Genotypic variation of nitrogen use efficiency in Indian mustard

This experiment was conducted to investigate the variation of nitrogen efficiency (NE), nitrogen uptake efficiency (UE), physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PUE) among Indian mustard genotypes, grown under N-insufficient and N-sufficient conditions. Nitrogen efficiency varied from 52.7 to 92.8. Seed yield varied from 1.14 t ha(-1) to 3.21 t ha(-1) under N-insufficient condition, while 2.14 t ha(-1)-3.33 t ha(-1) under N-sufficient condition. Physiological basis of this difference was explained in terms of nitrogen uptake efficiency and physiological nitrogen use efficiency, and their relationship with the growth and yield characteristics. While nitrogen uptake efficiency was positively correlated with plant biomass (0.793**), leaf area index (0.664*), and leaf nitrogen content (0.783**), physiological nitrogen use efficiency is positively correlated with photosynthetic rate (0.689**) and yield (0.814**). This study suggests that genotype having high nitrogen uptake efficiency and high physiological nitrogen use efficiency might help in reducing the nitrogen load on soil without any penalty on the yield.     

动态电化学反应器还原硝基苯废水的效能分析

以石墨电极为阴极、钌铱电极为阳极,建立了动态电化学应器用以处理硝基苯模拟废水。考察了水力停留时间、电流密度、电解质浓度和初始pH等因素对硝基苯去除率、苯胺生成率和库伦效率的影响规律,从能耗角度探讨了动态处理方式的优势及其原因。结果表明：动态处理效果明显优于静态处理。当水力停留时间为1 min,电流密度为15 mA·cm-2,电解质浓度为0.05 mol·L-1时,反应20 min硝基苯转化为苯胺的库伦效率为4.15%,比相似条件下的静态处理效果增大2.58倍;反应60 min去除硝基苯和生成苯胺所需能耗分别为10.09 kWh·kg-1和19.53 kWh·kg-1,比静态分别减少45.22%和62.09%;反应120 min硝基苯去除率可达97.3%,苯胺生成率达53.1%,比静态分别提高22.8%和39.2%。     

Evaluation of relative photonic efficiency in heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors

The evaluation of photonic efficiency in heterogeneous photocatalysis remains elusive because the number of absorbed photons is difficult to assess experimentally. The photonic efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors depends on the reactor geometry, irradiation source, and photocatalyst properties. In this work, the relative photonic efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors to degrade an azo dye was evaluated using phenol as the standard system. The experimental tests were carried out in a batch reactor under different conditions of pH, catalyst dosage, initial concentration, and ultraviolet (UV) lamps. The kinetics of disappearance of both phenol and azo dye were studied using the initial rate method and were described according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model. It was observed that the relative photonic efficiency depends on the adsorption/desorption properties of the photocatalyst.     

Dust collection efficiency analysis in a two-dimensional circulating granular bed filter

Dust collection efficiency data were analyzed to determine better operating conditions for a two-dimensional circulating granular bed filter (CGBF). The dust collection efficiency in the granular bed was affected by the following operating parameters: the louver angle, the solids mass flow rate, and the particle size of the bed material. Experimental results showed that higher dust collection efficiency occurs when the solids mass flow rates were 20.34 +/- 0.24, 21.50 +/- 0.11, and 30.51 +/- 0.57 g/sec at louver angles of 45 degrees, 30 degrees, and 20 degrees, respectively. Optimal dust collection efficiency peaked with a louver angle of 30 degrees. Average particle sizes of bed material by sieve diameters (microm) of 795 microm had higher dust collection efficiency than the average collector particle size of 1500 microm. Dust collection efficiency is influenced by bed material attrition phenomenon, causing dust collection efficiency to decrease rapidly. The dust collection efficiency analysis not only found the system free of design defects but also assisted in the operation of the two-dimensional CGBF system.     

铁表面改性石英砂去除混凝出水中的Cr(VI)

为了增加混凝出水中Cr(VI)的去除率,使用铁表面改性的石英砂进行了不同条件下的Cr(VI)吸附实验,实验结果表明,在实验pH值(2.0~13.0) 范围内,表面附着的铁具有较高的稳定性。铁表面改性后石英砂的等电点向碱性范围内移动,有助于吸附去除带负电的Cr(VI)。随着吸附时间的增加,改性石英砂对Cr(VI)的去除能力逐渐提高。Cr(VI)的浓度逐渐减少,改性石英砂对Cr(VI)的吸附动力下降,110 min后,吸附基本达到平衡。腐殖酸对于Cr(VI)在改性滤料表面吸附的影响主要体现在与Cr(VI)的竞争吸附和对Cr(VI)的还原作用。随着Cr(VI)浓度的增加,Cr(VI)的去除率呈现先增大后降低的趋势,当Cr(VI)浓度为2.0 mg/L时去除率达到最高。未改性的石英砂对于混凝沉后水中的剩余Cr(VI)无明显的去除作用。当使用改性砂柱对AS混凝出水进行过滤时,30 min之内Cr(VI)的去除率仍然能够达到接近100%。当体系中无腐殖酸存在, Al30做混凝剂时,Cr(VI)在较短的时间(20 min)通过滤柱。     

泛比电阻电除尘器收尘性能实验研究

泛比电阻电除尘器是一种具有辅助电极和交错平板收尘电极的新型电除尘器.通过对其伏安特性及除尘效率的试验研究,并与传统线板式静电除尘器进行比较,结果表明辅助电极对电晕电流具有明显的抑制作用,在相同的外加电压下,泛比电阻电除尘器对高比电阻锅炉飞灰的收尘效率比普通的线板式电除尘器明显要高.     

改善气液传质效率实现丝状菌膨胀污泥控制的方法

为了研究活性污泥系统中丝状菌的存在与污泥气液传质的关系,实验测量了不同絮体结构丝状菌污泥对体积溶氧传质系数(kLa)的影响,并考察了改善气液传质效率对控制丝状菌膨胀的影响。实验结果表明,丝状菌对气液传质的影响主要取决于丝状菌的沉淀性能而不是丝状菌的数量。在由于溶氧不足导致丝状菌膨胀的条件下,可以通过改善丝状菌絮体结构提高系统的气液传质效率,即通过絮体结构调控消除溶氧不足的外在条件,从而实现了控制丝状菌膨胀的目的。研究成果以改善丝状菌结构为手段,从微生物本身出发提高系统曝气效果,为控制丝状菌膨胀提供了新的思路。     

DOC/SCR组合方式及关键参数对NOx转化效率的影响

在柴油机中等转速下,通过改变柴油机氧化催化器（DOC）和选择性催化还原催化器（SCR）的组合方式,以及改变喷嘴位置、两级SCR载体间距和催化剂成分,获得各种条件下的NOx转化效率,为优化组合方式和关键参数提供重要数据支撑。结果表明：增加尿素喷嘴与SCR入口的相对距离,NOx转化效率升高,喷嘴距离为45 cm较为合适;载体间距的增大,NOx转化效率先略有升高,后急剧下降,间距为2 cm较为合适;载体体积增大,NOx转化效率明显升高,在满足目标NOx转化效率的前提下,载体体积不宜过大;DOC与SCR的组合方式对NOx转化效率具有明显差异,前置DOC能够有效的提高NOx转化效率;在催化条件下,NOx转化效率由高到低排序为：铜基 > 钒基 > 铁基;对于复合催化剂而言,铜铁复合基>铁铜复合基。     

生物转鼓过滤器反硝化净化NO的效率研究

采用自行研制的生物转鼓过滤器(RDB)反硝化净化NO。结果表明,在实验温度为25～30℃、pH为7.0～7.5、转鼓转速为1.0r/min、空床停留时间(EBRT)为86.40s、营养液用量为5.0L、营养液更换频率为0.2L/d的条件下,RDB在30d内完成挂膜;RDB稳定运行期间,当NO进气质量浓度为90～433mg/m3时,NO去除率维持在42.9%～85.2%,平均去除负荷为10.40g/(m3.h);转鼓转速决定了生物膜表面的更新速率和液膜厚度,当转速为0.5r/min时,NO去除率达到最大值(75.0%);将营养液用量控制在1.3～3.0L较为合理;EBRT是决定反硝化效率的重要因素,当EBRT为345.60s时,NO去除率不受其进气浓度的影响,且去除率高达95%以上,当EBRT为43.20s、NO进气质量浓度从98mg/m3增加到1095mg/m3时,NO去除率从62.5%下降到30.7%,当进气负荷为50.00g/(m3.h)时,NO去除负荷达到最大值(27.50g/(m3.h))。     

微气泡曝气O3／H2O2处理RO浓水的效能及影响因素

采用O3／H2O2高级氧化工艺处理炼油厂反渗透（RO）浓水,用溶气泵加压溶气并产生微气泡强化传质,确定装置运行条件,考察气体中臭氧浓度、O3／H2O2初始摩尔比、pH和温度对O3／H2O2处理RO浓水效果的影响,并对RO浓水处理效能进行研究。结果表明,随着气体中臭氧浓度的增加,COD的去除率基本呈线性增加;加入适当量H,0,能提高臭氧氧化RO浓水的效果,O3／H2O2初始摩尔比在0～0．8范围内,COD的去除率先增加后下降,O3／H2O2初始摩尔比为O．5时COD去除率最大;pH从6．84增加到9．01,COD去除率逐渐增大,pH为10．03时COD去除率反而降低;在14～28℃范围内,温度低时,升高温度COD去除率增加较大,温度较高时,升高温度对COD去除率的影响较小。为考察该工艺的稳定性,在H：0：／0,初始摩尔比为O．5、溶液pH为8～9、臭氧浓度为80～100mg／L、温度为10-28℃条件下,对COD为90～140mg／L的RO浓水氧化处理4～10h,出水COD维持在39．9～49．9mg／L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918—2002）》中的一级A标准;去除1gCOD消耗031．4～3．3g,消耗0,与H,02的总氧量为2．2～4．4g。     

Long-term efficiency of catalytic converters operating in Mexico City

A 1999 ordinance by the Government of Mexico City bans 1993 model-year vehicles from on-road operation if their catalytic converters are not replaced with new ones. To validate the benefits of this action, we examined three issues related to exhaust emissions of vehicles equipped with catalytic converters. After selecting representative fleets of in-use vehicles, a comparison between emissions and catalyst efficiency in cars with two categories of exhaust emission limits was carried out. For that purpose, two fleets were selected, each made up of 10 vehicles run under similar conditions. A third, larger fleet with emissions control systems was used to evaluate and simulate real-world conditions of vehicles in a controlled laboratory. Finally, the aging effect on the catalytic converter was studied on vehicles run for 100,000 km, replacing their old emission control devices for new ones. The 1991-1992 model-year vehicles showed a high percentage of compliance with the corresponding emissions standard (90%) in comparison with 1993 model-year and later vehicles (Tier 0). However, NOx emissions were higher for the newer vehicles. Fifty percent of the 1991-1992 model-year vehicles evaluated under the official inspection/maintenance (I/M) procedure did not meet the regulated emissions standard when the results were compared with those of the U.S. Federal Test Procedure FTP-75. Our results suggest that the replacement of old catalytic converters with new ones will have little effect on decreasing polluting emissions because these vehicles were in very bad mechanical condition. Results of catalytic activity as a function of mileage indicated inefficient catalyst performance for the fleets tested. All pollutant conversions were below 90% efficiency, and they deteriorated by an average of 30% after the vehicles were run for 100,000 km.     

单室微生物电解池处理含镍模拟废水

为了利用废水中的有机物及降低重金属浓度,研究了单室微生物电解池对模拟废水中Ni（Ⅱ）的去除,探索了不同影响因子对镍的去除影响。在最佳外加电压0.7 V、最适初始pH 7.0、100 mmol·L-1 PBS下,单室微生物电解池运行48 h,对12.5 mg·L-1Ni（Ⅱ）和1 000 mg·L-1 COD的去除率分别可达到（88.2±2.5）%和（72.2±0.9）%,有效地降低了重金属浓度,拓展了生物电化学系统系统在去除重金属离子废水方面的应用。     

低浓度三氯生废水的电化学去除效能

以钌铱电极做阳极、石墨片做阴极,建立了电化学反应器处理三氯生模拟废水,重点考察了电流密度、pH、电解质硫酸钠浓度对电化学反应器去除水中微量三氯生效能的影响规律。研究发现,随着电流密度增大,三氯生去除率会有所提高,但存在一定限度;总体上酸性或碱性条件下的处理效果优于中性条件,电解质浓度过高或过低都不利于三氯生的去除。计算出不同电解质浓度和电流密度下的能耗,探讨了三氯生的电化学去除机制。电化学反应器对三氯生模拟废水有较好的处理效果,当三氯生初始浓度为4 mg·L-1、电流密度为10 mA·cm-2、电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.025 mg·L-1、中性条件下反应时间2 h,三氯生去除率达70.7%,能耗为26.4 kWh·g-1。     

An evaluation of the urban stormwater pollutant removal efficiency of catch basin inserts.

In a storm sewer system, the catch basin is the interface between surface runoff and the sewer. Responding to the need to improve the quality of stormwater from urban areas and transportation facilities, and spurred by Phase I and II Stormwater Rules from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, several companies market catch basin inserts as best management practices for urban water quality management. However, little data have been collected under controlled tests that indicate the pollutant removal efficiency of these inserts when the inflow is near what can be expected to occur in the field. A stormwater simulator was constructed to test inserts under controlled and replicable conditions. The inserts were tested for removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) at an inflow rate of 757 to 814 L/min, with influent pollutant concentrations of 225 mg/L TSS and 30 mg/L TPH. These conditions are similar to stormwater runoff from small commercial sites in the southeastern United States. Results from the tests indicate that at the test flowrate and pollutant concentration, average TSS removal efficiencies ranged from 11 to 42% and, for TPH, the removal efficiency ranged from 10 to 19%.     

溴酸钾对二茂铁(Fc)非均相Fenton效能的影响

研究了KBrO3对二茂铁(Fc)非均相Fenton效能的影响,深入考察了KBrO3对体系中Fc溶解、H2O2分解和羟基自由基(·OH)生成的影响。结果表明,KBrO3的加入对不同反应阶段Fc/Fenton体系的效能均有明显的促进作用,初始阶段主要是由于KBrO3对·OH产生的促进作用所致,后期主要是由于KBrO3促进了体系中Fc的溶解,使得体系中溶解态的Fc催化的均相Fenton反应的比例增加,体系中H2O2的分解加快,·OH的表观生成率增加,进而促进了反应的进行。无KBrO3添加,pH=4,MB初始浓度为10 mg/L,Fc的量为1.6×10-3mol/L,[H2O2]/[MB]=3.14时,45 min时,MB的剩余率为9.1%,105 min时为0。当KBrO3的用量为3×10-4mol/L时,反应45 min后MB的去除率即可达到100%。随着KBrO3浓度的增加,其对Fc/Fenton效能的促进作用增强。     

微波辅助生物淋滤废旧碱性电池锌锰的溶出

以氧化硫硫杆菌为淋滤菌株对废旧碱性电池电极材料中Zn、Mn进行生物淋滤,考察了生物淋滤、化学浸提和微波辅助处理对Zn、Mn浸出率的影响。实验结果表明,在能源底物单质硫浓度20 g/L、初始pH值1.0、淋滤培养温度35℃、固液比为1%条件下,经过9 d生物淋滤,微波辅助处理的生物淋滤体系Zn、Mn浸出率均达到49%左右,优于其他淋滤体系。溶出动力学研究表明,Zn的溶出动力学符合化学反应控制模型,Mn的溶出则表现较为复杂。此外,SEM-EDS、XRD分析可知,原样经过微波辐照,部分ZnMn2O4分解为MnO,促进了Mn的溶出。     

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the effects of reactor configuration on disinfection efficiency.

The efficacy of disinfection processes in water purification systems is governed by several key factors, including reactor hydraulics, disinfectant chemistry, and microbial inactivation kinetics. The objective of this work was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict velocity fields, mass transport, chlorine decay, and microbial inactivation in a continuous flow reactor. The CFD model was also used to evaluate disinfection efficiency in alternative reactor designs. The CFD reactor analysis demonstrates that disinfection efficiency is affected by both kinetics and mixing state (i.e., degree of micromixing or segregation). Residence time distributions (RTDs) derived from tracer analysis do not describe intrinsic mixing conditions. The CFD-based disinfection models account for reactor mixing patterns by resolution of the reactor velocity field and thus provide a better prediction of microbial inactivation than models that use an RTD.     

氨氮对生物净化滤柱中铁锰氨氮去除效果的影响

采用培养成熟并稳定运行一段时间的生物除铁除锰除氨氮滤柱,考察进水氨氮浓度变化对铁锰氨氮去除效果的影响。结果表明：进水氨氮从约1.2 mg·L-1逐步提高到约2.0 mg·L-1的过程中,铁、锰和氨氮的去除效果没有受到影响。当进水氨氮超过2 mg·L-1时,进水溶解氧不足,铁的去除效果不受影响;生物除锰受到氨氮升高过程中产生的亚硝氮的抑制,并且与氨氮竞争溶解氧,导致出水锰升高,然而锰氧化菌能够在低溶解氧条件下将锰氧化,出水锰数天后又降到0.05 mg·L-1以下;出水氨氮随进水氨氮的升高而升高。沿程分析发现,进水溶解氧充足时,氨氮和锰的氧化速率没有受到影响;但进水溶解氧不足时,氨氮和锰的氧化速率明显降低;铁的去除速率不受溶解氧的限制。生物净化滤柱可以在较低的溶解氧条件下运行,从而降低能耗。     

紫外线杀菌效能的研究

自来水的消毒目前普遍采用氯及含氯化合物药剂，消毒过程中产生三卤甲烷等致癌或致突变物质，从而造成水体的二次污染，许多国家已经禁止在消毒中使用含氯药剂。因此，具有安全可靠高效杀菌作用的紫外线消毒技术逐渐发展起来，并越来越受到人们的关注。但是紫外线的使用也有一定的限制，通过紫外线照射时间及进水浊度的变化，研究了具有一定照射强度的紫外灯的杀菌效能变化，并得出了紫外线具有最佳杀菌效果的进水极限浊度和照射时间。同时还研究了紫外线对具有不同抗性的细菌的系灭效率，为饮用水和污水的消毒处理提供了实验基础。