的划定位置,从规模布局、结构变化和扩展方向等多方面出发,通过GIS空间分析技术和统计分析等方法,对比分析空间管制约束前后常州市建设用地的动态变化,此举有利于提高城市发展的规划管理效率。研究结果表明:(1)空间管制对建设用地的约束作用受时间和地域影响;(2)建设用地空间管制分区的划定在不同时期对不同建设用地类型产生的影响各异;(3)受允许建设区和有条件建设区空间分布的影响,常州市建设用地扩展方向由前期的东北-西南转变为后期的正北方向,有效缓解了“摊大饼”式盲目开发的趋势。     

长江经济带矿产资源开发空间格局优化研究

推动长江经济带发展是关系中国发展全局的重大战略。作为国家资源安全保障的战略核心区域之一,长江经济带内页岩气、锰、钒、钛、钨、锡、锑、稀土、锂、磷等矿产在中国占有重要地位,但受长期以来高强度开发影响,长江经济带矿产资源开发目前面临着开发布局结构不尽合理,规模化、集约化水平较低,矿产资源综合利用效率总体不高,以及资源开发与生态环境保护矛盾较大等问题。在"共抓大保护、不搞大开发"的战略导向下,亟需优化矿产资源开发保护空间格局,推动矿业产业高质量发展。从功能区划角度出发,在分析总结长江经济带矿产资源特征及面临问题的基础上,考虑了矿产资源本底、生态环境重要程度、交通优势度、缺水程度以及区域经济发展需求等要素,构建了以矿业空间格局优化为目标的功能区划指标体系,以县级行政区为单元,采用判别分析法将长江经济带划分为重点避让区、扶贫开发区、矿业疏解区、限制开发区和适度开发区等五类功能区,分别以生态保护、资源扶贫、高端引领、统筹协调和绿色转型为主导任务统筹推进矿产资源开发空间格局优化,并针对各功能区特点提出了分区引导政策建议。     

基于MCR的建设用地扩展边界划定研究

在生态文明建设背景下,科学划定建设用地扩展边界是提高城镇化质量、协调人地关系、改善城市生态环境的关键。基于最小累计阻力模型(MCR),将建成区和生态保护用地作为两类扩展源,通过构建自然、区位、环境和政策4个阻力因子体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)获取各个因子阻力系数,得到两类用地扩展的最小累计阻力值,根据阻力差值划分适宜性分区,并利用Hydrology扩展模块确定建设用地适宜扩展路径和隔离带。结果表明：(1) 越靠近扩展源,其阻力值越小,建设用地源与生态用地源由于空间分布不一致,各阻力值之间差异较大;(2) 基于MCR模型对两类用地扩展的阻力面差值进行建设用地适宜性划分,可分为重点建设区(65 771.64 km²)、优化建设区(51 103.28 km²)、限制建设区(21 001.54 km²)、禁止建设区(17 150.01 km²)和生态恢复区(11 894.70 km²),不同适宜性分区对土地开发建设的要求不一样;(3) 应用Hydrology扩展模块得到的“谷线”可引导建设用地优化开发,避免盲目的“摊大饼”式蔓延格局; “脊线”可控制建设用地扩展的隔离带,从而打破适宜性区域集中连片的扩展态势。研究结果可为建设用地的科学规划和合理布局提供建议,促进城市建设和环境保护的协同发展。     

城市土地生态适宜性分区划分研究

在新型城镇化与生态文明建设背景下,城市发展迫切需要合理布局以实现城市土地的节约集约利用,降低城市化过程中因建设用地肆意蔓延所导致的土地资源浪费与生态环境破坏影响。以常州市武进区为例,采用地形地貌、生态环境、交通设施、建设密度4类因子建立景观过程阻力赋值体系,结合GIS空间分析技术,以垂直生态过程的多因素多因子综合判别得到的生态保护用地扩张和城镇用地扩张阻力基面为基础,再以描述水平生态过程的最小累积阻力模型计算两种扩张过程的最小累积阻力值,并依据二者的最小累积阻力差值表面,从空间上将武进区划分为4个等级的城市土地生态适宜性分区,分别为优先建设区118.39 km²、适宜建设区233.60 km²、生态缓冲区777.91 km²、生态控制区115.90 km²,明确指出了各分区的空间布局,提出了相应的发展建议,以期为武进区未来城市发展提供科学合理的空间布局参考。同时考虑了垂直生态过程和水平生态过程,一定程度上弥补了传统方法只从景观单元垂直过程研究的不足之处,为生态适宜性分区划分的方法研究提供了有益的尝试和补充。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.