长江中游城市群空间联系研究

基于城市流强度模型和城市间相互作用模型,以长江中游城市群27个地级市为研究对象,分析了城市群内的城市辐射能力及其内在的经济联系。结果表明:(1)长江中游城市群整体集聚和辐射能力较弱,区域内中低级城市流强度的城市占多数;(2)城市群内第二、三产业辐射能力存在较大差异,第二产业呈现出较强的辐射能力,而第三产业辐射能力较弱,并且其空间分布相对较为分散;(3)区域中心城市的核心带动作用总体较弱,辐射范围和辐射强度都有待加强;(4)长江中游城市群内城市间空间联系不够紧密,且联系程度空间差异较大。省际城市之间联系贫乏,城市间尚未形成联系紧密的辐射网络。     

土地出让对长江中游城市群经济辐射的影响效应与形成机制研究

以湖北、湖南、江西3省36个地级以上城市为研究区域,将2003～2016年城市面板数据作为样本,构建扩展的空间杜宾模型,实证检验了土地出让对长江中游城市群经济辐射的影响效应及其形成机制,结果表明:(1)土地出让对长江中游城市群经济辐射带动的促进效应较小,表现为仅有中心城市土地出让对城市群经济辐射具有显著为正的直接空间效应,而非中心城市直接空间效应、中心城市和非中心城市的间接空间效应均不显著;(2)土地出让对长江中游城市群经济辐射的促进作用主要依靠基础设施投资、技术效率和省级财政转移支付机制,而企业投资和劳动力机制的积极效应没有形成。原因是,土地出让对企业投资、劳动力的拉动效应不显著,且企业投资没有显著扩散效应,而劳动力则呈现空间回流效应;(3)提升土地出让对长江中游城市群经济辐射的促进作用,需要更加注重城市间合作和配套的产业链引资,同时加快农业转移人口市民化,使长江中游城市群土地出让"既能引资,又能留人"。     

长江中游城市群城市土地利用效率空间溢出效应研究

城市群城市土地利用效率是城市群城市土地要素有效配置、合理利用以及城市经营管理水平的综合体现。在使用DEA方法得到2003～2015年长江中游城市群28个城市土地利用效率并且分析其变化趋势以及空间关联性的基础上,构建SDM模型对长江中游城市群的城市土地利用效率空间溢出效应进行分析。研究结果表明：（1）2003～2015年长江中游城市群城市土地利用效率总体呈波动变化趋势。长江中游城市群城市土地利用效率存在空间负相关关系,城市土地利用效率具有空间异质性;（2）通过构建SDM模型分析表明,外商直接投资额以及人均地区生产总值是长江中游城市群城市土地利用效率的主要驱动因素;（3）长江中游城市群城市土地利用效率的空间溢出效应较弱,在一定程度上反映了长江中游城市群城市之间的空间相互作用较弱,经济联系还不够紧密。因此,长江中游城市群需要进一步构建城市合作机制,提高城市土地利用系统的整体性和联动性,推进区域经济协同发展。     

基于母子企业联系的上市公司网络结构研究——以长江中游城市群为例

基于2014年长江中游城市群上市公司数据,借助社会网络分析法对母子公司联系视角下该地区企业网络特征进行深入分析。结果如下：（1）长江中游城市群企业对内联系网络密度较低,整体企业网络联系较弱,该网络呈现出明显的核心—边缘结构;（2）省会城市在长江中游城市群中集聚与扩散效应突出,中心城市带动作用显著;城市中介性极化现象严重,长沙、武汉中介作用突出;企业与投资目的地之间交通距离短、通达性较高;（3）企业对外联系总体网络处于低联系、初级发展水平;（4）层级网络显示企业低等级联系多集中于周边省份及地理临近地区,最高等级联系指向高等级城市;网络等级越低,网络格局呈现更为分散交织的复杂形态;节点城市关联方向上显现出明显的差异化特征。 关键词： 格局特征;上市公司;社会网络分析;长江中游城市群     

长江中游城市群人口分布与城镇化格局及其演化特征

城市群日益成为我国人口集聚和城镇化发展的重要载体,2015年4月《长江中游城市群发展规划》的提出标志着长江中游城市群建设正式上升为国家发展战略。基于2014年长江中游城市群人口和城镇化格局现状分析,采用湘鄂赣3省第四、五、六次人口普查数据,分析了1990~2010年长江中游城市群人口与城镇化格局的空间变化。研究发现:(1)1990~2010年,长江中游城市群人口分布不均衡,武汉、长沙、南昌3大省会城市一直是人口的主要集中地,人口集聚水平不断提升,但城市群整体的人口集聚水平有所下降,人口分布的空间格局呈现出由单核心结构向多核心结构的发展趋势;(2)人口"镇"化是长江中游城市群城镇化发展的主要驱动力,城镇化水平经历了由以长江为界北高南低分布向沿长江、京九和浙赣沿线地区分布的发展过程,形成了多核心结构的城镇化格局;(3)对比人口分布与城镇化格局的演变过程,反映出人口集聚度对城镇化格局的形成有着重要影响,但区域城镇化同时受到经济发展水平、工业化水平、基础设施等多种因素影响,其格局变化更加复杂、显著。     

长三角城市群“空间流”网络结构特征——基于公路运输、火车客运及百度指数的综合分析

信息技术的应用与社会信息技术的传输,使大量的要素(人流、物流、信息流)在城市群空间内集聚与扩散,加密城市群空间内城市联系。在基于公路运输、普通列车、高速列车以及百度指数4个要素的综合分析基础上,对长三角城市群"空间流"网络结构特征进行探析。研究结果表明:(1)长三角城市群区域内城市联系虽具备了网络化规模,但城市间的联系不均衡,以上海、南京、杭州等城市为多中心的协调网络发展格局特征明显;(2)长三角城市群16个核心城市"空间流"特征呈现三角形网络结构,其三角形的顶角分别由上海(沪)、南京(宁)与杭州(杭)3个核心节点城市构成。在空间结构内部,形成若干次级城市网络连线;在空间分布上,北翼网络化程度较高于南翼线性联系程度,区域联系强度以"沪—宁"、"沪—杭"沿线向两侧递减;(3)上海、南京、杭州、苏州、无锡5个核心城市排名处于网络中心的前列,扬州、南通、泰州、舟山等周边城市相对靠后,这与区域经济发展过程的"吸虹效应"有关,随着区域经济一体化程度的加深,中心城市会向周边地区提供服务与经济辐射,完善整个长三角城市群网络体系。     

长三角地区城市经济网络的时空演化特征

流空间成为城市群空间结构研究重要内容,而如何识别城市群流空间结构特征,揭示其对城市群实体空间的影响,是当前城市群空间结构研究的重点及难点问题。采用1992、2001、2010、2019年企业异地投资数据,构建长三角地区城市联系网络,借助复杂网络分析、K-means聚类等分析方法,探究区域经济网络整体特征演变,分析网络空间组织结构演化规律。结果显示：(1)1992～2019年长三角地区城市联系强度大幅提升,城市节点的重要性和影响力的离散和不均衡程度在不断缩小。城市经济网络“小世界”特性逐渐显著,无标度特性在逐渐弱化。(2)长三角地区城市经济网络从早期的“V型”结构转向核心城市相互连接的多边形网络结构;网络联系从核心城市间相互联系向外拓展至核心城市与其周边相邻城市之间的联系,空间邻近性网络联系特征开始显现;网络体系中参与城市从核心城市逐步扩展至全域,南京、杭州、合肥等核心城市形成相对独立的对外辐射网络体系。(3)长三角地区城市等级体系已经形成金字塔结构,以上海市为核心城市地位最为突出;杭州、南京影响力次之;宁波、合肥、绍兴、苏州、无锡、嘉兴等城市再次之。(4)长三角城市经济网络的发展演化从...     

城市群多要素外向联系网络结构——基于长江中游城市群-长江经济带的实证

大数据分析已成为新时期理解城市网络的关键.基于交通、信息大数据,通过SNA、SSI、Modularity等方法分析长江中游城市群外向联系网络结构及影响因素,结果显示:(1)空间异质性明显,极化作用突出.普铁网络形成以周边城市为主的"π"型空间联系格局,高铁网络廊道效应显著,呈现以沪昆、汉沪蓉高铁为轴线的侧"V"型联系格局,信息网络形成以武汉、长沙、南昌为核心向外放射状空间联系格局.SSI均小于0.1,空间极化效应明显.(2)拓扑结构上,普铁、信息网络单核结构显著,高铁网络双核结构突出,综合网络显现多核结构.(3)社区结构上,普铁和高铁网络社区结构明显,信息和综合网络未形成明显的社区结构.(4)城市规模对长江中游城市群外向联系网络发挥关键作用,地理距离、行政等级以及城市职能也会产生不同程度的影响.     

长江沿岸地区物流产业空间结构分析

城市是物流网络的重要节点。构建了城市物流竞争力评价指标体系,通过主成分分析方法,对长江沿岸28个中心城市的物流竞争力水平进行了评价。从空间、时间、成本3个维度,综合考虑铁路、公路、水路3种运输方式,构建经济距离公式,计算城际综合“经济距离”,最后运用修正的引力模型,对长江沿岸经济带城市物流空间结构进行实证分析。结果表明：上海、重庆、武汉、南京物流竞争力水平较高,是长江沿岸物流产业的重要节点;城市群内部的空间联系度明显大于城市群之间的联系度;上、中、下游的城市群物流引力强度之间存在着明显的空间梯度,表现出不同的空间结构特征;皖江城市群与长三角城市群的物流网络呈现较明显的融合趋势     

长江中游城市群网络联系度与度中心性时序变化研究(2001～2016)

长江中游城市群在国家发展中的作用越来越突出,其网络化的城市体系也逐渐发育并趋于完善.充分考虑到经济、人口、贸易、运输量、基础设施、公共服务等多种因素,并基于时间序列上的考量,从传统引力模型出发,引入克鲁格曼指数,通过AHP法,确定经济、社会2个维度的城市"质量"以及几何直线、公路、铁路3个维度的城市联系成本等各个模型指标的权重,研究了长江中游城市群2001～2016年的城市联系度和度中心性的时序变化.研究发现,随着经济社会的发展以及城市间联系通道的建设,以武汉-长沙-南昌为中心的长江中游城市群城市联系网络体系逐渐形成并不断深化,以武汉、长沙为中心的城市群体发挥着越来越重要的作用,对区域的影响力逐渐强化,越来越多的城市融入到城市网络中,并发展均衡.研究表明:(1)区域网络化特征越来越显著,联系深化逐渐显现,构建区域联系大通道、促进基础设施互联互通十分重要.(2)中心城市显著加强,次级节点的培育有待提高,多中心、层级化、深层次的城市体系渐渐形成,还需要强化顶层、开拓底层配合发挥作用.(3)网络化与层级化的长江中游城市群正在完善,创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的城市体系既需要中心城市的引领,也需要更多城市积极深入、积极参与、积极推进.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.