Crowding-out effect of coal industry investment in coal mining area: taking Shanxi province in China as a case

The rapid development of coal industry in Shanxi province in China has important effects on its economic development. A large amount of money has been invested into the coal industry and other related industries during the recent years. However, research on the investment effect of Shanxi’s coal industry was rare. In order to analyze the investment effect of coal industry, based on the crowding-out effect model, cointegration test, and the data available in Shanxi Statistical Yearbooks, this paper calculates the effect between coal industry investment and other 17 industry investment. The results show that the investment of coal industry produces crowding-out effect on food industry, building materials industry, and machinery industry. Increasing 1% of the coal industry investment can reduce 0.25% of the food industry investment, or 0.6% of building materials industry investment, or 0.52% of the machinery industry investment, which implies that Shanxi province should adjust coal industrial structure, promote the balance development of coal industry and other industries, so as to promote its economic growth.

     

Sustainable development and planning of coal industry under uncertainty using system dynamic and stochastic programming

We select a city that is one of the ten major coal bases in China and analyse the prospective development of the coal industry in this region. We introduce Stochastic Programming (SP) to the coal industry to manage uncertainties complicating the accurate prediction of the industry's development. First, we establish a coal industry system in the region and analyse this system. Second, we set up a System Dynamic-Stochastic Programming (SD-SP) model based on the coal industry in the region. Third, we set up the SD-SP model with sensitivity analysis to the coal industry. Finally, we complete the simulation by importing optimum parameters and contrasting the optimisation scheme with the current programming scheme.     

Mercury release during thermal treatment of two Chinese coal gangues

The utilization of coal gangue in power plants has become a new anthropogenic discharge source of mercury and attracted much concern in China. It is crucial to obtain the information about the mercury release during thermal treatment of coal gangue. In this study, the mercury release behavior of two coal gangues selected from two power plants were studied under different thermal treatment conditions of heating rate, residence time, and atmosphere. The results of mercury release profile show that the specified release temperature ranges for the different modes of occurrence of Hg are scarcely affected by the heating rate of 10, 20, and 40 °C/min. A higher heating rate could promote the Hg release to some extent. The mercury release ratio gradually increases with the extension of residence time for both coal gangues. The oxidizing environment has a positive effect on mercury release < 600 °C and has a minor effect > 600 °C. Mercury in coal gangue is more volatile than coal gangue matrix and the mercury in GD coal gangue is more easily released out than that in ED coal gangue.     

中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NOx排放特征分析

以86台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉（≤65 MW）的燃料特性分析数据和NOx排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤挥发分、燃煤氮含量对NOx排放浓度的影响,分析了我国中小型燃烟煤层燃炉NOx的排放与管理控制现状。结果表明,中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NOx平均排放浓度为324.6 mg/m^3;锅炉出力对NOx排放浓度不具有显著影响;燃煤挥发分增高,NOx排放浓度降低;过量空气系数和燃煤氮含量增大,NOx排放浓度增高;并建议在国家层面上尽快制订燃煤锅炉NOx排放标准限值。     

Preparation of coal slurry with organic solvents

In this study, various organic solvents were used to prepare coal slurries and the rheological and thermal properties of coal-organic solvent slurries were examined. Solvents with molecules containing unpaired electrons (high basicity) show high extraction power and cause swelling of coal. Therefore, coal-organic solvent slurries usually showed higher viscosities compared to coal-water slurry. In addition, coal slurries prepared by alcohols and cyclohexanone demonstrated lower settling rates but a high specific sedimentation volume presumably because these solvents swelled coal particles well and led to the formation of weak gel structures in the bulk. In addition, ethanol and cyclohexanone are capable of breaking a considerable amount of hydrogen bonds in coal and subsequently opening up the structures. Thus, more surface area is available for combustion and the combustion rate of coal slurries was increased.     

Comparative assessment of coal tars obtained from 10 former manufactured gas plant sites in the eastern United States

A comparative analysis was performed on eleven coal tars obtained from former manufactured gas plant sites in the eastern United States. Bulk properties analyzed included percent ash, Karl Fisher water content, viscosity and average molecular weight. Chemical properties included monocyclic- and polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations, alkylated aromatic concentrations, and concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic fractions. It was found that there was at least an order-of-magnitude variation in all properties measured between the eleven coal tars. Additionally, two coal tars obtained from the same manufactured gas plant site had very different properties, highlighting that there can be wide variations in coal tar properties from different samples obtained from the same site. Similarities were also observed between the coal tars. The relative chemical distributions were similar for all coal tars, and the coal tars predominantly consisted of PAHs, with naphthalene being the single-most prevalent compound. The C(9-22) aromatic fraction, an indicator of all PAHs up to a molecular weight of approximately 276 gmole(-1), showed a strong power-law relationship with the coal tar average molecular weight (MW (ct)). And the concentrations of individual PAHs decreased linearly as MW (ct) increased up to ca. 1000 gmole(-1), above which they remained low and variable. Implications of these properties and their variation with MW (ct) on groundwater quality are discussed. Ultimately, while these similarities do allow generalities to be made about coal tars, the wide range of coal tar bulk and chemical properties reported here highlights the complex nature of coal tars.     

中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NO_x排放特征分析

以86台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉(≤65 MW)的燃料特性分析数据和NOx排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤挥发分、燃煤氮含量对NOx排放浓度的影响,分析了我国中小型燃烟煤层燃炉NOx的排放与管理控制现状。结果表明,中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NOx平均排放浓度为324.6 mg/m3;锅炉出力对NOx排放浓度不具有显著影响;燃煤挥发分增高,NOx排放浓度降低;过量空气系数和燃煤氮含量增大,NOx排放浓度增高;并建议在国家层面上尽快制订燃煤锅炉NOx排放标准限值。     

煅烧温度和添加剂对提高煤矸石中氧化铝溶出率的实验研究

煤矸石是煤炭在开采、洗选过程中产生的固体废弃物,其中二氧化硅、氧化铝和碳占到矸石总量的90%以上,又是一种可以利用的资源。实验以山西潞安煤矿的洗矸为原料,采用SEM、IR和XRD等分析测试手段对不同煅烧温度下的煤矸石进行微观形貌、化学键变化和矿物组成的分析研究,确定氧化铝的活化温度区间;并根据煤矸石的活化机理,选择提高氧化铝溶出率的添加剂。实验结果为：煤矸石中氧化铝的活化温度区间为600～850℃;酸浸过程中添加氟化钠可以打开煤矸石中的SiO₂—Al₂O₃,使氧化铝溶出率达到90%以上,和通常条件下氧化铝的溶出率相比提高20%左右。本研究为煤矸石高值利用提取氧化铝提供了技术基础,也为粉煤灰等低铝含量矿物的开发利用提供借鉴。     

Coal particle dispersion monitoring system

A monitoring system for coal panicle dispersion at coal storage yards is necessary to meet environmental standards for the operation of coal fired power plants. We have developed a system having three functions as follows:

• 1.(1) To measure coal particle concentrations at the first connecting part of belt conveyors.
• 2.(2) To predict occurrence of coal particle dispersion during stacking.
• 3.(3) To moisten the coal at the second connecting part of belt conveyors when coal particle dispersion occurs.

The generation of coal dispersion is determined by whether or not the hygroscopic moisture is greater than the critical hygroscopic moisture value for each coal type. Coal particle concentrations are measured using dust meters. In this report, the dust meter readings were related to emission rate of coal particle and dustiness index of coarse dust defined by ASTM D547-41 in order to predict occurrence of coal particle dispersion using dust meters.The adaptability of the system to real coal handling facilities was examined by a model which consisted of belt conveyors, a stacker, connecting parts and the monitoring system. As a result of these experiments, it was demonstrated that coal particle dispersion can be suppressed by means of wetting coal in response to dust meter readings.     

钙质煤渣吸附剂脱除烟气中二氧化硫的实验研究

利用锅炉本身排出的煤渣作脱硫剂的基本核粒,配人少量的石灰,加水搅拌均匀,使石灰裹覆在煤渣颗粒表面,制成具有较大比表面积的钙质煤渣脱硫剂,用于烟气脱硫实验研究.实验结果表明,钙制煤渣脱硫剂比未经处理的煤渣脱硫率高,在一定的石灰添加范围内(10%～20%),脱硫率随石灰添加量的增加而增加,并存在一最佳用量.     

天然矿物固硫剂及其对煤粉燃烧的影响

选取CaCO₃、Ca(OH)₂质量配比＝3∶2作为主固硫剂,用钙基固硫剂质量的2％的Na₂CO₃对其改性,利用蛭石作为固硫添加剂。在Ca/S＝2.25的情况下,通过固硫实验考察了主固硫剂以及添加剂的加入对固硫率的影响。实验结果表明,煤粉掺入该固硫剂在950℃下燃烧0.5 h,固硫率可以达到85％。还对添加不同固硫剂的煤粉进行热重实验,分析其对煤粉燃烧特性及动力学参数的影响。结果表明,固硫添加剂的加入不但能提高固硫率,还有利于煤的燃烧,减少灰渣的处理量。     

粉煤灰资源化特性及路面工程应用技术研究

对粉煤灰的各项技术参数进行了试验研究,揭示出粉煤灰的不同成分和形貌对其资源化特性的影响规律,初步完成了消除不利于粉煤灰资源化的有害成分炭的优化实验工作,进行了脱炭粉煤灰混凝土配合比等试验研究,并在路面修复工程中予以应有,结果表明,经脱炭处理的粉煤灰应用于混凝土工程可以明显改善混凝土的工作性能,实际道路运营和技术性能符合路面工程的要求,具有重大的经济效益和环境效益。     

燃煤过程中微量元素砷和硒形态转化的热力学平衡模拟

砷和硒是煤中的易挥发有毒微量元素。由于砷和硒在燃煤烟气中的浓度极低以及实验条件的限制 ,目前化学热力学平衡分析已成为预报烟气中砷和硒等有毒元素形态分布的主要理论分析方法。本文综述了热力学平衡分析方法应用于砷和硒在燃煤过程中形态转化和平衡分布等方面的研究进展。首先用于热力学平衡分析的是只含有砷或硒一种微量元素和煤中主量元素及氯元素的简单体系 ,并假设烟气中只有理想气体组成的气相和纯凝聚相的理想模型。然而是否考虑砷和硒与其他微量、主量或次量元素的相互作用 ,砷和硒所有可能存在的反应 ,以及在熔融相砷和硒与熔融物的结合会严重地影响模型的预报结果 ,因此 ,目前热力学平衡体系已发展成为含有包括砷和硒在内的多个微量元素和煤中所有主量、次量元素 ,以及包括熔融相在内的非理想多相复杂体系     

输煤皮带转载点密闭罩流场模拟与结构优化

为了研究输煤皮带转载点密闭罩内流场对吸尘效果的影响,采用Fluent软件对某转载点密闭罩内气固两相流动情况进行了数值模拟。通过气流分布和煤尘浓度分布的分析,发现溜槽转折处较大的气流偏转会增加煤尘起尘量和导致局部煤尘积聚,吸尘罩的开口角度对吸尘效果也有较大影响。为了疏导气流并加强吸尘效果,提出了溜槽转折处和吸尘罩的结构优化设计方案。研究表明,改进后气流分布更加均匀,吸尘效果有所提高,从而为转载点密闭罩的优化设计提供了参考。     

微波辅助白腐真菌煤炭脱硫试验研究

将微波技术与生物技术相结合用于煤炭脱硫,采用微波功率1 000 W、辐照时间80 s对煤样进行辐照处理后,考察了初始pH值、煤粉粒径和煤浆浓度对微波辅助白腐真菌脱硫效果的影响,以及脱硫过程中硫化物的转化规律。研究结果表明,微波辐照作用能够缩短脱硫周期,提高有机硫的脱除率。在初始pH值为4.5,煤粉粒径为80～120目,煤浆浓度为10%,浸出时间为3 d的条件下,煤中的全硫、无机硫和有机硫脱除率分别达到52.06%、51.61%和54.22%。     

煤矸石微生物脱硫试验研究

采用本试验室自主分离筛选出的氧化硫硫杆菌,通过煤矸石浸泡的微生物脱硫和煤矸石柱状淋洗的微生物脱硫试验,研究该菌株对大武口高硫煤矸石的脱硫效果.煤矸石浸泡试验表明,微生物对煤矸石脱硫效果明显,浸泡煤矸石2 h后脱硫量达0.79 g/L,脱硫率达24.5%,21 d持续稳定升高,脱硫率达28.3%,为煤矸石的快速脱硫提供了技术支持.煤矸石柱状淋洗试验表明,前9 d是氧化硫硫杆菌脱硫的活跃期,该菌株有较高的氧化煤矸石的能力.     

新型复合垃圾衍生燃料的制备及性能分析

为了提高城市生活垃圾资源化利用的效率,采用室温冷压有粘结剂成型的方法将城市生活垃圾和煤按一定的配比制成新型复合垃圾衍生燃料,研究了成型压力、配比对衍生燃料的热稳定性、机械强度、粘结性以及发热量的影响.试验结果表明,在生活垃圾中加入煤可有效改善衍生燃料性能,增加其热值,在成型压力为25 MPa,煤配比为20%时复合衍生燃料的性能最优.     

A Computer Plot for a High Temperature Psychrometric Chart

This paper presents results of multivariate regression models developed to estimate the properties and cost of U.S. coals washed for varying degrees of sulfur removal using commercially available physical coal preparation processes. The models allow washed coal characteristics to be predicted from information on coal origin, heating value, ash, and sulfur content. The models were developed by first "processing" each of the 710 coals in the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) coal washability data base through a coal preparation plant computer model which optimizes plant performance to achieve a desired washed coal quality. Washability data are adjusted to account for the inefficiencies of coal washing equipment, and the actual coal sizes treated by various plant wash streams. Since different plant designs may be capable of achieving a given level of sulfur removal, three nominal levels of plant complexity (Levels 2, 3, 4) were included to identify the most economical alternative. The washed coal characteristics thus derived were then analyzed using standard statistical techniques to develop regression equations linking washed coal properties and cost to raw coal properties for each of 18 geographical regions encompassing the entire U.S. These regression models are incorporated in the Advanced Utility Simulation Model (AUSM) to estimate the economic potential of coal washing as a sulfur abatement strategy, in conjunction with other options available to coal-fired power plants. Modeling results for Pennsylvania showed that washed coals frequently were selected as part of a cost-effective control strategy, accounting for 10 to 30 percent of the total emissions reduction, and that "local coal" restrictions significantly increase the use of washed coal as an SO₂ control strategy. Hypothetical requirements for mandatory coal cleaning, however, were found to be costly and ineffective.     

Pilot-scale study of the effect of selective catalytic reduction catalyst on mercury speciation in Illinois and Powder River Basin coal combustion flue gases

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst on mercury (Hg) speciation in bituminous and subbituminous coal combustion flue gases. Three different Illinois Basin bituminous coals (from high to low sulfur [S] and chlorine [Cl]) and one Powder River Basin (PRB) subbituminous coal with very low S and very low Cl were tested in a pilot-scale combustor equipped with an SCR reactor for controlling nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. The SCR catalyst induced high oxidation of elemental Hg (Hg0), decreasing the percentage of Hg0 at the outlet of the SCR to values <12% for the three Illinois coal tests. The PRB coal test indicated a low oxidation of Hg0 by the SCR catalyst, with the percentage of Hg0 decreasing from approximately 96% at the inlet of the reactor to approximately 80% at the outlet. The low Cl content of the PRB coal and corresponding low level of available flue gas Cl species were believed to be responsible for low SCR Hg oxidation for this coal type. The test results indicated a strong effect of coal type on the extent of Hg oxidation.