智能手机线路板中贵金属资源化价值评价

为了解智能手机线路板中贵金属资源化价值,采用王水消解-ICP方法、Gompertz模型和卡内基梅隆模型分析其不同元器件中贵金属(金、银和钯)含量及其资源化价值。结果表明:贵金属主要分布在芯片和焊锡(掺杂电容电阻)中,其金、银和钯含量分别为 321.6、332.01、2.86 mg·kg-1 和 27.61、1 838.07、7.16 mg·kg-1。其中,芯片中金含量最高,占到贵金属总含量的 69.90%。经预测,2020 年智能手机报废量约为 3.06 亿部,且预测芯片中贵金属资源化价值最高,约占贵金属总价值的 57.70%。因此,建议对智能手机贵金属资源化回收时,芯片单独进行贵金属回收,可提高其回收效率。     

Present status of recycling waste mobile phones in China: a review

A large number of waste mobile phones have already been generated and are being generated. Various countries around the world have all been positively exploring the way of recycling and reuse when facing such a large amount of waste mobile phones. In some countries, processing waste mobile phones has been forming a complete industrial chain, which can not only recycle waste mobile phones to reduce their negative influence on the environment but also turn waste into treasure to acquire economic benefits dramatically. However, the situation of recycling waste mobile phones in China is not going well. Waste mobile phones are not formally covered by existing regulations and policies for the waste electric and electronic equipment in China. In order to explore an appropriate system to recover waste mobile phones, the mobile phone production and the amount of waste mobile phones are introduced in this paper, and status of waste mobile phones recycling is described; then, the disposal technology of electronic waste that would be most likely to be used for processing of electronic waste in industrial applications in the near future is reviewed. Finally, rationalization proposals are put forward based on the current recovery status of waste mobile phones for the purpose of promoting the development of recycling waste mobile phones in developing countries with a special emphasis on China.     

中国区域2020和2030年的SO2和NOx排放总量情景预测

基于情景分析法预测了2020、2030年不同情景下的中国能源消费量,按不同部门、不同燃料类型的SO2、NOx排放因子和去除率,预测了2020和2030年不同情景下的中国SO2和NOx排放量。根据计算结果,2020和2030年基准能源与市场情景、政策能源与市场情景和强化政策能源与市场管理情景的SO2和NOx排放量依次减小;相比于基准能源与市场情景,强化政策能源与市场管理情景下2020和2030年SO2排放量分别减少了651.66和846.55万t,NOx排放量分别减少了409.61和692.76万t。燃煤火电厂、工业和交通部门对SO2和NOx排放量的贡献最大,重点加强这3个经济部门的污染控制,可有效降低污染物的排放量。     

48V软包锰酸锂电动车动力电池的梯次利用

针对我国面临的体量巨大的电动踏板车的动力锂离子电池退役后处理处置问题,研究了动力电池回收再梯次利用的具体方法。以市场上大量退役的48V软包锰酸锂动力电池为研究对象,对退役电池的容量、内阻、放电性能以及电池组的损耗分布进行了研究,从而提出了修复后梯次利用作为电动踏板车动力电池的策略。研究结果表明：不同损耗程度的电池组的损耗各有差异,剩余电量为70%的损耗组以个别单体损耗为主但其余未损耗单体一致性较好,可进行更换修复后重新服役;40%损耗组损耗单体数增加同时一致性尚可,更换受损单体后无法直接服役,需定制并联组形式重新使用;20%单体与一致性均较差,可直接拆解回收再利用。     

Optimal recycle price game theory model for second-hand mobile phone recycling

Human societies develop rapidly through the advancement of technology; however, with these advancements, many problems are emerging. The topic chosen for this study surrounds the e-waste, which has become a major problem around the world. Second-hand and unused mobile phones are a big part of globally generated e-waste. If these devices are properly recycled, they can generate substantial economic and resource value. Yet if they are indiscriminately discarded, they cause a profound environmental impact. Given the current low recovery rate of mobile phones, an increase in recovery rates becomes critical in lessening economic and environmental impacts. Based on the status quo of second-hand mobile phone recycling processes in China, this article analyzes the behavior of individuals and recyclers through a comprehensive static information game theory and finds ways to increase the recycling rate of second-hand mobile phones. The study helps the customers, to clearly identify the recycle price. In case of market, the government policy can be introduced with a reward and punishment mechanism. Furthermore, under the ideological guidance of game theory, this paper also establishes a corresponding price model of second-hand mobile phone recycling based on best response dynamics like search, variable neighborhood search, and hybrid meta-heuristic method. This model shows that the recovery time differences have a significant impact on the recovery price. Moreover, to an extent, this model can promote the possibility and initiative of customers choosing cell phone recycling.

     

离子交换树脂再生废水回用处理模拟试验研究

恢复钠离子交换树脂交换容量的再生过程会产生大量含盐废水,为回用这部分废水进行了模拟试验研究。根据不同阶段再生废水的水质特点,可将其分为高浓度部分和低浓度部分。对再生废水中硬度离子和氯离子最集中的部分高浓度废水进行分步沉淀处理,回用其中的氯离子;对于其余低浓度废水,则采用投加少量混凝剂,澄清后回用作清水,或部分弃置后直接回用为清水。试验结果表明,分步沉淀可有效去除硬度离子,澄清盐水补加氯化钠及盐酸后可回用作树脂再生盐水,并得到2种沉淀副产品。     

几种阴阳离子对磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙的影响

以磷钨酸为光催化剂,在紫外灯照射下,对甲基橙溶液进行光催化降解,考察了几种阴阳离子对磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙溶液的影响。结果表明：Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、NO^-₃、SO^2-₄和CO^2-₃均对催化活性有促进作用,其中Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺仅有微弱的促进作用;NO^-₃和SO^2-₄随着浓度的增加促进作用也有所增加;CO^2-₃则随着浓度的增加促进作用呈下降趋势;Mn²⁺、Al³⁺和Cl^-对光解反应存在较强的抑制作用,且Al³⁺和Cl^-随着其浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。     

日本畜禽产业排泄物处理与循环利用的现状与技术

20世纪40年代后,日本畜禽产业结构向大型集约化方向发展,年畜禽粪便排放总量7600万t左右。同时,由于畜禽产业等中小规模企业排出含有高氮磷等污染物的废水,致使湖泊、海域的富营养化问题日益严重。日本《水质污浊防止法》规定:饲养规模在50m2以上的养猪场和200m2以上的养牛场的排泄物排放标准为:总氮<120mg/L,总磷<16mg/L。牲畜粪便处理技术的研究和开发,一方面着重于高效脱氮除磷技术,另一方面,从资源的有效利用角度考虑,建立各种排水与废弃物处置的自立型循环共生系统。本文介绍了当前日本畜产业排泄物的处理与循环利用的现状与技术,特别是复合回收型处理系统及远程自动控制等技术的应用,推进了生物量循环的循环型社会的形成,同时,实现环境改善与资源的再利用。     

Emission projections for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Section 812 second prospective Clean Air Act cost/benefit analysis

Section 812 of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to perform periodic, comprehensive analyses of the total costs and total benefits of programs implemented pursuant to the CAAA. The first prospective analysis was completed in 1999. The second prospective analysis was initiated during 2005. The first step in the second prospective analysis was the development of base and projection year emission estimates that will be used to generate benefit estimates of CAAA programs. This paper describes the analysis, methods, and results of the recently completed emission projections. There are several unique features of this analysis. One is the use of consistent economic assumptions from the Department of Energy's Annual Energy Outlook 2005 (AEO 2005) projections as the basis for estimating 2010 and 2020 emissions for all sectors. Another is the analysis of the different emissions paths for both with and without CAAA scenarios. Other features of this analysis include being the first EPA analysis that uses the 2002 National Emission Inventory files as the basis for making 48-state emission projections, incorporating control factor files from the Regional Planning Organizations (RPOs) that had completed emission projections at the time the analysis was performed, and modeling the emission benefits of the expected adoption of measures to meet the 8-hr ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the Clean Air Visibility Rule, and the PM2.5 NAAQS. This analysis shows that the 1990 CAAA have produced significant reductions in criteria pollutant emissions since 1990 and that these emission reductions are expected to continue through 2020. CAAA provisions have reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by approximately 7 million t/yr by 2000, and are estimated to produce associated VOC emission reductions of 16.7 million t by 2020. Total oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)) emission reductions attributable to the CAAA are 5, 12, and 17 million t in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission benefits during the study period are dominated by electricity-generating unit (EGU) SO2 emission reductions. These EGU emission benefits go from 7.5 million t reduced in 2000 to 15 million t reduced in 2020.     

Transport of Saharan dust across the eastern Mediterranean

Earlier studies estimated the production of natural dust from the Saharan desert to be between 200 and 260 million ton per year. These figures were based solely on the westward transport of Saharan dust. In this study estimates on the dust transport to the eastern Mediterranean are provided. The data were obtained from several studies concerned with dust storms in Israel including: ground and airborne particle mass concentration, vertical profiles, dust storm trajectories, particle deposition and the climatology of dust storms in the eastern Mediterranean.A simple two dimensional transport model applied to the above data yields a production rate of 70 million tons of Saharan dust y⁻¹ which are transported eastward. About one third of this amount reaches the east Mediterranean coast located at a distance of 2000 km from the Saharan source.     

A Method for Rapid Calculation of Merchant Vessel Combustion Emission

A simple method for calculating long term (1 year average) combustion emissions from cargo vessels is presented. The method uses emission factors for the five EPA criteria pollutants based on the amount and type of cargo carried by these vessels. Separate emission factors are derived for the underway and docking operations based on current fuel consumption to transport or load/unload cargo. Fuel consumption is then converted to emission factors in the form of tons of pollutant per million ton miles of cargo transported or tons of pollutant per million tons of cargo loaded/unloaded. The emission calculations can be performed on a desk calculator using data published in a federal document. The annual emissions of the Port of Houston are estimated as a sample calculation. The report also Includes a method of determining the spatial distributions of the emissions and a listing of stack parameters.     

Rural domestic waste management in Zhejiang Province,China: Characteristics,current practices,and an improved strategy

Lack of access to adequate sanitation facilities has serious health implications for rural dwellers and can degrade the ecosystems. This study offers a systemantic and quantitative overview of historical data on rural domestic waste (RDW) production and past and current management practices in a prototype region in China, where rural areas are undergoing rapid urbanization and are confronted with great environmental challenges associated with poor RDW management practices. The results indicate that RDW is characterized with a large fraction of kitchen waste (42.9%) and high water content (53.4%). The RDW generation (RDWG) per capita between 2012 and 2020 is estimated to increase from 0.68 to 1.01 kg/d-cap. The Hill 1 model is able to adequately simulate/project the population growth in a rural area from 1993 to 2020. The annual RDWG in the region is estimated to double from 6,033,000 tons/year in 2008 to 12,030,000 tons/year by 2020. By comparing three RDW management scenarios based on the life-cycle inventory approach and cost–benefit analysis, it is strongly recommended that the present Scenario 2 (sanitary landfill treatment) be upgraded to Scenario 3 (source separation followed by composting and landfill of RDW) to significantly reduce the ecological footprint and to improve the cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability.

Implications:?Rural domestic waste (RDW) is affecting 720 million people in China and more than 3221 million people worldwide. Consequently, handling and disposal of RDW have serious health implications to rural dwellers and the ecosystems. This study offers a systemantic and quantitative overview and analysis of historical data on RDW production and management practices in a prototype region in China, which is confronted with great environmental challenges associated with RDW. Then we predict future production of RDW and propose a sustainable RDW management strategy, which holds the promise of greatly mitigating the mounting environmental pressure associated with RDW and provides science-based guidance for decision makers and practitioners for assuring rapid yet “green” economic development.     

电解液循环对废手机线路板碱性矿浆电解回收的影响

针对废手机线路板碱性矿浆电解资源化过程中电解液带来的污染问题,采用氨-氯化铵碱性矿浆电解液循环回收废手机线路板中金属,以降低能耗、减少污染。研究了氨-氯化铵碱性矿浆电解体系从废手机板制备阴极铜的过程中,电解液循环对Cu的回收率、电流效率、Cu纯度以及Cu和Ni、Zn、Pb等金属迁移转化的影响。经过7次电解液循环实验,结果表明,电解液循环对Ni、Zn、Pb等金属分布及电流效率的影响十分显著,但Cu的分布、纯度及回收率基本不受影响。Cu主要分布在电解液和沉积物中,其他金属则主要在电解液与阳极渣中;8组实验获得的沉积物中Cu的纯度和回收率分别高于99.9%和90%。基于碱性矿浆电解回收废手机板中金属工艺中,完全可以实现电解液的循环利用。本研究可为碱性矿浆电解废线路板提供参考。     

农业废弃物的资源化利用

我国的农业资源浪费和破坏现象十分严重,解决这一问题的根本途径是开展农业废弃物的资源化利用,它是农业可持续发展的重要方面。本文在分析了农业废弃物资源化利用的理论基础后,讨论了农业废弃物的主要资源化利用途径和支持与保障体系。     

Assessing current and future ozone-induced yield reductions for rice and winter wheat in Chongqing and the Yangtze River Delta of China

Dose-response functions from China were employed to assess ozone (O₃)-induced relative yield loss (RYL) for rice and winter wheat in Chongqing and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in 1990-2020, based on monitored and simulated O₃ exposures. It shows that RYL for rice in Chongqing from 1990 to 1995 was 1.1-5.8% and would reach 10.8% in 2020, while for winter wheat it was estimated to be 0.2-9.8% in 1990 and would reach around 12.0% in 2020. In the YRD, RYL for rice was 2.5-6.6% from 1990 to 1999 and would reach 9.2% in 2020, while for winter wheat, RYL was estimated to be 7.1-8.4% based on simulated O₃ dosages, while based on monitored O₃ dosages, it had surpassed 8.4% and reached about 12.0% in 1999.     

Generation and management of waste electric vehicle batteries in China

With the increasing adoption of EVs (electric vehicles), a large number of waste EV LIBs (electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries) were generated in China. Statistics showed generation of waste EV LIBs in 2016 reached approximately 10,000 tons, and the amount of them would be growing rapidly in the future. In view of the deleterious effects of waste EV LIBs on the environment and the valuable energy storage capacity or materials that can be reused in them, China has started emphasizing the management, reuse, and recycling of them. This paper presented the generation trend of waste EV LIBs and focused on interrelated management development and experience in China. Based on the situation of waste EV LIBs management in China, existing problems were analyzed and summarized. Some recommendations were made for decision-making organs to use as valuable references to improve the management of waste EV LIBs and promote the sustainable development of EVs.     

EDTA及其回收溶液治理重金属污染土壤的研究

试验结果表明,EDTA能够有效地萃取土壤重金属,由于其价格较贵和不易被降解等特点,限制了它的广泛运用.在运用MINTEQA2模型对萃取液中重金属离子形态分析的基础上,选用Na2S沉淀法将重金属从EDTA萃取液中有效分离.同时将回收的EDTA连续进行萃取土壤重金属,由于回收EDTA浓度下降的原因,其效果比新鲜EDTA的要稍微差一点,但从经济和效率上来说,仍旧可以用来治理重金属污染的土壤.     

广东省生活垃圾处理方式变化趋势及其原因

针对广东省生活垃圾处理存在的问题,通过收集和整理广东省生活垃圾产生和处理的相关数据及政府统计报告,分析了生活垃圾处理量和处理方式的变化趋势及其原因,并提出了相应建议,以供广东省有关管理部门参考。结果表明,广东省生活垃圾产生量从2004年的1.6×10⁷ t增长至2020年的3.1×10⁷ t,生活垃圾无害化处理率由42.8%提高到100%。广东省生活垃圾处理方式由填埋为主、焚烧为辅、其他补充的旧格局,转变为焚烧为主、填埋为辅、生物处理为补充的新格局。2020年,广东省生活垃圾焚烧处理能力占无害化处理能力的比例为64%,已达到十三五规划中焚烧比例的要求。结合广东省的实际并基于碳中和的目标,广东省可适度超前建设垃圾焚烧处理设施,提高焚烧能力占比,引导有条件的地区率先实现原生生活垃圾“零填埋”。对于厨余垃圾资源化产品缺乏消纳途径的地区,厨余垃圾可经预处理后与现有生活垃圾焚烧处理设施协同处理。本研究结果可为广东省有关部门制定垃圾无害化处理政策与规划提供参考。     

石墨加工过程的清洁生产工艺研究

研究了石墨加工过程中烧碱的回收利用。在由中碳石墨加工成高碳石墨的过程中,要消耗大量的烧碱,形成大量碱性废水。我们利用石灰苛化法回收工业原料烧碱,取得良好效果,烧碱的回收率占加入量的65.4％;回收后的烧碱重新回用于石墨的加工生产,不仅有效节约了资源,且能够使出水符合国家排放标准,实现了石墨加工过程的清洁生产。     

Investigation of the available technologies and their feasibility for the conversion of food waste into fish feed in Hong Kong

Food waste is the largest constituent of municipal solid waste in Hong Kong, but food waste recycling is still in its infancy. With the imminent saturation of all landfill sites by 2020, multiple technologies are needed to boost up the food waste recycling rate in Hong Kong. Conversion of food waste into animal feeds is prevalent in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, treating over 40 % of their recycled food waste. This direction is worth exploring in Hong Kong once concerns over food safety are resolved. Fortunately, while feeding food waste to pigs and chickens poses threats to public health, feeding it to fish is considered low risk. In order to examine the feasibility of converting food waste into fish feed in Hong Kong, this paper investigates the market demand, technical viability, feed quality, regulatory hurdles, and potential contribution. The results show that a significant amount of food waste can be recycled by converting it into fish feed due to the enormous demand from feed factories in mainland China. Two conversion technologies, heat drying and black soldier fly bioconversion, are studied extensively. Black soldier fly bioconversion is preferable because the end-product, insect powder, is anticipated to gain import approval from mainland China. The authors suggest further research efforts to speed up its application for food waste recycling in urban cities.