Environmental dynamics of phosphate esters. II. Uptake and bioaccumulation of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate and diphenyl phosphate by fish

Uptake, clearance and disposition of ¹⁴C-labelled 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and ¹⁴C-diphenyl phosphate (DPP) by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were investigated using short-term static exposures. Bioconcentration factors of 1314 and 0.3 were calculated for EHDP and DPP, respectively. Highest levels of radioactivity were found in liver and intestine following exposure to 60 μg/L EHDP. A portion (up to 40%) of the radioactivity in each tissue was in the form of DPP while a similar portion was extractable with methanol but could not be identified.     

2种磷酸盐生长环境对同步去除与富集磷酸盐工艺的影响

针对同步去除与富集磷酸盐溶液的问题,研究了在低磷环境和低磷高磷交替环境下悬浮填料生物膜反应器的除磷能力和释磷能力,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高通量测序对第0、45和95天的污泥进行了表征。结果表明：低磷环境下好氧出水磷酸盐浓度稳定在0.5 mg·L⁻¹以下,厌氧阶段的最大释磷量为6.05 mg·L⁻¹;在低磷高磷交替环境中,好氧出水磷酸盐浓度基本在0.5 mg·L⁻¹以下,富磷溶液浓度最高可达63 mg·L⁻¹。SEM结果表明,同步去除与富集磷酸盐的悬浮填料生物膜反应器中的主要微生物是杆状菌。高通量测序结果表明：第0、45和95天的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度分别为48.3%、57.1%和89.1%,占主导地位;而红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)的相对丰度分别为18.1%、19.0%和30.8%,是反应器中的优势菌科;动胶菌属(Zoogloea)是同步去除与富集磷酸盐的悬浮填料生物膜工艺中的主要功能菌。在悬浮填料生物膜工艺中,低磷高磷交替的生长环境下培养的聚磷生物膜能够使好氧出水的磷酸盐浓度达到国家排放标准,并在厌氧阶段得到高浓度的磷酸盐富集溶液,且这种生长环境更适合聚磷微生物的生长。     

Heavy metal accumulation and histomorphological alterations in Aphanius fasciatus (Pisces,Cyprinodontidae) from the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia)

The present study illustrates an analysis of histological changes; cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) accumulation; and metallothionein (MT) levels in normal and deformed Mediterranean killifish, Aphanius fasciatus (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae), collected from unpolluted (S1) and polluted areas (S2) in the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. Metal determination in water and sediment showed that the concentrations were significantly higher (p?Histopathological investigations revealed greater changes in gills, kidney, liver, and bone tissues of fish from the polluted area than those recorded in fish from the reference area. In comparison to normal fish of the polluted area (S2), tissue alterations were more developed in deformed specimens of this site. A possible relationship between metallic pollution, incidence of spinal deformities, and histological changes in A. fasciatus in the polluted site was discussed.     

What factors drive copepod community distribution in the Gulf of Gabes,Eastern Mediterranean Sea?

The spatial and temporal variations in copepod communities were investigated during four oceanographic cruises conducted between July 2005 and March 2007 aboard the R/V Hannibal. A close relationship was observed between the temperature, salinity, hydrographic properties and water masses characterising the Gulf of Gabes. Indeed, water thermal stratification began in May–June, and a thermocline was established at a 20-m depth, but ranged from 25 m in July to more than 30 m in September. The zooplankton community is dominated by copepods representing 69 % to 83 % of total zooplankton. Spatial and temporal variation of copepods in relation to environmental factors shows their close relationship with the hydrodynamic features of the water column. Thermal stratification in the column, established in summer, supports copepod development. In fact, copepod abundance increases gradually with rising water temperature and salinity, starting from the beginning of thermal stratification (May–June 2006) and lasting until its completion (July 2005 and September 2006). When the water column is well mixed (March 2007), copepod abundance decreased. Our finding shows that temperature and salinity seem to be the most important physical factors and thus strongly influence the taxonomic diversity and distribution of the copepod population. They are characterised by the dominance of Oithona nana, representing 75–86 % of total cyclopoid abundance. The most abundant species during the stratification period were O. nana, Acartia clausi and Stephos marsalensis in July 2005 and September 2006. However, during the mixing period, Euterpina acutifrons was more abundant, representing 21 % of the total. Unlike the copepod community, which is more abundant during the period of high stratification, phytoplankton proliferates during semi-mixed conditions.     

Lead phosphate formation in soils

Pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) is one of the most thermodynamically stable lead minerals under the geochemical conditions prevailing in the surface environment. It is therefore expected to form in soils contaminated with Pb if sufficient phosphorus is available. Pyromorphite has previously been identified in mine-waste and industrially contaminated soils but has not previously been identified in urban soils. This paper reports on the presence of a Pb phosphate in urban and roadside soils. This phase has formed in the soil as a weathering product of Pb-bearing grains. Quantitative EDX analyses indicated that the Pb phosphate phase is pyromorphite with Ca frequently substituting for Pb between 21-31 atomic percent. However, positive identification of this phase by XRD was hindered by the deviation from pure end-member and possibly also by the poorly crystalline nature of the phase. Pyromorphite accounted for less than 2% of the total Pb in these soils. However, phosphate amendments to the soil could induce further formation of pyromorphite. As pyromorphite is a highly insoluble mineral, this may be effective in reducing the bioavailability of Pb in urban soils.     

一种固态磷酸根离子选择电极

针对检测水中磷酸根离子浓度的问题,研究了一种以玻碳为基底的固态磷酸根离子选择电极。在一定条件下采用循环伏安法聚合硫酸钴和硫酸钠的混合溶液,并根据正交实验得出电极最佳制备条件。采用直接电位法测定电极性能指标,得到斜率为-41.7 mV,检测下限为6.3×10-5 mol·L-1,电极的线性响应范围在10-1~10-4 mol·L-1的固态磷酸根离子选择电极;电极具有较短的响应时间,很好的稳定性,对磷酸根的检测研究具有一定的意义。     

Mg-Al-Cl-LDH对磷的吸附性能及其机理

通过成核/晶化隔离法制备了氯离子型镁铝层状双金属氢氧化物(Mg-Al-Cl-LDH),并用于磷酸盐的吸附;借助扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)进行了表征,并探究其吸附磷酸盐的机理.结果表明:当pH为4～7时,Mg-Al-Cl-LDH对磷的吸附效果较好,而在碱性条件下吸附量会下降;磷质量浓度为50mg·L-1,当pH为5时,Mg-Al-Cl-LDH投加量为2g·L-1时,磷去除率可达到100％;共存离子CO32-会对吸附产生一定影响,当CO32-质量浓度为50mg·L-1时,磷去除率由87％降低到63％.Mg-Al-Cl-LDH对磷的吸附过程在前15 min迅速,90min时达到平衡,符合准二级动力学和Sips吸附等温模型,说明主要吸附过程以化学吸附为主,理论最大吸附量为62.46mg·g-1o表征结果表明,Mg-Al-Cl-LDH为典型的六边形层片结构,吸附后依旧保持该结构.Mg-Al-Cl-LDH对磷的吸附机理主要为静电吸引、层间阴离子交换、配体交换过程.     

亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷抑制作用研究

为确定亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制作用,利用批量实验研究了在不同pH下不同浓度的亚硝态氮对聚磷菌好氧吸磷过程的影响.实验结果表明,亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷具有更直接的影响;亚硝酸质量浓度达到0.001 00 mg/L时,聚磷菌好氧吸磷即会受到50％的抑制.聚磷菌受到较低浓度的亚硝酸抑制时,其在无亚硝酸存在的环境中好氧吸磷能力基本能恢复.     

CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸性能研究

采用溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)对天然沸石进行改性,并考察了CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸性能。结果表明,CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐具备一定的吸附能力,且吸附行为满足Langmuir等温吸附模型;粒径、改性剂投加量、反应温度、pH值及共存阴离子等因素均会影响CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附能力;减小粒径和降低反应温度均有利于CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附去除;粒径≤0.18 mm CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐较优的改性剂投加量为250 mmol/kg;当溶液的初始pH值位于4~10之间时CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附能力随pH值的增加而增强;SO42-的存在会明显降低CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附效率,而提高溶液的pH值有助于消除SO42-存在对CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的负面影响;HCO3-的存在会一定程度上抑制CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附去除,而提高溶液的pH值无法消除HCO3-存在对CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的负面影响;CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐后一定条件下可以重新解吸出来,且随着解吸液SO42-浓度的增加解吸率明显增大。     

Effects of phosphate additions to soil on lead and phosphate concentrations of Holcus lanatus grown on lead amended soil

Holcus lanatus was grown in soil artificially amended with lead and phosphate. Shoot lead concentrations in the second harvest were lower where 50 mg kg⁻¹ phosphate was added to soil compared with unfertilized soil. Greater levels of fertilization did not decrease shoot lead concentrations further. The most likely mechanism was considered to be one of growth dilution and not chemical precipitation of an insoluble lead-phosphate compound in soil, as has been speculated in the past.     

页岩陶粒对水体中磷的吸附作用及动力学

研究了页岩陶粒对水溶液中磷的等温吸附特征,考察了溶液磷初始浓度、吸附剂粒径和温度对吸附作用的影响,利用一级和准二级动力学模型对页岩陶粒吸附除磷动力学过程进行了分析.结果表明,页岩陶粒对磷的等温吸附特征符合Langmuir方程,最大磷吸附量为131.58 mg/kg.溶液磷初始浓度越大,温度越高,页岩陶粒对磷的吸附量越大.随着吸附剂粒径的减小,一级动力学速率常数增大,吸附平衡时间缩短.尽管一级和准二级动力学模型都能反映不同条件下页岩陶粒的吸附除磷动力学过程,但相比较而言,准二级动力学对该过程的描述更为准确,由该模型估算出页岩陶粒对磷的平衡吸附量qe,其误差基本小于13.00%.     

磷酸根和硫离子在纳米铁表面的竞争吸附

通过纳米铁对磷酸根和硫离子的单吸附和竞争吸附的研究,从吸附动力学和吸附等温线两个方面分析并验证了其吸附特性和模式。分析表明,相对于磷酸根,纳米铁对硫离子的吸附能力更强,在竞争条件下居优势地位。采用准一级和准二级吸附动力学方程对实验数据进行模拟分析,结果表明,纳米铁对磷酸根和硫离子的吸附符合二级动力学方程。吸附等温线分析采用Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温线方程模拟分析,分析结果表明,纳米铁颗粒对磷酸根的吸附符合Freundlich吸附模式,而对硫离子的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模式。     

Fabrication, calibration and evaluation of a phosphate ion-selective microelectrode

To conduct the micro-environment study of flocs in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process, a phosphate ion-selective microelectrode was developed. The cobalt-based microelectrodes have tip diameters of 5-20 μm and respond to all the three forms of phosphate ions, namely, H₂PO₄⁻, HPO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻. The calibration curve at pH 7.5 had a slope of 31.5 mV per decade change of concentration and a R² value of 0.99. Other characteristics of this microelectrode, such as response time, interferences from pH, ion strength, DO and other anions were also evaluated.     

Adsorption and desorption of cadmium by goethite pretreated with phosphate

The adsorption of Cd by oxides or soils have been extensively studied, however, the desorption has received relatively limited attention, especially in the presence of phosphate. In this study, a batch equilibration method was used to investigate Cd sorption and desorption by goethite pretreated with phosphate. Phosphate not only enhanced Cd adsorption, but also accelerated the adsorption process. Compared with Cd adsorption by goethite alone, phosphate substantially moved the adsorption curves (edges) to lower pH range, indicative of enhancement of Cd sorption. The Cd adsorption by the pretreated goethite reached apparent equilibrium within 24 h at 20 degrees C, while such equilibrium was not observed after 4 weeks in the absence of phosphate. Cadmium was more readily released from phosphate-treated goethite. It is believed that phosphate blocked the pores on goethite surface, which lead to the fast adsorption kinetics and high extraction percentage. These results provided strong support for the diffusion of Cd into goethite particles.     

QA-MCM-41吸附剂脱氮除磷性能

低浓度氮和磷在污水处理中较难去除,排放至水体会造成水体富营养化。以长碳链季铵为功能基团,将其接枝到自制备的介孔材料MCM-41上,成功制得一种吸附容量大且易再生的脱氮除磷吸附剂（QA-MCM-41）。采用SEM、XRD、BET等方法表征了QA-MCM-41微观形貌;研究了氮磷初始浓度、吸附时间及共存离子对QA-MCM-41吸附氮磷效果的影响;采用等温吸附模型、吸附动力学模型、ATR-IR以及XPS等分析手段探究了吸附反应机理。实验结果表明,QA-MCM-41对氮磷的饱和吸附量分别为20.83 mg·g-1和17.67 mg·g-1,SO42-对QA-MCM-41吸附氮磷的效果并未产生显著影响,吸附剂容易再生且重复利用性能较好。吸附动力学模拟及ATR-IR、XPS分析表明,QA-MCM-41对氮磷的吸附均符合以化学吸附为主导的准二级动力学方程,吸附作用主要依靠离子交换。     

水铁矿吸附磷酸根的影响因素

为了修复水体富营养化,选取了人工合成的水铁矿作为除磷吸附剂。通过批量实验研究了震荡速度、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、溶液初始pH、含磷初始浓度、反应温度和共存离子等因素对吸附作用的影响。结果表明：水铁矿的吸附具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的特点;随着投加量的增加,溶液中磷酸根的去除率逐渐增加;溶液初始pH在酸性条件下,溶液中磷酸根的去除率最好;在室温25 ℃下,水铁矿对不同浓度的磷酸根溶液均具有很好的吸附效果;溶液共存离子的存在对磷酸根去除率有一定影响,HCO3-的影响最大。     

镧改性凹凸棒土的制备及其对水中磷酸盐的吸附

锁磷剂的应用与推广加快了人们对镧改性粘土的不断研究。为了探讨2种制备方法所得的镧改性凹凸棒土吸附剂对水体中磷酸根的去除效果,首先制备了镧改性凹凸棒土（La-ATP）及镧改性酸活化凹凸棒土（La-H-ATP）2种吸附剂,然后在不同条件下研究比较了二者对磷酸根的吸附效果。结果表明：La-ATP和La-H-ATP对磷酸根吸附曲线适合Langmuir方程,饱和吸附量（qm）均大于12 mg·g-1。高温有利于La-ATP和La-H-ATP对磷酸根的吸附,并且La-ATP的平衡吸附量（qe）在35、25和10℃条件下均大于La-H-ATP。在酸性条件下,La-ATP具有比La-H-ATP更好的除磷效果。两种吸附剂对磷酸根具有较好的吸附选择性,几种常见共存离子存在时的吸附量无明显变化。     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater by addition of bittern

Removal of nitrogen and phosphate through crystallization of struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O) has gained increasing interest. Since wastewaters tend to be low in magnesium relative to ammonia and phosphates, addition of this mineral is usually required to effect the struvite crystallization process. The present study evaluated the feasibility of using bittern, a byproduct of salt manufacture, as a low-cost source of magnesium ions. High reaction rates were observed; the extent of nitrogen and phosphorus removals did not change beyond 10 min. Phosphorus removals from pure solutions with bittern added were equivalent to those obtained with MgCl(2) or seawater. Nitrogen removals with bittern were somewhat lower than with the alternate Mg(2+) sources, however. Application of bittern to biologically treated wastewater from a swine farm achieved high phosphate removal, but ammonia removals were limited by imbalance in the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio.     

河道沉积物中磷的分布、吸附及释放规律研究

为科学评价磷在河道沉积物中的环境行为,在模拟条件下研究了上海市进木港和苏州河沉积物中磷的分布形态、吸附特征及释放规律.结果表明:(1)2种沉积物中碎屑钙磷(De-P)浓度最高,闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)次之,其他形态磷浓度相对较低,而活性磷中以铁磷(Fe-P)为主;(2)2种沉积物对磷的吸附均符合线性方程,在4.0h时基本达...