好氧颗粒污泥的特点及其研究进展

综述了好氧颗粒污泥的基本特征和微生物相、好氧颗粒污泥形成的主要影响因素及其颗粒化反应器等。好氧颗粒污泥是近几年发现的在好氧条件下自发形成的细胞自身固定化过程 ,是生物膜特殊的生长形式。颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能、较高的生物量和在高容积负荷条件下降解高浓度有机废水的良好生物活性。污泥颗粒化过程是一个多阶段的过程 ,取决于废水组成及其操作条件的选择。在气提式内循环间歇反应器 (internalcirculatesequencingbatchairliftreac tor ,ICSBAR )中易于培养出性能良好的好氧颗粒污泥。     

The Annual Average: An Alternative to the Second Highest Value as a Measure of Air Quality

It is common practice to use the second highest value both in determining compliance with the once-per-year air quality standards (AQS) and as a measure of air quality in pollutant trend studies and rollback calculations. A study of the variation in the second highest 8 hr carbon monoxide concentration observed at the CAMP stations 1962-72 is presented. It is shown that, for a given annual average, the second highest value can differ by a factor of 2 due to random variation. The annual average is linearly related to the observed average of the second highest value and is shown to be a good predictor of the percent of time the carbon monoxide AQS is exceeded. It is concluded that the annual average, which is less variable and not as greatly influenced by erroneous measurements, is the preferred measure of air quality for trend studies and air quality projections.     

铁炭微电解-MAP沉淀法联合预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用铁炭微电解-磷酸氨镁(MAP)沉淀法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,实验结果表明,铁炭比为5∶1,pH值为3,反应时间为3 h时,铁炭微电解的COD的去除率为47.5%;在投加药剂n(Mg2+)∶n(PO43-)∶n(NH4+)为1.4∶1∶1,pH值为9,反应时间为1 h的条件下,垃圾渗滤液氨氮去除率达到79.7%。     

Some Factors in Minimizing Precipitator Costs

This paper is directed to those individuals involved in design of electrostatic precipitators. The Deutsch-Anderson model is usually employed by industry for the design of electrostatic precipitators. The so-called process design variable in this approach is the total capture area in the precipitator. Unfortunately, little is available on the equipment design of this unit, i.e., the geometric arrangement of the plates that constitute the capture area and the external dimensions of the physical structure that houses the precipitator components. These are important economic considerations, and it is to this subject that this paper is directed. It is relatively easy to predict equipment costs for “off-the-shelf” electrostatic precipitators; it is more difficult to closely predict the cost for a custom-made unit, which is more often the case encountered in practice. Once the capture area is calculated, the total precipitator cost becomes a strong function of the outer casing and outer accessories of the physical system. In this paper, a model is presented that can help minimize precipitator cost. An illustrative example complements the development of the model.     

磁流体处理印染废水初探

探讨了Fe3O4磁流体在不同条件下对降低印染废水的COD和色度两个方面的影响，实验表明，当pH=11，十二烷基叔胺的量是亚铁量的0．16倍时，COD降低最多，脱色效果最好，且磁场强度在160mT左右时，磁流体沉降最快。     

微波法处理含铬废渣的可行性分析

微波辐照解毒铬渣是一项新技术,为考察该技术应用的可行性,本文对铬渣解毒前后性状的变化进行了讨论。结果表明,该技术能较完全地使高价铬转化为低价铬,解毒渣中铬主要以三价形态存在,铬渣毒性得到消除;解毒渣浸出液中Cr6+浓度远低于国家危险废物鉴别标准,解毒渣已不属于危险固体废弃物,其在环境条件下可安全存放。说明该技术具有应用前景。     

Optimal design of predenitrification systems.

A coupled model of biological and settling phases aimed at optimal design of predenitrification systems is presented. Each unknown is obtained in explicit form, and is expressed as a function of the system's required performance. A model, taking into account both suspended and dissolved substrates, is adopted for the biological phase, while the limiting solid flux theory is assumed for the design of the settling phase. Finally, a relationship correlating the two phases is obtained expressing opportunely the sludge recycle flow and the sludge waste flow, without recourse to empirical parameters. The effect of different influent and effluent wastewater characteristics on the model's results is also analyzed.     

贝壳粉型煤固硫剂固硫的实验及机理研究

以贝壳粉作为型煤固硫剂,用正交实验的方法研究了影响贝壳粉固硫率的主要影响因素,在高温(1 150℃)时固硫效率达到56.6%,比CaCO3的固硫率提高40%以上,具有较好的高温固硫性。分析得知,贝壳的主要成分为CaCO3,其含钙量在40%左右,贝壳中又含有较高的Na等碱金属元素以及Fe,Al和Si等。用X射线粉末衍射法分析了高温(1 150℃)型煤样生成的灰渣,分析了贝壳粉作为型煤固硫剂在高温下具有较高固硫率的机理。发现CaAlSi2O8为主的复合晶体在高温下包裹在CaSO4的表面,抑制了CaSO4的热分解从而有效地提高了固硫率。     

半干法烟气脱硫新技术——粉末-颗粒喷动床技术

粉末 颗粒喷动床 (powder particlespoutedbed ,PPSB)是近几年来由日本研究人员开发的一种新的半干法烟气脱硫技术。本文介绍了PPSB的基本原理、优点以及在试验条件下所得到的影响因素和适宜的运行方式。PPSB在系统结构、废物处理、操作和费用方面比湿法有所提高 ,同时又比干法和其他半干法的去除率和吸收剂的利用率高。此外 ,对吸收剂研究结果表明 ,石灰石的脱硫效率虽然不及石灰 ,但是由于PPSB中吸收剂的停留时间长 ,气、固、液三相接触好的特点以及可以对石灰石进行研磨 ,因此 ,利用石灰石作吸收剂的PPSB完全可以达到理想的脱硫效率 ,同时也可以保持较好的经济性。但是 ,目前还没有大规模的试验和应用。所以PPSB是一项十分值得进一步开发和应用的烟气脱硫新技术。     

活性污泥1号模型废水特性的测定研究

废水的水质特性是活性污泥数学模型研究和应用的重要方面。采用呼吸计量法及常规化学分析法对污水处理厂的废水特性进行了测定,通过研究发现,污水处理厂的曝气沉砂池出水中SS占总COD的比例平均为10．49％;Xs占总COD的比例平均为14．24％;S1占总COD的比例平均为5．52％。初沉池出水中Ss占总COD的平均比例为9．62％;Xs占总COD的比例平均为16．97％;S1占总COD的比例平均为11．38％。     

污泥淤砂分离器对分离分流污泥性质的影响

为解决我国很多城镇污水厂活性污泥的MLVSS/MLSS普遍偏低,污泥中泥沙淤积严重的问题,根据水力旋流器的分离原理,开发了污泥淤砂分离器,实现污泥中生物基质和淤砂的分离分流,研究污泥淤砂分离器主要结构参数排口比(底流口直径/溢流管直径)对分离分流污泥性质的影响。实验结果表明,排口比为0.4时,污泥经过污泥淤砂分离器后,得到的底流污泥MLVSS/MLSS比原污泥减小了34%,溢流污泥MLVSS/MLSS增大了16.8%,污泥中的生物基质富集在溢流污泥中,淤砂富集在底流污泥中;底流污泥浓度MLSS比原污泥增加了2.6倍,底流污泥SVI和CST分别减小了68%和70%,底流污泥浓缩效果明显,沉降性能和脱水性能大幅提高,有利于底流污泥的处理处置;进一步减小排口比,底流污泥浓缩效果、沉降性能和脱水性能均进一步提高。     

污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄（SRT）对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4％;LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低。试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值928％;LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足（DO＝0.8～1.5 mg/L）条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞。     

A novel method for measuring the evaporation of contaminant liquids from sands

A novel experimental system, electrodynamic levitation, is used to measure the evaporation of liquids from microparticles of sand. The levitator is used to measure the evaporation rate of diethylphthalate (DEP) from microparticles of Saudi Arabian sand at 1 atm pressure and 25 degrees C. Evaporation experiments were conducted for both inland- and coastal-sand microparticles, the diameter of which is 50 microm. The DEP-evaporation rate is determined from gravimetric changes in the DEP-sand-mixture particle, the weight of which is directly proportional to the levitating electric-field intensity. From telemicroscopical observations, it is found that, when the sand particle is enclosed in DEP liquid, the sand-DEP-mixture particle evaporates like a pure DEP droplet. However, when sufficient DEP liquid has evaporated and the DEP is adsorbed into the sand microparticle, the DEP evaporation rate is reduced by a factor of 3-5 as compared with a pure DP droplet.     

不饱和聚酯树脂生产废水治理技术

不饱和聚酯树脂生产废水CODCr高达 10 0 0 0 0mg/L ,pH为 1— 2 ,且排放无规律 ,处理难度大。采用先对缩聚废水进行蒸馏浓缩 ,再真空泵废水混合调质、降温、缺氧水解后 ,经高效的好氧生物处理工艺 (HCR)处理后与低浓度的冲洗水、生活废水混合 ,进行低负荷的生物接触氧化处理 ,出水CODCr稳定在 10 0mg/L以下。     

除氟活性铝氧化物（AlOxHy-Fn）的吸附除砷性能

以活性铝氧化物AlOxHy处理某高氟地下水的中试实验获得的吸附剂废料AlOxHy-Fn为对象,考察其对三价砷（As（Ⅲ））和五价砷（As（Ⅴ））吸附去除性能,并对吸附机理进行了探讨。研究显示,AlOxHy-Fn为多孔无定型且具有不规则表面的絮状结构,比表面积为218．88m2／g,零电荷点pHZPC在pH为8左右;AlOxHy-Fn可快速吸附As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）,且反应24h后的平衡吸附量分别为0．60和3．41mg／g,朗格缪尔模型可以很好地描述As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）在AlOxHy-Fn表面的吸附,且As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）的最大吸附容量分别为13．63和63．27mg／g;AlOxHy-Fn在pH=4～10范围内对As（Ⅴ）去除率在90％以上,As（Ⅲ）在中性和弱碱性pH范围内吸附效果较好,但去除率仍在32％以下。AlOxHy-Fn表面性质、砷形态分布特征等对As（Ⅲ）与As（Ⅴ）的吸附有重要影响,电负性As（Ⅴ）较电中性As（Ⅲ）更容易吸附在AlOxHy-Fn表面。AlOxHy-Fn吸附除砷过程中,在pH为6时氟溶出量最低（0．40mg／g）,过高或过低pH均会导致氟溶出量增大;氟溶出量与As（Ⅴ）吸附量之间有明显正相关关系（R2=0．97）,但与As（Ⅲ）吸附量无相关关系;铝溶出量在pH为4～10范围内均很低。将AlOxHy-Fn回用作为除砷吸附剂去除工业含砷废水的砷具有良好的技术经济可行性,且将As（Ⅲ）氧化为As（Ⅴ）是提高去除效果的重要手段。     

汽车尾气净化催化剂涂层改性研究

汽车尾气净化催化剂的净化转化效果及其耐久性,与催化剂涂层的涂覆量以及涂层和载体的结合强度密切相关.本文研究了几种不同类型表面活性剂对浆料固体含量、涂层涂覆量以及涂层结合强度的影响.研究结果表明,不使用表面活性剂时,30%为最佳的固体含量;在使用表面活性剂的情况下,浆料的固体含量可以提高至35%.非离子型表面活性剂有助于提高催化剂涂层涂覆量,而使用离子型表面活性剂的浆料球磨过程中产生大量泡沫,无法涂覆.使用非离子型表面活性剂的催化剂涂层的结合强度最好.     

一体化A/O工艺碳氮比对脱氮除碳的影响

依据好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化生物脱氮除碳工艺原理,设计了一体化生物膜法A/O反应器,并将其应用于生活污水处理,取得了理想的处理效果。实验结果表明,水力停留时间HRT＝12 h,COD进水浓度处于150～500 mg/L范围内,COD的去除率均在90%以上,且出水均在40 mg/L以下;当C/N比为8.5以下时,NH₃-N去除率高于90%,其出水浓度小于5 mg/L;当C/N比为7.5左右时,具有较高的总氮脱除效果,TN去除率可达到70%。     

PAC与粘土矿物混凝去除颤藻及残余铝形态研究

研究了PAC与不同粒径的天然粘土矿物复合混凝去除给水中的颤藻。结果表明,两者复合除藻效果显著优于单加PAC。当PAC浓度为12 mg/L,矿物浓度为24 mg/L,粒径为160目时,除藻效果最好,浊度和叶绿素a去除率分别为98.2%和100%。两者复合后PAC形态含量都发生了变化,悬浮态铝含量相对增加,溶解态铝含量相对减少,总残余铝量减小。     

Environmental Persistence of Chemicals

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.008 Background The hazard criterion of persistence as it applies to chemicals in the environment is reviewed and discussed. This quantity can not be measured directly in the environment, thus it must be estimated using models that synthesise information on chemical half-lives and partitioning properties, the nature of the environment and how the chemical is released into the environment. Main Features It is suggested that the preferred criterion is the average residence time of the chemical in the environment, i.e. conceptually the sum of the life-times of all molecules (attributable only to losses by degrading reactions) divided by the number of molecules. If all chemical fate processes are first order, this persistence is independent of the quantity of chemical introduced and whether introduction is steady- or unsteady-state in nature. It is shown that in a multimedia environment persistence is affected not only by degradation kinetics, but also by mode-of-entry and partitioning. For screening level purposes a Level II equilibrium model may be adequate but a Level III model is generally preferable for estimating the average persistence. If a distribution of persistences is required a dynamic Level IV model must be used. Discussion The implications for regulating chemicals on the basis of persistence are discussed. Conclusion It is concluded that the preferred strategy is to use Level II, III, and IV models and that the use of only degradation kinetics or media-specific half-lives can be misleading and uneconomical.     

绿色絮凝剂PAS的性能及混凝机理探讨

通过向聚硅酸中加入一种高价亲生物环保的金属离子Ti⁴⁺,制备了一种适合处理长江水的绿色絮凝剂PAS,并且通过实验确定了其处理长江水的最佳处理条件：酸性聚硅酸与Ti金属盐溶液复合,n_Ti/n_Si=0.3;投加量为10 mg/L（以Ti⁴⁺计）,pH=6～8,UV254的去除率＞61.7％,浊度去除率＞99％。PAS的混凝效果明显优于聚合铝和聚硅铝,而且矾花形成迅速,絮体密实、沉降快、出水更加清澈,无残留铝。Ti也是亲生物金属,健康环保。因此,PAS是绿色环保友好型絮凝剂,可作为饮用水专用絮凝剂。观察所形成絮体的形貌以及观测红外光谱图均发现,絮凝剂对胶体颗粒污染物有较好的架桥网捕与络合反应作用。