关于用能量同化波浪作用下溢油乳化的研究思想和思考

介绍加拿大学者用能量概念解决化学实验室锥形瓶或烧杯,水动力学物理模拟实验室水槽以及自然界海岸线波浪破碎等不同尺度下波浪同溢油乳化行为之间关系的同化方法和针对某些特殊问题所采取的措施以及新的尝试.从物理模拟实验室尺度和自然界海岸线尺度提出一些思考问题,并从发展的角度和中国同加拿大研究设备、能力和观点上的差异,提出中国曾经开展的类似研究是否有再度崛起的可能性,使得研究成果成为溢油乳化和溢油清理科学技术的基础,并带动解决冻结水域溢油乳化现象的理论解释.     

Bone histology of the titanosaur <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lirainosaurus astibiae</Emphasis> (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Latest Cretaceous of Spain

The titanosaur Lirainosaurus astibiae is the only sauropod species known from the Late Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula. Lirainosaurus did not reach a gigantic body size and is one of the smallest sauropods discovered to date. Histological analysis of Lirainosaurus bones, focused on diaphyseal transverse sections of appendicular elements, reveals that Lirainosaurus did not exhibit the osseous microstructure typical for large sauropods, but is comparable with that of the coeval titanosaurs Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, Ampelosaurus atacis, and Magyarosaurus dacus, and also shares histological traits with other small to medium-sized sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Lirainosaurus limb bones exhibit a laminar fibrolamellar bone microstructure interrupted by growth marks, fully obliterated in adulthood by intense secondary remodeling processes which tend to replace completely the primary cortex. Lirainosaurus attained smaller sizes than typical sauropods reducing the rate of primary periosteal osteogenesis and developing an extensive secondary remodeling well before the adult size was reached. Histological organization of Lirainosaurus long bones is more mature than observed in basal neosauropods at similar ontogenetic stage, documenting a case of peramorphosis by pre-displacement. This heterochronic growth would be a reversal of the accelerated pattern of bone deposition typical for the sauropod lineage.     

Preservation of ancient DNA in thermally damaged archaeological bone

Evolutionary biologists are increasingly relying on ancient DNA from archaeological animal bones to study processes such as domestication and population dispersals. As many animal bones found on archaeological sites are likely to have been cooked, the potential for DNA preservation must be carefully considered to maximise the chance of amplification success. Here, we assess the preservation of mitochondrial DNA in a medieval cattle bone assemblage from Coppergate, York, UK. These bones have variable degrees of thermal alterations to bone collagen fibrils, indicative of cooking. Our results show that DNA preservation is not reliant on the presence of intact collagen fibrils. In fact, a greater number of template molecules could be extracted from bones with damaged collagen. We conclude that moderate heating of bone may enhance the retention of DNA fragments. Our results also indicate that ancient DNA preservation is highly variable, even within a relatively recent assemblage from contexts conducive to organic preservation, and that diagenetic parameters based on protein diagenesis are not always useful for predicting ancient DNA survival.     

沉水植被降低水体浊度的机理研究

水体浊度的变化影响着水生态系统的健康,而沉水植被对降低水体浊度具有显著效果. 为明确沉水植物对泥沙的作用机理,以苦草为试验用草,开展室内水槽试验. 结果表明,苦草斑块降低了水流的输沙能力,根据试验资料估算,斑块区水流的输沙能力仅约为无草时的10%. 利用象限分析法分析了实测的紊动流场,解释了植物对泥沙作用的物理过程. 在苦草斑块区,植物冠顶以下区域(相对高度小于1.00)为下扫流态,紊动漩涡形成的下扫流将泥沙带入水底,而近底层的喷射流抵消了下扫流的能量,抑制下扫流对泥沙的冲击起动,并使下扫流挟带的泥沙顺利淤积;在植物冠顶以上区域除高密度(172株/m2)工况为下扫流态外,中、低密度(86、43株/m2)工况均为喷射流态,不利于泥沙沉降. 由于泥沙主要存在于下层水体,因此沉水植被有利于减小水体浊度.      

动态水流条件下河流底泥污染物(COD_(Cr))释放研究

为了研究不同水深、流速等水动力条件对底泥中污染物释放强度的影响,以苏州河底泥为例,通过水槽试验,分析了动态水流条件下河流底泥中污染物释放及其对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,CODCr释放率随时间的增大而增大,但CODCr释放强度随时间的增大而减小.底泥中污染物释放率与水深和流速有关,在相同水深的条件下,底泥的释放率随着流速的增加而增大;在相同流速的条件下,底泥的释放率随着水深的增大而减小.在水深10cm、流速0.10m.s-1的动态水流条件下,底泥向上覆水体释放CODCr的释放强度与时间的关系为:C=1.06C0e-0.06t.     

流速对太湖河道底泥泥沙、营养盐释放规律影响实验研究

河湖中的底泥作为二次污染源,影响河道水环境.太湖河口及调水区河流底泥泥沙、营养盐的释放扩散受水动力条件的影响越来越受到人们的重视.用环形水槽模拟河道的水动力条件的改变,通过实验研究悬浮泥沙、总溶解氮磷(TDN,TDP)和总氮磷(TN,TP)浓度在不同流速条件下在水体中的变化情况,从而掌握底泥泥沙、营养盐在不同流速下的释放特性.本研究按照泥沙的起动标准,把相对应的流速分为"个别动"、"少量动"以及"普遍动"流速,对应不同的泥沙悬浮量以及营养物质的释放量.研究显示高于起动流速下营养盐的动态释放较低于起动流速下的静态释放.泥沙的悬浮量与营养物质的动态释放过程密切相关.TDN、TDP释放量和最终平衡浓度随流速呈对数关系;TN、TP平衡浓度随流速增加呈指数形式增加.整个释放过程为,0~30 min的释放前期为孔隙水释放,营养物质释放量大且速率快;后期为再悬浮颗粒物释放,释放量小且速率减慢,达到平衡之后,营养盐浓度基本稳定.营养物质的空隙水释放与在悬浮颗粒物释放的比例有待进一步的研究.     

应用三维粒子轨迹跟踪模型模拟香溪河水藻增殖过程

三峡工程建成后将改变库区的水动力条件,会对库区及支流的水生态环境产生重要影响.因此,本文应用三维非结构海洋动力学模型ELcirc,以及考虑营养物质浓度、水温、水下光照强度和流速等因素影响水藻增殖的粒子轨迹跟踪模型模拟三峡库区支流香溪河的水流及水藻颗粒的输移.同时,采用室内弯道水槽试验资料对模型进行了验证,计算结果表明,验证后的模型可以较为精确地模拟弯道水流运动特性和弯道水流中的物质输移现象.采用验证后的模型研究了2007年9—10月三峡水库蓄水期香溪库湾的水流及藻类颗粒物质输移,结果表明,长江干流水体倒灌入香溪库湾产生回流,藻类颗粒向上游运动,考虑水藻生长过程的三维粒子轨迹跟踪模型可以较好地模拟水藻颗粒的垂向分布及水藻生长的水华过程.     

Stem cell transplantation before birth – a realistic option for treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta?

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by severe bone deformities, growth retardation and bones that break easily, often from little or no apparent cause. OI is a genetic disorder primarily with defective type I collagen with a wide spectrum of clinical expression. In the more severe cases, it can be diagnosed before birth. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has the potential to improve the bone structure and stability, growth and fracture healing. Prenatal and postnatal cell transplantation has been investigated in preclinical and clinical studies of OI and suggests that this procedure is safe and has positive effects. Cell transplantation resulted in improved linear growth, mobility and reduced fracture incidence. However, the effect is transient and for this reason re-transplantation may be needed. So far there is limited experience in this area, and proper studies are required to accurately determine if MSC transplantation is of clinical benefit in the treatment of OI. In this review, we summarize what is currently known in this field. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Whole-body 3D kinematics of bird take-off: key role of the legs to propel the trunk

Previous studies showed that birds primarily use their hindlimbs to propel themselves into the air in order to take-off. Yet, it remains unclear how the different parts of their musculoskeletal system move to produce the necessary acceleration. To quantify the relative motions of the bones during the terrestrial phase of take-off, we used biplanar fluoroscopy in two species of birds, diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). We obtained a detailed 3D kinematics analysis of the head, the trunk and the three long bones of the left leg. We found that the entire body assisted the production of the needed forces to take-off, during two distinct but complementary phases. The first one, a relatively slow preparatory phase, started with a movement of the head and an alignment of the different groups of bones with the future take-off direction. It was associated with a pitch down of the trunk and a flexion of the ankle, of the hip and, to a lesser extent, of the knee. This crouching movement could contribute to the loading of the leg muscles and store elastic energy that could be released in the propulsive phase of take-off, during the extension of the leg joints. Combined with the fact that the head, together with the trunk, produced a forward momentum, the entire body assisted the production of the needed forces to take-off. The second phase was faster with mostly horizontal forward and vertical upward translation motions, synchronous to an extension of the entire lower articulated musculoskeletal system. It led to the propulsion of the bird in the air with a fundamental role of the hip and ankle joints to move the trunk upward and forward. Take-off kinematics were similar in both studied species, with a more pronounced crouching movement in diamond dove, which can be related to a large body mass compared to zebra finch.     

First-trimester screening for Down syndrome; the role of nasal bone assessment in the Korean population

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nasal bone assessment in first-trimester screening for Down syndrome (DS) in the Korean population. Methods From July 2004 to March 2006, we prospectively evaluated the fetal nasal bones at 11–14 weeks' gestation in the Korean population. Results A successful evaluation was possible in 6490 of 6787 fetuses (95.6%). Absent, hypoechoic, and short nasal bones were seen in 4 (26.7%), 4 (26.7%), and 1 (6.7%) of 15 fetuses with DS, respectively, whereas in 5 (0.1%), 11 (0.2%), and 246 (3.8%) of 6456 normal fetuses. The incidence of absent and hypoechoic nasal bone showed significant differences between normal fetuses and fetuses with DS (P < 0.0005, both). Screening for DS using an absent or hypoechoic nasal bone resulted in a sensitivity of 53.3%, a specificity of 99.8%, a positive likelihood ratio of 215.2, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.5. Conclusion Our study showed that nasal bone abnormality at 11–14 weeks of gestation had a high association with DS in the Korean population. This suggests that nasal bone assessment can be used to supplement the current first-trimester screening for DS in the Korean population. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

阿拉善高原生态环境退化研究进展

区域生态环境退化问题是当前研究的热点内容,分析其研究现状及存在问题能更好地把握其核心领域并开展更进一步的研究。本文以典型生态环境脆弱区——阿拉善高原为研究对象,系统梳理了该区域土地沙漠化、沙尘暴演化、土地利用/覆被变化、绿洲退化、水量减少与水质恶化等与生态环境退化相关领域的研究进展。在分析已有研究成果的基础之上,就不同生态环境退化问题研究存在的不足进行了归纳总结,并提出了今后需要重点开展的研究内容,以期为阿拉善高原乃至其他生态环境脆弱区生态系统的研究提供参考。     

Achondrogenesis type II with normally developed extremities: a case report

We present a case of achondrogenesis type II with normally developed extremities that was confirmed with postmortem ultrasonographic and radiographic examination. The length of the long bones may vary and the diagnosis of achondrogenesis should not be ruled out with normally developed extremities. Intrauterine sonographic examination of the vertebrae is very important and the absence of vertebral body ossification may be the unique finding of achondrogenesis type II. Axial ultrasonographic images and postmortem plain radiographs are useful to clarify the pathology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国饮用水中嗅味问题及其研究进展

综述了我国饮用水中的嗅味问题及其国内外研究进展,着重讨论了我国面临的饮用水中嗅味问题的现状、水中嗅味来源及饮用水中嗅味的定性定量分析技术、致嗅物质组成特性、典型致嗅物质的去除技术及工艺.旨在阐明除了土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)等微生物代谢产物外,硫醇硫醚类厌氧分解产物也是我国饮用水中重要的致嗅物质.硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质于2006年首次在东莞饮用水中发现,后被证明也是2007年太湖饮用水危机中的主要致嗅物质.Geosmin和2-MIB的吸附效果好于氧化,而硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质易于被氧化去除,不易被吸附去除.需要尽快开展我国饮用水中致嗅物质组成特性及典型致嗅物质去除技术和工艺的研究,形成应对不同水源、不同季节、不同致嗅物质嗅味的饮用水处理工艺.     

Critical velocity in phosphorus exchange processes across the sediment-water interface

Sediments are ultimate sinks of nutrients in lakes that record the pollution history evolutionary processes, and anthropogenic activities of a lake. However, sediments are considered as inner sources of environmental factor changes such as the variation in hydrodynamic conditions because of the nutrients they release. How does this process happen？ This study investigates a typical nutrient phosphorus （P） exchange among sediment, suspended particle matter （SPM）, and water. Compared with numerical and experimental studies, this study confirms that the critical velocity that occurs at a lower flow rate state exists in the range of 7 to 15 crn/sec. Critical velocity below the critical flow rate promotes the migration of particulate phosphorus （PP） to the SPM. On the other hand, critical velocity above the critical flow rate promotes the release of PP in water.     

区域点源和非点源磷入河量计算的二元统计模型

基于流域或区域点源和非点源磷入河过程的水文学差异,以及影响河流持留作用的主要机制,建立了描述河流段末磷负荷量与流量和水温之间定量关系的二元统计模型;通过逐月的河流水文水质监测数据对模型中4个系数的有效校正和验证,实现了对点源和非点源磷入河过程的准确定量.与现行的水文估算法相比,该模型既考虑了河流磷的持留能力及其时间变异性,也考虑了上游水体输入的磷负荷量,推进了对磷污染过程的定量认识,满足了我国以行政区为主要水污染控制管理单元的现实需要.应用该模型,计算了浙江长乐江集水区2004～2009年的总磷(TP)入河量.结果表明,TP年入河总量为(54.6±11.9)t.a-1,其上游水体输入、点源和非点源的入河量贡献率分别为5%±1%、12%±3%和83%±3%.夏季5～6月和8～9月的非点源TP累计入河量占其全年的50%±9%,增加了引起下游水体藻类暴发的风险.河流TP持留量为(4.5±0.1)t.a-1,占年入河总量的9%±2%;5～9月的TP累计持留量占全年的55%±2%,表明河流持留能力对流域或区域磷素迁移转化过程的调控作用不容忽视.本研究建立的二元统计模型仅需常规的河流水文水质监测数据,无需专业软件知识,且计算结果直接来源于实际的河流水文水质测算值,为实施流域或区域磷污染总量控制策略提供了一种简便、实用、可靠的定量工具.     

Epidemiologic study of tumors in dinosaurs

Occasional reports in isolated fragments of dinosaur bones have suggested that tumors might represent a population phenomenon. Previous study of humans has demonstrated that vertebral radiology is a powerful diagnostic tool for population screening. The epidemiology of tumors in dinosaurs was here investigated by fluoroscopically screening dinosaur vertebrae for evidence of tumors. Computerized tomography (CT) and cross-sections were obtained where appropriate. Among more than 10,000 specimens x-rayed, tumors were only found in Cretaceous hadrosaurs (duck-billed dinosaurs). These included hemangiomas and metastatic cancer (previously identified in dinosaurs), desmoplastic fibroma, and osteoblastoma. The epidemiology of tumors in dinosaurs seems to reflect a familial pattern. A genetic propensity or environmental mutagens are suspected.     

略论影响苏州河水质的若干因素

苏州河（上海段）的水质受到不列因素的影响；１．源水水质，２．支流泄水；３．船舶污染；４．工厂废水，５暴雨溢流；６．农村排水；７．居民废物；８．底泥污染。在对这些影响因素分析的基础上，提出了一些解决设想。     

太湖水环境模型关键参数曼宁系数的水槽试验

曼宁系数是在水流计算和实际工程中应用最广泛的水流阻力系数,是河湖阻力研究中的重要方向。基于室内循环水槽,利用三维声学多普勒流速仪,研究了不同沉水植株密度和水体流速下曼宁系数的变化特性。根据摩阻力相似原理、实际曼宁系数和试验曼宁系数换算公式,计算得到不同工况下的太湖曼宁系数;并通过回归拟合,得到太湖曼宁系数与植株密度、株高和水体流速的最优拟合方程式。结果表明:当湖底植株状况一定时,太湖曼宁系数与水体流速呈明显的单调递减幂函数关系;当植株密度 ≤ 200株/m2,水体流速和株高一定时,太湖曼宁系数与植株密度呈单调递增关系;当水体流速与植株密度一定时,太湖曼宁系数与植株株高呈单调递增关系。通过试验模拟得到太湖实际曼宁系数,对沉积物-水界面氮磷营养盐的迁移转化研究、富营养改善及湖泊长效管理具有重要意义。     

苏州河纵向离散系数的分析研究

通过对苏州河水文水质资料的分析，并进行了水槽因子影响试验、非定常潮汐水流的模拟试验以及环境水力学理论分析和相似律推算，得到了比较符合实际的纵向离散系数取值范围：苏州河为单向流时K≈（5－35）m^2/s；苏州河在潮流往复作用下，k=(2-12)m^2/s。运用水质数学模型和苏州河实测的水文水质同步资料对纵向离散系数进行了验证。     

基于空腔流动理论的市政消火栓盲端铁迁移扩散机理研究

市政消火栓滞水严重，存在积累扩散亚铁离子（Fe²⁺）的问题，可能引发"红水"现象，威胁供水卫生安全.以往的管网水质模拟缺少对消火栓盲端支管的研究，难以准确模拟消火栓铁释放现象，使得计算精确度不足.针对上述问题，本研究尝试运用空腔流动机理分析市政消火栓构成的盲端支管内Fe²⁺迁移扩散现象，结合扩散实验和数值模拟，构建盲端支管Fe²⁺扩散的流体力学模型，定量分析管长、管径、流速等因素的影响规律，为精确模拟消火栓水质提供参考.