龙口市污灌区重金属污染影响因子分析

在龙口市污灌区采集70个土壤样品测定Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co、As和Cd含量,利用富集因子法分析各重金属的空间分布情况,采用地理探测器模型评估7个影响因子对重金属空间分布的影响及各影响因子间的交互作用.结果表明:(1)Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd的富集程度较大,Co、Cr、Ni富集程度较低,8种重金属富集系数...     

粘土矿物修复重金属污染土壤

简要介绍了我国土壤重金属污染的现状与危害.通过粘土矿物在重金属污染土壤中净化功能的阐述,提出利用粘土矿物修复土壤重金属污染的观点.继而从天然和改性粘土矿物特性,叙述了粘土矿物修复土壤重金属污染的机制与应用进展及其影响因素.最后讨论了粘土矿物在修复土壤重金属污染过程中值得注意的几个问题,并展望了粘土矿物在该领域应用中的发展方向.     

植物处理污泥对华南红壤淋出液重金属的影响

利用2年的盆栽试验,研究了植物处理对污泥农用后华南红壤淋出液重金属的减少效果.设置了对照、无植物污泥处理、单种污泥处理和套种污泥处理.结果表明,不同处理污泥施用于红壤表层后,每次淋出的土壤淋出液中Cu浓度均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)V类标准,但Zn、Cd和Pb浓度则不是每次均达到V类标准.土壤淋出液中Zn、Cd浓度超出V类标准限值时,单种污泥处理对其影响较小,且单种污泥处理土壤淋出液中Zn、Cd浓度分别为无植物污泥处理的12.6％～77.5％和21.5％～53.5％.3个施污泥处理的土壤淋出液中Pb浓度没有明显差异.与无植物污泥处理相比,套种植物处理可以显著降低污泥对土壤淋出液中Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb总量的影响,分别占无植物污泥处理的51.6％、35.4％、51.7％和59.1％,同时显著降低土壤淋出液体积(降低了20.3％);单种植物处理仅显著降低污泥对土壤淋出液中Zn、Cd和Cu总量的影响,分别占无植物污泥处理的51.0％、39.6％、62.8％.     

云浮硫铁矿矿区土壤重金属含量的空间分布

对云浮硫铁矿矿区及其周边土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni等元素含量进行了测定分析,利用地统计学方法研究了6种重金属的空间结构与分布特征。结果表明,6种重金属元素平均含量都超出当地土壤元素背景值;结构性因素对Cd、Cu、Zn的空间变异起着较显著的主导作用,而随机性因素对其空间变异的影响是较弱以及不显著的;Pb和Cr表现为具有中等程度的空间相关性,随机效应与结构效应相近;土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu与矿石加工企业以及矿渣的堆放密切相关,Zn的污染主要来源于农业施肥,Ni的含量除了受企业的影响外,农业施肥对重金属污染的影响也是不可忽略的。Pb含量的增加主要是由于矿石的开采造成。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China

Assessing the concentration of potentially harmful heavy metals in the soil of urban parks is imperative in order to evaluate the potential risks to residents and tourists. To date, little research on soil pollution in China's urban parks has been conducted. To identify the concentrations and sources of heavy metals, and to assess the soil environmental quality, samples were collected from 30 urban parks located in the city of Beijing. Subsequently, the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the samples were analyzed. The investigation revealed that the accumulations of Cu and Pb were readily apparent in the soils. The integrated pollution index (IPI) of these four metals ranged from 0.97 to 9.21, with the highest IPI in the densely populated historic center district (HCD). Using multivariate statistic approaches (principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis), two factors controlling the heavy metal variability were obtained, which accounted for nearly 80% of the total variance. Nickel and Zn levels were controlled by parent material in the soils, whereas Cu, Pb and, in part, Zn were accounted for mainly by anthropogenic activities. The findings presented here indicate that the location and the age of the park are important factors in determining the extent of heavy metal, particularly Cu and Pb, pollution. In addition, the accumulation of Zn did not appear to reach pollution levels, and no obvious pollution by Ni was observed in the soils of the parks in Beijing.     

曝气强度对城市污泥重金属生物沥滤过程的影响研究

以氧化亚铁作为底物,氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Thiobacillusferrooxidans）为主要沥滤微生物,在底物投配比为10 g/L,温度为25℃,污泥浓度为123g/L的条件下,采用5种不同曝气强度对桂林城市污泥中重金属进行生物沥滤试验。结果表明,生物沥滤的经济曝气强度宜控制在每升污泥0.4L/（min·L）,沥滤3 d后,污泥中超标元素Cu、Zn和Cd的去除率分别达到62.53%、67.80%和54.63%,沥滤处理后污泥中残余重金属含量符合污泥农用的国家标准。     

污泥中氧化硫硫杆菌的分离及其应用效果

以硫粉为能源物质,采用Waksman液体培养基培养,然后以Waksman固体培养基平板接种法直接从污泥中分离出1株高度嗜酸的氧化硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thiooxidan).该菌株适应环境速度快,易于驯化.序批式试验法研究表明,接种该菌株进行污泥生物淋滤可有效溶出污泥中的重金属.经过14 d的生物淋滤,Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的最高去除率分别达到97%、96%、43%、44%.     

锑矿区土壤重金属污染及优势植物对重金属的富集特征

通过野外调查采样,分析了冷水江锑矿区4个采样点土壤和优势植物中重金属含量,以及矿区生长的5种优势植物对Sb、As、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的的吸收与富集能力及其富集特性。结果表明,矿区土壤中6种重金属元素的平均含量均超出湖南省土壤背景值和全国土壤背景值,土壤受Sb污染最严重,其次是Cd、As的污染。5种优势植物淡竹叶、苎麻、芒草、狗尾草和白背叶体内Sb、As的含量都超过正常范围,具有修复矿区土壤Sb、As污染的潜力。其中苎麻对Sb的富集系数和转运系数均大于1,满足Sb超富集植物的基本特征,可作为生态恢复的先锋植物;芒草对Cd的富集系数和转运系数都大于1,对重金属有较强的耐性,作为重金属污染的修复植物具有较好的应用前景。     

Different sources of irrigation water affect heavy metal accumulation in soils and some properties of guava fruits

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Guava is a highly nutritious fruit and widely grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Guava orchards are frequently irrigated with...     

Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis

According to the European Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, the characterization of the content and source of heavy metals in soils are necessary to establish quality standards on a regional level that allow the detection of sampling sites affected by pollution. In relation to this, the surface horizons of 54 agricultural soils under vegetable crops in the Alicante province (Spain), a representative area of the European Mediterranean region, were sampled to determine the content of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Analytical determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave sample digestion in acid solution. Results indicated that heavy metal levels were similar to those reported by authors working on agricultural soils from other parts of the Mediterranean region, with the exception of Cu and Pb in some samples. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) was performed to identify a common source for heavy metals. Moreover, soil properties were determined in order to characterize agricultural soils and to analyze relationships between heavy metal contents and soil properties. The content of Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn were associated with parent rocks and corresponded to the first principal component called the lithogenic component. A significant correlation was found between lithogenic metals and some soil properties such as soil organic matter, clay content, and carbonates, indicating an important interaction among them. On the other hand, elements such as Cd, Cu and Pb were related to anthropic activities and comprised the second (Cu and Pb) and third principal components (Cd), designated the anthropogenic components. Generally, Cd, Cu and Pb showed a lower correlation with soil properties due to the fact that they remain in available forms in these agricultural soils. Taking into account these results and other achieved in other parts of the European Mediterranean region, it can be concluded that soil quality standards are highly needed to declare soils affected by human induced pollution. This is particularly relevant for anthropogenic metals (Cd, Cu and Pb, and in some areas also Zn). Further research in other agricultural areas of the region would improve the basis for proposing such soil quality standards.     

氧化硫硫杆菌JJU-1生物淋滤去除污泥中的重金属

将前期分离得到的嗜酸性氧化硫硫杆菌JJU-1（Thiobacillus thiooxidans JJU-1）接种于污水处理厂污泥中,进行为期7 d的生物淋滤实验,对淋滤过程中的pH值、氧化还原电位（ORP）和重金属去除率进行检测。研究结果表明：氧化硫硫杆菌JJU-1不同接种量处理浸出液的pH下降幅度不同,当接种量为15%时,浸出液pH下降最快,其ORP达到最大值（444 mV）,Cu、Cd和Pb的去除率分别高达79.2%、96.6%和93.4%。添加能源物质S可以明显降低淋滤液的pH,当能源物质S投入量增加到12 g·L-1时,淋滤7 d后,浸出液的pH下降至1以下,浸出液的ORP在S添加量为16 g·L-1时达到最大值（477 mV）,20 g·L-1 S粉添加量条件下,Cr、Cu和Pb的去除率最大,分别为98.8%、74.3%和85.8%;然而,添加能源物质S对Cd的浸出无明显影响。以上研究结果表明,氧化硫硫杆菌JJU-1在去除污泥中重金属方面有着广阔的前景。     

Characteristics,sources, and transport of tetrabromobisphenol A and bisphenol A in soils from a typical e-waste recycling area in South China

We studied the tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and bisphenol A (BPA) patterns and their sources and transport in different land-use soils from Longtang, South China, a typical electronic waste recycling center. We also studied the reductive debromination of TBBPA in paddy soils. TBBPA and BPA concentrations (on a dry weight basis) were undetected–220 and 0.50–325 ng/g, respectively, and both increased, by similar factors, in the following order: pond sediments?<?paddy soils?=?vegetable soils?<?wasteland?<?dismantling sites?<?former open burning sites. BPA concentrations were higher than TBBPA concentrations in all six land-use soils, and they correlated significantly. TBBPA and BPA were transported through the soil profiles, being found at relatively high concentrations in soil 0–40 cm deep, but only at low concentrations in soil 40–80 cm deep. The surface soil concentrations appear to have been strongly affected by crude recycling activities, and former open burning and dismantling sites were the main point sources. The areas surrounding the open burning sites and dismantling sites have been contaminated not only by the dumping of waste residues but also by fly ash deposition, even though the agricultural soils are far from the point pollution sources. Some BPA in the soils is likely to be the reductive debromination product of TBBPA because the long rainy season promotes TBBPA transformation and because BPA can persist for a long time. Incubation experiments confirmed that TBBPA could be transformed into BPA and that BPA could accumulate in waterlogged paddy soils, and this may be why BPA concentrations were higher than TBBPA concentrations in the Longtang area.     

Effects of past sewage sludge additions on heavy metal availability in light textured soils: implications for crop yields and metal uptakes

The effect of heavy metal additions in past sewage sludge applications on soil metal availability and the growth and yield of crops was evaluated at two sites in the UK. At Gleadthorpe, sewage sludges enriched with salts of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) had been applied to a loamy sand in 1982 and additionally naturally contaminated Zn and Cu sludge cakes in 1986. At Rosemaund, sewage sludges naturally contaminated with Zn, Cu, Ni and chromium (Cr) had been applied in 1968-1971 to a sandy loam. From 1994 to 1997, the yields of both cereals and legumes at Gleadthorpe were up to 3 t/ha lower than the no-sludge control where total topsoil Zn and Cu concentrations exceeded 200 and 120 mg/kg, respectively, but only when topsoil ammonium nitrate extractable metal levels also exceeded 40 mg/kg Zn and 0.9 mg/kg Cu. At Rosemaund, yields were only decreased where total topsoil Cu concentrations exceeded 220 mg/kg or 0.7 mg/kg ammonium nitrate extractable Cu. These results demonstrate the importance of measuring extractable as well as total heavy metal concentrations in topsoils when assessing likely effects on plant yields and metal uptakes, and setting soil quality criteria.     

Heavy metals in soils from a typical industrial area in Sichuan,China: spatial distribution,source identification,and ecological risk assessment

Anthropogenic activities could result in increasing concentrations of heavy metals in soil and deteriorating in soil environmental quality. Topsoil samples from a typical industrial area, Shiting River Valley, Sichuan, Southwest China, were collected and determined for the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg. The mean concentrations of these metals were lower than the national threshold values, but were slightly higher than their corresponding background values, indicating enrichment of these metals in soils in the valley, especially for Cu, Zn, and Hg. The topsoils in this area demonstrated moderate pollution and low potential ecological risk. Principal component analysis coupled with cluster analysis was applied to analyze the data and identified possible sources of these heavy metals; the results showed that soil Cd, Hg, As, Cu, and Zn were predominantly controlled by human activities, whereas Cr was mainly from the parent material. The spatial distribution of the heavy metals varied distinctly and was closely correlated to local anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the concentrations of heavy metals in the industrial land demonstrated relatively higher levels than those of other land use patterns. Soil metal concentrations decreased with the distance increase from the traffic highway (0–1.0 km) and water system (0–2.0 km). Additionally, soil properties, especially pH and soil organic matter, were found to be important factors in the distribution and composition of metals.     

Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb from four contaminated soils was studied using batch and column leaching experiments. In the batch experiment, the heavy metals extracted were virtually all as 1:1 metal-EDTA complexes. The ratios of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb of the extracted were similar to those in the soils, suggesting that EDTA extracted the four heavy metals with similar efficiency. In contrast, different elution patterns were obtained for Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in the column leaching experiment using 0.01 M EDTA. Cu was either the most mobile or among the most mobile of the four heavy metals, and its peak concentration corresponded with the arrival of full strength EDTA in the leachate. The mobility of Zn and Cd was usually slightly lower than that of Cu. Pb was the least mobile, and its elution increased after the peaks of Cu and Zn. Sequential fractionations of leached and un-leached soils showed that heavy metals in various operationally defined fractions contributed to the removal by EDTA. Considerable mobilisation of Fe occurred in two of the four soils during EDTA leaching. Decreases in the Fe and Mn oxide fraction of heavy metals after EDTA leaching occurred in both soils, as well as in a third soil that showed little Fe mobilisation. The results suggest that the lability of metals in soil, the kinetics of metal desorption/dissolution and the mode of EDTA addition were the main factors controlling the behaviour of metal leaching with EDTA.     

新疆某矿冶区周边土壤重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价

矿业活动对土壤系统良性运转带来较大的环境负荷,矿区周边土壤重金属污染风险评估是土壤污染防治和资源可持续开发的关键。在应用单因子污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、风险评价编码法(RAC),并结合空间分析和冗余分析手段的基础上,对新疆某矿冶区周边土壤重金属生物有效性和生态风险进行了系统研究。结果表明：研究区土壤As、Cu、Mn和Cd超标率分别为88%、38%、49%和24%;土壤Mn、Zn、As和Cd弱酸可溶态高值区主要集中在尾砂库和收砷房的附近区域。单因子污染指数评价揭示As和Cu污染累积较为严重。潜在生态风险评价显示,As、Cd和Cu生态风险较高,Mn为低生态风险。风险编码法(RAC)评价结果进一步揭示Mn和Cd具有显著的土壤迁移风险。冗余分析结果显示,空间异质性是影响土壤重金属弱酸可溶态含量变异的主要因素。土壤pH和重金属弱酸可溶态是影响潜在生态风险指数(RI)的2个重要因素。综合风险评价手段与多尺度分析方法的联合应用有助于提高区域风险评价的准确性。     

Arsenic and other heavy metals in soils from an arsenic-affected area of West Bengal,India

Domkal is one of the 19, out of 26 blocks in Murshidabad district where groundwater contains arsenic above 0.05 mg/l. Many millions of cubic meters of groundwater along with arsenic and other heavy metals are coming out from both the hand tubewells, used by the villagers for their daily needs and shallow big diameter tubewells, installed for agricultural irrigation and depositing on soil throughout the year. So there is a possibility of soil contamination which can moreover affect the food chain, cultivated in this area. A somewhat detailed study was carried out, in both micro- and macrolevel, to get an idea about the magnitude of soil contamination in this area. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of As (5.31), Fe (6740), Cu (18.3), Pb (10.4), Ni (18.8), Mn (342), Zn (44.3), Se (0.53), Mg (534), V (44.6), Cr (33.1), Cd (0.37), Sb (0.29) and Hg (0.54) in fallow land soils are within the normal range. The mean As (10.7), Fe (7860) and Mg (733) concentrations (mg/kg) are only in higher side whereas Hg (0.17 mg/kg) is in lower side in agricultural land soils, compared to the fallow land soils. Arsenic concentrations (11.5 and 28.0 mg/kg respectively) are high in those agricultural land soils where irrigated groundwater contains high arsenic (0.082 and 0.17 mg/l respectively). The total arsenic withdrawn and mean arsenic deposition per land by the 19 shallow tubewells per year are 43.9 kg (mean: 2.31 kg, range: 0.53-5.88 kg) and 8.04 kg ha(-1) (range: 1.66-16.8 kg ha(-1)) respectively. For the macrolevel study, soil arsenic concentration decreases with increase of distance from the source and higher the water arsenic concentration, higher the soil arsenic at any distance. A proper watershed management is urgently required to save the contamination.     

基于地统计条件模拟的土壤重金属污染范围预测方法研究

常用的空间插值模型在土壤污染范围预测时存在平滑效应,导致高值区被平滑和低值区被高估,在划定污染区范围时也往往忽视了插值结果存在的偏差。以某土壤重金属污染区域为例,利用地统计条件模拟方法预测土壤中Cu、Pb的空间分布,在多次模拟结果的基础上估算污染概率,基于概率阈值确定污染区范围。研究结果表明,地统计条件模拟方法获得的土壤Cu、Pb模拟结果统计特征与调查样点的统计特征基本一致,且空间分布格局也相似。基于污染概率的污染区范围确定方法可以定量评估污染区范围预测的不确定性,对提高土壤污染治理效果与科学制定环境管理决策具有重要意义。     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in wetland soils from the young and old reclaimed regions in the Pearl River Estuary, South China

Soils were sampled in three types of wetlands from the young (A) and old (B) reclaimed regions of the Pearl River Estuary. They were analyzed for total concentrations of heavy metals to investigate their distributions and pollution levels in both regions. Results showed that most heavy metals in ditch and riparian wetlands did not significantly differ from those in reclaimed wetlands in A region, while significantly lower for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in reclaimed wetlands in B region, suggesting higher effects of long-term reclamation. Iron, Cr and Cu were identified as metal pollutants of primary concern and had higher contributions to the total toxic units compared to other metals. Almost all metals exceeded their lowest effect levels and Fe and Cr even exceeded the severe effect levels. Multivariate analysis shows that Fe and Mn are controlled by parent rocks and other metals mainly originate from anthropogenic source.