生物质活性炭的制备及其染料废水中的应用

以城市污水厂活性污泥为原料,用3 mol/L ZnCl2溶液活化,通入水蒸气作活化气制备活性炭吸附剂.实验结果表明,温度为600℃条件下,活化时间为1 h,制得的活性炭其碘吸附值为374.10 mg/g,比表面积为381.62 m2/g,孔容积为0.25 cm3/g,微孔容积为0.11cm3/g.并进一步将生物质活性炭应用于染料废水的处理,考察了吸附时间、活性炭投加量和pH对色度及TOC的脱除效果的影响.室温下,酸性大红GR染料废水初始浓度为300 mg/L,污泥活性炭的最佳投加量为2%(质量分数),吸附15min,废水色度脱除率可达99.6%,TOC去除率可达99.7%,利用等温吸附实验作吸附等温线,吸附等温线可以用Freundlich或Langmuir方程描述.     

活性污泥吸附联合发酵产酸资源化回收污水碳源

利用活性污泥源头吸附回收污水中的有机碳源,然后进行厌氧发酵产酸,可以改变污水碳源在传统工艺中的迁移与转化途径。研究结果表明,本工艺大大提高了有机碳源的利用率,降低了后续水解释碳成本。在30 min内,活性污泥对污水COD、氨氮和总磷的吸附去除率分别达到69%、57%和58.2%。热碱水解（t=90℃,pH=11）能够实现吸附碳源污泥（富碳污泥）中有机物的快速释放,水解污泥上清液中COD、溶解性蛋白质和溶解性多糖含量分别达到8 173.8、1 508.8和1 936.0 mg·L-1。将获得的有机物进行厌氧发酵产酸,挥发性有机酸总量达到6 025.4 mg·L-1,与普通活性污泥相比,提高了27.7%;但是有机酸的组成和发酵所需时间变化不大。本研究结果为污水处理厂节能降耗以及污泥资源化处理处置提供参考。     

Accumulation and fraction distribution of Ni(II) in activated sludge treating Ni-laden wastewater

The accumulation and fraction distribution of Ni(II) in sludge was determined, and their effect on the performance of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems was evaluated at laboratory scale. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of substrates decreased significantly with increasing feeding concentration of Ni(II) into SBRs. The concentration of Ni(II) fed into the SBRs was significantly positively correlated with the Ni(II) contents accumulated in the sludge, while it was negatively correlated with the biomass in the SBRs. The accumulated Ni(II) in the sludge was distributed mainly in the available fraction, accounting for 75.8–90.0 % of the total Ni(II) content. The accumulated content of Ni(II) in each sludge fraction could be predicted satisfactorily by the feeding Ni(II) concentrations in the solutions. As compared with the total contents and other chemical fractions, Ni(II) in the oxidizable fraction in sludge exhibited more important inhibition effects on sludge microorganisms in the SBRs.     

亚硝化颗粒污泥处理低碳高氨氮废水的影响因素

稳定的部分硝化是新型脱氮工艺处理低C/N比高氨氮废水的关键环节。在SBR中,以放置超过30 d的亚硝化颗粒污泥为接种污泥,考察反应器内快速启动亚硝化的可行性和污泥形态变化, 探讨pH和C/N比对颗粒污泥性能和氮转化的影响。结果表明,通过提高进水负荷可快速启动亚硝化反应器,氨氮去除率和亚硝酸盐累积率均在90%以上,由同步反硝化引起的氮损失为20%左右。降低进水pH至7.0,SBR周期运行最高游离氨FA浓度为5.1 mg?L-1,有利于NOB选择性抑制,提高氨氮去除率,出水NO2--N/NH4+-N比值从0.5提高到0.95左右。C/N比高于2,会引起异养微生物的快速增殖,COD去除负荷提高了1.45 kg?（m3?d）-1,AOB受显著抑制,出水NO2--N/NH4+-N由1.0降低至0.65左右,出现颗粒污泥破裂、解体。     

ASBR中强化活性污泥与普通活性污泥降解啤酒废水的对照研究

在厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)中采用优势菌群对活性污泥进行强化,驯化出强化活性污泥。与普通活性污泥处理啤酒废水对照显示,强化活性污泥较普通厌氧污泥驯化成熟时间短,处理效果更稳定、更有效,CODcr去除率最高达95％。培育出的强化活性污泥颗粒粒径为1．5～2．5cm,较普通活性污泥颗粒粒径更大,更均匀。     

悬浮和附着活性污泥反应器处理低温废水的特性比较

在水温6℃下,进行了实验室规模的序批式移动床生物膜反应器(sequencing batch moving bed biofilm reactor,SBMBBR)及传统的序批式反应器(SBR)污水处理特性的比较研究。结果表明,在容积负荷分别为1.3、2.2和3.4 kg/(m~3·d)的3个工况下,2个反应器的COD平均去除率均不低于95%,总氮平均去除率均不低于43%,总磷平均去除率均不低于64%。2个反应器中都观察到明显的同步硝化反硝化过程,且对氮的去除有较大的贡献。与SBMBBR相比,SBR系统表现出相对更高的出水有机污染物去除的稳定性,出水水质波动性低。从总体的污染物去除效果分析,在水温6℃时,在相同的工艺条件下,悬浮和附着活性污泥反应器处理低温废水的工艺没有显著的差异。     

循环式活性污泥工艺协同处理榨菜废水与城镇污水脱氮效果

利用CASS工艺协同处理高盐高氮榨菜有机废水和生活污水,针对协同处理碳源不足问题,提出以榨菜废水和甲醇作为碳源的两种碳源投加方案,对比分析了CASS工艺在运行周期为8 h、排水比为30%、回流比为100%、预处理后的榨菜废水掺入比为20%的条件下,分别以榨菜废水和甲醇补充碳源及不外加碳源3种情况的脱氮效果。实验结果表明,不外加碳源时,协同处理进水C/N小于3∶1,系统脱氮效果差,出水总氮不达标;以榨菜废水和甲醇为碳源提高C/N至4∶1～5∶1时,系统脱氮效果提高,出水总氮满足GB18918-2002一级B标排放标准;盐度的变化对微生物活性产生的抑制作用,当盐度升高0.1%±0.02%时,微生物系统恢复时间为10 d,而当盐度降低0.1%±0.02%时,微生物系统恢复时间为15 d。     

Influences of influent carbon source on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of activated sludge

It is necessary to understand the bioflocculation, settling and dewatering characteristics in the activated sludge process in order to establish more efficient operational strategies. The influences of carbon source on the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and flocculation, settling and dewatering properties of the activated sludge were investigated. Laboratory-scale completely mixed activated sludge processes were used to grow the activated sludge with different carbon sources of starch, glucose and sodium acetate. The sludge fed with acetate had highest loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) and that fed with starch lowest. The amount of tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), protein content in LB-EPS, polysaccharide content and protein contents in TB-EPS, were independent of the influent carbon source. The polysaccharide content in LB-EPS of the activated sludge fed with sodium acetate was lower slightly than those of starch and glucose. The sludge also had a nearly consistent flocs size and the sludge volume index (SVI) value. ESS content of the sludge fed with sodium acetate was higher initially, although it was similar to those fed with glucose and starch finally. However, the specific resistance to filtration and normalized capillary suction time fluctuated first, but finally were stable at around 5.0 × 10⁸ m kg⁻¹ and 3.5 s L g⁻¹ SS, respectively. Only the protein content in LB-EPS weakly correlated with the flocs size and SVI of the activated sludge. But there was no correlation between any other EPS contents or components and the physicochemical properties of the activated sludge.     

循环式活性污泥法中好氧选择区的运行条件研究

研究了循环式活性污泥法好氧生物选择区的停留时间和整个系统中泥龄、污泥负荷、曝气时间等运行参数对选择区内微生物吸附性能的影响。结果表明 ,选择器停留时间 3 0 min,系统泥龄 9～ 15 d,曝气 2 h,污泥有机负荷为 0 .3 g CODCr/(g ML SS·d)左右时 ,选择器中微生物的吸附性能最优 ,可去除进水中 90以上的 CODCr。     

高硬度废水处理生化池中泥-灰旋流分离实验

针对高硬度废水生化处理过程中生成的无机灰分导致污泥活性降低和沉降性差等问题,采用旋流分离方法实现污泥原位脱灰以改善废水综合处理效能。通过离线和在线实验,探究了污泥与无机灰分的结合形式、泥灰混合物旋流分离效率以及旋流处理对高硬度废水生化处理效率的影响。结果表明,6组不同Ca²⁺浓度的来水经过150 d生化实验,生化池污泥有机质占比从进水Ca²⁺浓度为0 mg·L⁻¹时的0.75降至Ca²⁺浓度为2 400 mg·L⁻¹时的0.39,生化系统COD和氨氮去除率也相应降低11%和60%;原子力显微镜测试结果表明,来水含钙条件下生化池污泥表面因无机灰分附着导致其粗糙度从无钙来水下的20.5 nm增至38.2 nm,且活性污泥与无机灰分间的非稳态结合可通过离心等物理法实现分离;来水Ca²⁺浓度为800 mg·L⁻¹时,泥灰混合液经过最佳结构旋流器10次循环分离,其有机质占比从0.17升高至0.37;依托120 m³·h⁻¹煤制氢废水处理SBR进行旋流脱灰侧线实验,经过3个月连续运行,改造生化池污泥有机质占比较对比样从0.21提升至0.45,且出水平均COD和氨氮分别降低17.1 mg·L⁻¹和14.3 mg·L⁻¹。活性污泥在线旋流分离调理可为高硬度废水生化处理提标改造提供参考。     

Adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon for 3,5-dichlorophenol in activated sludge

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of powdered activated carbon treatment (PACT) process based on the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) in activated sludge and the effect of dissolved organic substances in activated sludge on the adsorption capacity of PAC. The DCP adsorption capacity of three PACs originated from different raw materials (coal, soft coal and sawdust) in activated sludge were 29%, 34% and 17% of that of new PAC, respectively. The performance of PACT process for shock loading of 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP) was different among PACs in spite of the same adsorption capacity in new PAC. The performance of PACT process for removal of DCP is dependent not on the adsorption capacity of new PAC but on the adsorption capacity of PAC in the aeration tank. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) with molecular weight smaller than 50kDa did not affect the adsorption capacity of PAC for 3,5-DCP in the activated sludge reactor. DOM with molecular weight larger than 50kDa and biofilm developed on the surface of PAC seemed to be responsible for the decreased adsorption capacity of PAC for the DCP.     

高负荷活性污泥法中污水有机组分表征

污水有机组分表征是高负荷活性污泥法(HRAS)模型建立的基础。针对经典活性污泥1号模型不适用于HRAS这一问题,提出了相应的双水解模型,即将污水有机组分中水解型有机物分为快速水解型与慢速水解型2种,发现两者水解动力学参数具有明显差异。对原水氧利用速率进行参数拟合,通过灵敏度和共线性分析,估计了快速生物降解型有机物、快速水解型有机物、慢速水解型有机物以及异养菌等4种污水有机组分,探讨了污水有机组分与增加HRAS碳源捕获率的关系。结果表明：以上4种有机组分均可被准确识别,共线性指数γ_K低于经验限值,各组分比例分别为13.9%、11.6%、12.6%和12.8%;从污水组分角度来说,提高HRAS碳源捕获率的3个方向分别为：反应器中的异养菌尽可能将快速生物降解型有机物和快速水解型有机物同化生成细胞物质;避免絮体污泥中的慢速水解型有机物过量水解;抑制异养菌衰减,减少内源呼吸产物的产生。双水解模型对污水有机组分成功表征有助于HRAS的设计、运行及优化。     

动态膜-生物反应器处理城市污水的运行特性研究

考察了孔径108μm左右的不锈钢丝网动态膜组件处理城市生活污水的特性,并研究了出水水头和曝气强度对动态膜泥饼层形成的影响.结果表明,稳定运行情况下出水平均浊度1.2NTU,COD平均去除率90%,NH<,3>-N平均去除率97%,与传统膜-生物反应器处理效果接近.同时发现,在20、40mm的出水水头下,动态膜运行初期膜通量衰减规律均符合泥饼阻力模型.     

多菌群污水生物处理反应器中污泥分布的试验研究

在多菌群污水生物处理反应器处理城市污水的试验中,对反应器主反应区内水平中线及垂直中线上所布设取样点位的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)、混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)、污泥沉降比(SV30)及污泥容积指数(SVI)进行了检测分析。结果表明,MLSS与MLVSS分布趋势大致相同,在水平方向与垂直方向污泥浓度总体呈现大小交替型分布;SV30与SVI在水平方向总体呈现出周边大、中心小的非对称分布,而在垂直方向由上到下呈现出先增大后减小再增大的分布趋势。污泥浓度与污泥沉降性能的差异分布,对将反应器进水点分布在污泥浓度高值区域、污泥回流点布置在污泥浓度低值区域及出水点选定在污泥浓度较低且沉降性能较好区域有着重要的指导作用,为反应器的优化控制提供了理论依据。     

活性污泥法处理味精厂废水的工艺优化

经过总结与改进武汉味全食品有限公司近 5年污水处理工艺、设备 ,结果表明 ,经过增加三级曝气池、罗茨鼓风机等工艺改进 ,SS由 132mg/L降为 112mg/L ;NH3 N由 119mg/L降为 37 6mg/L ;Ar OH由 0 0 1mg/L降为 0 0 0 9mg/L ;BOD5由 5年前的 34 6mg/L降为现在的 2 1 2mg/L ;COD由 5年前的 117mg/L降为现在的 6 2 6mg/L ;运行成本由 85 0万降到 4 5 0万 ,通过此工艺的改进及优化 ,基本达到国家污水排放标准 ,完全达到行业排放标准     

Modeling external carbon addition in biological nutrient removal processes with an extension of the international water association activated sludge model

The aim of this study was to expand the International Water Association Activated Sludge Model No. 2d (ASM2d) to account for a newly defined readily biodegradable substrate that can be consumed by polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) under anoxic and aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. The model change was to add a new substrate component and process terms for its use by PAOs and other heterotrophic bacteria under anoxic and aerobic conditions. The Gdansk (Poland) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which has a modified University of Cape Town (MUCT) process for nutrient removal, provided field data and mixed liquor for batch tests for model evaluation. The original ASM2d was first calibrated under dynamic conditions with the results of batch tests with settled wastewater and mixed liquor, in which nitrate-uptake rates, phosphorus-release rates, and anoxic phosphorus uptake rates were followed. Model validation was conducted with data from a 96-hour measurement campaign in the full-scale WWTP. The results of similar batch tests with ethanol and fusel oil as the external carbon sources were used to adjust kinetic and stoichiometric coefficients in the expanded ASM2d. Both models were compared based on their predictions of the effect of adding supplemental carbon to the anoxic zone of an MUCT process. In comparison with the ASM2d, the new model better predicted the anoxic behaviors of carbonaceous oxygen demand, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), and phosphorous (PO4-P) in batch experiments with ethanol and fusel oil. However, when simulating ethanol addition to the anoxic zone of a full-scale biological nutrient removal facility, both models predicted similar effluent NO3-N concentrations (6.6 to 6.9 g N/m3). For the particular application, effective enhanced biological phosphorus removal was predicted by both models with external carbon addition but, for the new model, the effluent PO4-P concentration was approximately one-half of that found from ASM2d. On a PO4-P removal percentage basis, the difference was small, that is, 94.1 vs. 97.1%, respectively, for the ASM2d and expanded ASM2d.     

Ca(II)在活性污泥生物絮凝中的作用研究

采用4个平行的序批式反应器(SBR),研究了进水Ca²⁺浓度对活性污泥絮体表面特性和结构稳定性的影响,并由此来确定Ca²⁺在生物絮凝中的作用。结果表明：随着进水Ca²⁺浓度的增加,污泥中的Ca含量逐渐增大。进水中Ca²⁺的加入,增大了污泥絮体的粒径和密度,进而改善了污泥的沉降性能;Ca²⁺的加入,使可供结合的蛋白质数量最高增至近1倍,污泥表面疏水性也相应增强;污泥絮凝性能的改善,主要和可供Ca²⁺结合的蛋白质含量增加有关,而非多糖;EDTA通过络合污泥絮体中的Ca²⁺,破坏了由Ca²⁺架桥形成的污泥絮体结构,这说明Ca²⁺可通过和胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances, EPS）中的负电官能团架桥来促进污泥絮体的形成并维持絮体结构的稳定性。     

广玉兰叶用于生活污水的反硝化处理

目前,固体碳源常被用于低碳氮比地表水和地下水的修复研究,关于生活污水的应用较少。研究首先选用广玉兰、梧桐和香樟3种落叶作为反硝化外加碳源,分析了3种落叶的释碳性能和动力学,筛选出广玉兰叶,考察温度和固液比对其反硝化过程的影响,并最终将广玉兰叶作为外加碳源投入生活污水中,考察其在实际废水中的反硝化效能。结果表明：Logistic模型能更好地模拟落叶的释碳过程;温度和固液比都会影响到落叶的反硝化效能,实验过程中3组温度系统的硝酸盐去除负荷为30 ℃最优,不同固液比条件下,单位质量落叶硝酸盐去除负荷最大为208.49 mg·g-1,对应的固液比为1：250,表明落叶的投加量并非越多越好;落叶投加到生活污水反硝化实验结果显示,当污水中可快速利用碳源消耗殆尽,落叶溶出的碳源能快速弥补反硝化碳源的不足,维持较高的反硝化率。     

生物磁分离新技术处理含铬废水最佳条件的研究

为了探索新工艺"趋磁细菌-磁分离法"处理含铬废水的最佳条件,首先进行了趋磁细菌对铬离子的去除影响因素试验,研究了pH、温度、时间和微生物量对吸附的影响;其次进行了趋磁细菌的分离试验,考查了磁分离器中悬丝摆放位置和磁场强度对溶液中菌体的去除效果的影响.试验结果表明,体系的pH值对铬离子的去除效率影响最大,pH值的最佳范围为5～11;在室温范围内,温度对吸附的影响不大;随着菌量的增加,菌对Cr(Ⅲ)的去除率略有提高,而单位质量菌的吸附量却有明显下降.在分离趋磁细菌时,磁场强度为100高斯时分离效果很高,而超过100高斯以后,效果不明显;另外,分离器中的金属丝和磁场方向垂直放置要比平行放置效果好,并用扫描电镜放大5 000倍观察了金属丝上被捕集的趋磁细菌的形态和结构.     

膜-生物反应器处理超市废水中污泥性质与膜污染关系分析

在以处理超市废水实际工程的基础上,通过对污泥性质中的胞外聚合物(EPS)、溶解性微生物产物(SMPs)、溶解性COD(SCOD)和污泥浓度(MLSS)变化的分析,得出EPS积累的原因是多方面的,而EPS的过度积累对沉降性能有一定的恶化作用;此外,EPS与SMPs有很好的相关性.作者采用SPSS软件对污泥性质与膜污染之间...