固体废物相关概念的基本特点

固体废物法对废物的一些概念进行了定义,在固体废物环境管理当中,对这些概念缺乏深入认识,导致在实际管理中对固体废物和危险废物的调查、认定、统计、管理、预测、设施建设等一系列与废物相关的行动出现偏差甚至不准确。对固体废物、危险废物以及废物利用、处置、贮存、排放等概念包含的内容进行了研究,提出了一些新的认识观点。     

洗像废液的分质处理

对洗像过程中产生的洗像废液按照成分的不同进行分质处理。其中 ,有机废液采用高温焚烧的方法进行处理 ;无机废液根据主要成分的化学性质分别采用中和、氧化等方法进行处理。通过室内试验 ,确定了处理工艺的主要参数 ,并根据试验结果 ,利用废液处理站设施处理了 1.6 4t洗像废液。处理后排放的废水、废气均达到了国家有关排放标准     

Antimony in municipal waste.

Antimony content in municipal waste was studied. Sampled municipal waste was dried, crushed and analyzed. Antimony determinations were performed by Kjeldahl decomposition--batch hydride generation spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. Overall content of antimony in waste was 40-50 g/t raw waste. It was estimated than 20% of the annual production of antimony was discarded as municipal waste in Japan. Leaching of antimony from antimony-added materials may occur, because "small tips" involved considerable amounts of antimony.     

Cemetery waste as a substream of municipal waste: research and structure of the selective waste collection in Poland

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cemetery waste (CW) constitutes one of the streams of municipal waste (MW). Based on the available data, it can be said that it accounts for about 1%...     

危险废物分级管理方法研究

危险废物因具有毒性、易燃性、腐蚀性和反应性等多种危害特性,如果暴露于环境中将会对人类健康和生态环境造成很大威胁.深入分析了欧美等一些国家对危险废物进行分级管理的方法,针对中国目前危险废物的产生现状和管理现状,提出了综合考虑危险废物的产生量和活性大小等各个方面,借助风险评价对危险废物进行分级管理的方法和原则,以及相应的分级管理程序的建议,为完善中国的危险废物管理体系提供参考.     

A comparative study on per capita waste generation according to a waste collecting system in Korea

As cities are becoming increasingly aware of problems related to conventional mobile collection systems, automated pipeline-based vacuum collection (AVAC) systems have been introduced in some densely populated urban areas. The reasons are that in addition to cost savings, AVAC systems can be efficient, hygienic, and environmentally friendly. Despite difficulties in making direct comparisons of municipal waste between a conventional mobile collection system and an AVAC system, it is meaningful to measure the quantities in each of these collection methods either in total or on a per capita generation of waste (PCGW, g/(day*capita)) basis. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the difference in per capita generation of household waste according to the different waste collection methods in Korea. Observations on household waste show that there were considerable differences according to waste collection methods. The value of per capita generation of food waste (PCGF) indicates that a person in a city using AVAC produces 60 % of PCGF (109.58 g/(day*capita)), on average, compared with that of a truck system (173.10 g/(day*capita)) as well as 23 %p less moisture component than that with trucks. The value of per capita generation of general waste (PCGG) in a city with an AVAC system showed 147.73 g/(day*capita), which is 20 % less than that with trucks delivered (185 g/(day*capita)). However, general waste sampled from AVAC showed a 35 %p increased moisture content versus truck delivery.     

Reuse of hydroponic waste solution

Attaining sustainable agriculture is a key goal in many parts of the world. The increased environmental awareness and the ongoing attempts to execute agricultural practices that are economically feasible and environmentally safe promote the use of hydroponic cultivation. Hydroponics is a technology for growing plants in nutrient solutions with or without the use of artificial medium to provide mechanical support. Major problems for hydroponic cultivation are higher operational cost and the causing of pollution due to discharge of waste nutrient solution. The nutrient effluent released into the environment can have negative impacts on the surrounding ecosystems as well as the potential to contaminate the groundwater utilized by humans for drinking purposes. The reuse of non-recycled, nutrient-rich hydroponic waste solution for growing plants in greenhouses is the possible way to control environmental pollution. Many researchers have successfully grown several plant species in hydroponic waste solution with high yield. Hence, this review addresses the problems associated with the release of hydroponic waste solution into the environment and possible reuse of hydroponic waste solution as an alternative resource for agriculture development and to control environmental pollution.     

Passengers waste production during flights

We assume that during flights the amount of waste that is produced is limited. However, daily, approximately 8000 commercial airplanes fly above Europe’s airspace while at the same time, more than 17,000 commercial flights exist in the entire world. Using primary data from airlines, which use the Larnaca’s International Airport (LIA) in Cyprus, we have tried to understand why wastes are produced during a typical flight such as food waste, paper, and plastics, as well as how passengers affect the production of those wastes. The compositional analysis took place on 27 flights of 4 different airlines which used LIA as final destination. The evaluation indicated that the passenger’s habits and ethics, and the policy of each airline produced different kinds of waste during the flights and especially food waste (FW). Furthermore, it was observed that the only waste management strategy that exists in place in the airport is the collection and the transportation of all those wastes from aircrafts and from the airport in the central unit for further treatment. Hence, this research indicated extremely difficulties to implement any specific waste minimization, or prevention practice or other sorting methods during the flights due to the limited time of the most flights (less than 3 h), the limited available space within the aircrafts, and the strictly safety roles that exist during the flights.     

利用活性炭纤维有机废气吸附回收装置治理二氯甲烷废气

文章介绍了一种化工生产过程中排出的二氯甲烷废气的治理装置———活性炭纤维有机废气吸附回收装置和治理工艺。由于采用了优越的吸附材料和先进的工艺设计 ,使吸附回收率达 97%以上 ,收到了很好的环境效益和经济效益     

Solid waste forecasting using modified ANFIS modeling

Solid waste prediction is crucial for sustainable solid waste management. Usually, accurate waste generation record is challenge in developing countries which complicates the modelling process. Solid waste generation is related to demographic, economic, and social factors. However, these factors are highly varied due to population and economy growths. The objective of this research is to determine the most influencing demographic and economic factors that affect solid waste generation using systematic approach, and then develop a model to forecast solid waste generation using a modified Adaptive Neural Inference System (MANFIS). The model evaluation was performed using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). The results show that the best input variables are people age groups 0-14, 15-64, and people above 65 years, and the best model structure is 3 triangular fuzzy membership functions and 27 fuzzy rules. The model has been validated using testing data and the resulted training RMSE, MAE and R2 were 0.2678, 0.045 and 0.99, respectively, while for testing phase RMSE =3.986, MAE = 0.673 and R2 = 0.98.

Implications: To date, a few attempts have been made to predict the annual solid waste generation in developing countries. This paper presents modeling of annual solid waste generation using Modified ANFIS, it is a systematic approach to search for the most influencing factors and then modify the ANFIS structure to simplify the model. The proposed method can be used to forecast the waste generation in such developing countries where accurate reliable data is not always available. Moreover, annual solid waste prediction is essential for sustainable planning.     

Characterization of municipal waste in Kampala,Uganda

In Kampala, Uganda, about 28,000 tons of waste is collected and delivered to a landfill every month. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) records show that this represents approximately 40% of the waste generated in the city. The remaining uncollected waste is normally dumped in unauthorized sites, causing health and environmental problems. However, the organic fraction of domestic waste can provide an opportunity to improve livelihoods and incomes through fertilizer and energy production. This study characterized the municipal waste generated in Kampala and delivered to Kiteezi landfill between July 2011 and June 2012, that is, covering the dry and wet months. On each sampling day, waste was randomly selected from five trucks, sorted and weighed into different physical fractions. Samples of the organic waste from each truck were analyzed for total solids, major nutrients, and energy content. During the wet months, the waste consisted of 88.5% organics, 3.8% soft plastics, 2.8% hard plastics, 2.2% paper, 0.9% glass, 0.7% textiles and leather, 0.2% metals, and 1.0% others. During the dry months, the waste consisted of 94.8% organics, 2.4% soft plastics, 1.0% hard plastics, 0.7% papers, 0.3% glass, 0.3% textile and leather, 0.1% metals, and 0.3% others. The organic waste on average had a moisture content of 71.1% and contained 1.89% nitrogen, 0.27% phosphorus, and 1.95% potassium. The waste had an average gross energy content of 17.3 MJ/kg. It was concluded that the organic waste generated can be a suitable source of some plant nutrients that are useful especially in urban agriculture.

Implications:?The result of the waste characterization in Kampala was found to be significantly different from that obtained for other Sub-Saharan African (SSA) cities, showing that studies assuming average values for the waste fractions are likely to result in erroneous results. Furthermore, no reduction in organic fraction of the waste was noticed when compared with a study done two decades ago in spite of greatly improved economic status of Kampala city, a finding that is not in agreement with several other similar studies done for other SSA cities.     

Pesticide residues in biological waste

The aim of this study was to detect crop protection products (CPP) in single fractions of biological waste and to estimate pesticide concentrations in biological waste, depending on its composition. The composition of biological waste was determined from the literature, which provided information on its local and seasonal variability. The residue analysis included 17 pesticides for the analysis of tropical fruit peels and 48 pesticides for other fractions, e.g. vegetables, other fruits and ornamental flowers. The freeze-dried samples were extracted ultrasonically and purified by means of gel permeation chromatography. The analysis was carried out using gas chromatography with a mass selective detector in the selected ion monitoring mode. All tropical fruit peels contained CPP-residues. Thiabendazole was the most important contaminant with respect to the concentration and frequency of occurrence. The vegetables, other fruits and flowers also contained CPP-residues, such as the fungicides captan and dodemorph and the insecticide endosulfan. Based on import data and the composition of biological waste, the CPP-content of biological waste was estimated for rural and urban areas in summer and winter. Due to the higher percentage of tropical fruit peels, thiabendazole was the main contaminant in winter. The total concentration of CPP, summed up over all substances, ranged between 828 and 1829 μg (kg ww)⁻¹.     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化

在中试规模下,研究餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH4+-N、VFAs等化学指标含量变化,确定餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,在工程上餐厨垃圾单独进行高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性,但难以保证系统长时间安全稳定运行;餐厨垃圾厌氧消化正常运行时最大有机负荷可达2.551 kg VS/(m3.d);当系统有机负荷为2.551 kg VS/(m3.d)时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.622 m3;氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷影响明显;餐厨垃圾中固有Na+含量对厌氧消化产甲烷影响不明显。     

An analysis of biomedical waste incineration.

The California Air Resources Board (ARB) completed a series of source tests of eight operating biomedical waste incinerators (BMWI) under conditions of typical operation. The emissions of certain metals, and chlorinated dioxins and furans in the flue gases of BMWI are relatively high in comparison to emissions from other combustion sources, such as hazardous waste or municipal waste incinerators of modern design. This study reports on an analysis of the status of the existing regulatory framework and the California data base. Clarification of definitional issues at the federal level is needed to effectively treat BMWI management issues. Although few relationships among combustion parameters and emissions were uncovered, patterns of emissions were evident, suggesting commonality and relationships among the waste stream constituents and emissions. Potential implications for future research, operation of BMWI, controls and source reduction and waste segregation strategies are also discussed.     

Hazardous waste disposal in the UK

Custom and practice have exerted a powerful influence on waste management in the UK. A notable feature is the role of local government, which remains dominant despite expanding legislation and the increasing technical complexity of waste management. The private sector has long had a major role in the transporting and disposal of hazardous waste. The Environmental Protection Act of 1990 represented a major revision of UK environmental legislation. A significant advance in the handling of hazardous wastes was the imposition of a new principle of 'Duty of Care' on all concerned parties.     

Dioxin emissions from waste incinerators

Mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the emission of PCDD/PCDF from municipal waste incinerators were evaluated in the light of extensive experimental data obtained from the Quebec City municipal solid waste incinerator by Environment Canada. It was found that PCDD/PCDF emissions were closely related to the quantity of material entrained by the combustion gases.     

Biomethanation of tobacco waste

Tobacco is an important cash crop produced in considerable quantities in India. During cigarette manufacturing large quantities of tobacco waste are produced annually and its disposal is a serious ecological problem. In the present study a process for the biodegradation of tobacco waste, under methanogenic conditions, was developed so that environmental pollution can be reduced while producing biogas as a useful energy source. The methanogenic bacterial consortium developed for the anaerobic degradation of tobacco waste without any chemical pretreatment in a single stage digester at 15 days HRT (hydraulic retention time) has been successfully scaled-up to install a 10 m(3) biogas plant. The gas yields (1 kg(-1 TS fed) day(-1)) varied from 169 to 282 depending on the ambient temperatures. The methane content in the biogas produced was 60%. The pH and VFA content of the digested slurry were 6.8 +/- 0.1 and 599 mg litre(-1), respectively. Nicotine, COD and BOD reductions were 75, 60 and 80%, respectively.     

Determination of sterols, estrogens and inorganic ions in waste water and size-segregated aerosol particles emitted from waste water treatment

Concentrations of steroids and inorganic ions were measured in waste water of an aerated sand trap as well as in aerosol particles emitted from this tank at the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) of Bayreuth, Germany, in January and February 2003. The investigations comprised seven sterols, two estrogens, and several inorganic ions. Since an appropriate method for the determination of sterols in waste water was not available, a new method based on solid phase extraction was developed. The concentrations of the sterols coprostanol and cholesterol amounted to 30-180 microg l(-1) in waste water and to 400-5000 pg m(-3) in aerosol particles. All other sterols were present in markedly lower concentrations. The mean concentrations of the two estrogens estrone and 17beta-estradiol were about 165 pg m(-3) in aerosol particles. The steroid concentrations in both waste water and aerosol particles varied greatly over time, however with the exception of coprostanol, no clear correlation was detected between concentrations in waste water and aerosol particles.     

低污染的危险废物焚烧技术研究

目前危险废物焚烧中产生的污染物主要通过尾气处理去除 ,本文认为尾气处理应与通过控制焚烧条件减少尾气中污染物的原始浓度相结合 ,以减少后续处理设备的投资。本文主要讨论了控制危险废物焚烧中主要污染物颗粒物、氯化氢、SOx、NOx、二的焚烧技术     

Bisphenol A in hazardous waste landfill leachates

The levels of bisphenol A in hazardous waste landfill leachates collected in Japan in 1996 were determined by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Bisphenol A was found in seven of 10 sites investigated. All the hazardous waste landfills with leachates contaminated by bisphenol A were controlled. The concentrations of bisphenol A ranged from 1.3 to 17,200 microg/l with a median concentration of 269 microg/l. The source of bisphenol A in landfill leachates may be the waste plastics in waste landfill. The concentrations of bisphenol A in some samples exceeded the EC50 or LC50 levels for aquatic biota. Landfill leachates may be a significant source of bisphenol A found in the environment.