宝象河雨季径流过程氮素输移特征及来源示踪

为探究滇池主要入湖河道的氮素来源及输移特征,研究于雨季对宝象河水系径流氮营养盐进行了系统监测,分析了宝象河径流过程中氮的浓度、赋存形态特征及其变化规律等环境过程,并对不同区位的氮来源进行了示踪.结果表明,干流总氮浓度从上至下呈现增长趋势,河源至中游地区以硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)为主,而下游则以氨氮(NH_4~+-N)为主.流域主要氮源总氮浓度从低到高依次为:雨水、村镇排污口、农田沟渠径流、城市排污口,其中农田沟渠径流以NO_3~--N为主,而其他三类则以NH_4~+-N为主.雨季宝象河流域各主要氮源的汇入是导致宝象河径流氮浓度及其赋存形态的变化的重要原因,不同氮源的氮赋存形态在一定程度上决定了对应受纳区河道径流氮赋存形态.干流水体δ~(15)N-NO_3~--N从河源至入湖口呈现先增后减的趋势,其变化范围是6.576‰—9.708‰.流域雨水、农田沟渠径流、村镇排污口和城市排污口等氮源δ~(15)N-NO_3~--N分别为3.389‰—5.619‰、6.681‰—19.623‰、5.031‰—9.278‰和5.497‰—7.02‰.降雨和土壤径流是河源氮素主要贡献源;农业源和村镇源是上游、中游地区氮素主要贡献源;宝象河下游除了农业源、村镇源外,城市源也是其主要贡献源.研究结果能为滇池流域氮素面源污染精确治理和调控提供依据.     

离子交换树脂袋法研究森林土壤硝态氮及其对氮沉降增加的响应

用离子交换树脂袋法，研究了鼎湖山三种森林（马尾松林、马尾松针叶阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林）土壤硝态氮对外加氮的响应特征。结果表明，土壤硝态氮显著地受森林类型、季节和氮处理的影响。整体而言，阔叶林土壤硝态氮极显著高于马尾松林和混交林，而马尾松林和混交林之间的差异则不显著。三种森林土壤硝态氮的季节变化均表现为春季和夏季极显著高于冬季和秋季，而冬季又显著高于秋季。外加氮处理提高土壤硝态氮水平，其中在马尾松林和阔叶林氮处理效应显著。所得结果与直接采集土壤或土壤水测定的硝态氮含量的结果一致，表明离子交换树脂袋法是评价土壤硝态氮水平行之有效的手段之一。     

工厂化循环水海水养殖尾水反硝化研究

工厂化海水养殖尾水的大量排放不仅危害受纳水体环境,而且威胁人类健康.基于工厂化循环水养殖尾水高氧、低碳、高硝酸盐氮的特征,建立反硝化生物脱氮滤池,重点探究其碳源补充量和脱氮性能.结果表明,反硝化所需COD/N略高,否则硝酸盐氮去除率低,且亚硝酸盐氮出现积累.当COD/N为5:1时,硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除率均在80％以上....     

气相色谱法测定水中有机磷农药残留量

本法采用火焰光度检测器气相色谱法,同时测定水中乐果,敌敌畏,甲基对硫磷、对硫磷、马拉硫磷和奎硫磷等农药,上述农药在14min内全部出峰,最低检测浓度为2.3—18μg/l,混合水样加标回收率在85.7％—95.3％之间.     

汞矿地区人发中甲基汞的气相色谱测定

本文采用气相色谱法测定人发中甲基汞，对人发的酸度，浸取时间，人发与酸液的比例，以及无机汞存在的影响作了测定和选择，方法的平均回收率９６．６％，精确度２．８％，方法可靠性用氢化物原子荧光法核对，结果一致，并对我国某矿区职工，儿童及产妇发样分析结果作了讨论。     

秸秆还田下晚播稻茬麦适宜施氮量研究

研究了前荏水稻秸秆全量还田条件下,不同施氮水平(0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm-2)对晚播小麦土壤矿质氮积累、秸秆氮释放、氮素平衡特征和产量的影响.结果表明,基肥施用提高了越冬期0～ 30 cm土壤矿质氮量,追施氮肥提高了开花期0～15 cm土壤矿质氮量.施氮量高于180 kg· hm-2时会造成小麦成熟后土壤矿质氮量的显著增加.氮平衡分析结果表明,小麦全生育期氮素净矿化量为48 kg· hm-2;随施氮水平的增加,秸秆氮释放量、植株氮积累量、土壤矿质氮残留量和氮表观损失量均随之增加;N90、N180、N270和N360处理氮表观损失率分别为27.9％、37.6％、43.2％和47.6％;N90处理损失量以播种至越冬期最高,其余处理均以开花至成熟期最高.适量增施氮肥有利于提高籽粒产量,但施氮量若超过180 kg·hm-2,增产效果则不显著.综合考虑,水稻秸秆全量还田条件下氮肥施用量为180 kg·hm-2有利于兼顾晚播小麦生产和生态效益.     

饮用水中消毒副产物及常见阴离子的离子色谱分析

本文研究了一次进样同时测定饮用水中包括消毒副产物 (BrO_3~-,ClO_3~-)在内的九种阴离子的离子色谱法条件,相对标准偏差小于2.7％,样品测定的回收率在95％—103％。     

施肥对土壤硝态氮含量及分布的影响及合理施肥研究

通过3 a 6季作物收获后测定不同施肥方式下潮土1 m土层中的硝态氮,结果表明无论是0～20 cm、80～100 cm还是0～100 cm土层,其硝态氮含量顺序均是N＞NK＞NP＞NPK＞SNPK＞MNPK;0～20 cm土层中硝态氮相对值随降雨量增大而减小,降水量大则硝态氮向下淋溶较多;施有机肥或秸秆还田有减轻淋溶的作用。0～60 cm土层中硝态氮相对值在测定时期及处理之间差异均不显著。     

水体中不同形态氮对阿昔洛韦光解的影响

以350 W氙灯为太阳光模拟光源,探讨了水环境中不同形态氮(NO3-、NO_2~-和NH+4)对阿昔洛韦(ACV)光解的影响.结果表明,ACV在不同形态氮离子溶液中的光解符合一级动力学规律,NO_3~-和NO_2~-均促进ACV的光解,NH+4对ACV的光解基本无影响;在NO_3~-、NO_2~-存在下,加入异丙醇作为羟基自由基猝灭剂,显著抑制了ACV的降解,表明NO_3~-、NO_2~-在光照下产生了·OH参与ACV的氧化降解.同时模拟研究了水体处于不同p E值时,水中不同形态氮共存对ACV光解的复合影响.p E值增大,ACV的光解速率先增大后减小;当NO_2~-和NH+4共存时,对ACV的光解主要表现为NO_2~-的影响;当NO_2~-和NO_3~-共存时,两者对ACV的光解存在拮抗作用,说明其对ACV的光解不是简单的叠加.     

紫外分光光度法同时测定生活饮用水中的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮

提出了紫外分光光度法同时测定生活饮用水中的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的含量。方法操作简便快速,精密度和准确度都是令人满意,大大提高分析效率。     

电子受体及中间产物对厌氧氨氧化的影响

研究了厌氧氨氧化混合培养物对不同基质(硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐)的转化特性，确定了氨和硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐转化比例(物质的量)分别为1.085、0.897．亚硝酸盐转化成硝酸盐的比率为14.97％．在培养液中加入厌氧氨氧化的中间产物羟胺可以加速反应的进行．图3表2参9     

临沂地区蔬菜主要有害物质的调查

通过对全区蔬菜地布点取样调查，探明了蔬菜中有害物质（硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、重金属、六六六、ＤＤＴ）以及６种重金属的残留量。结果表明，硝酸盐类是该区蔬菜中的主要有害物质，所检测的３种蔬菜中，硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的超标率分别为７８．３％和３３．６％；重金属含量大多数未超标；ＤＤＴ全部未检出；六六六超标率平均为４．３％。     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

双波长标准加入法同时测定水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐

本文应用双波长标准加入法同时测定了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐，在研究硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐紫外光谱的基础上，精确选择亚硝酸盐等吸收点波长２０２．５ｎｍ，２１６．５ｎｍ为测定波长。亚硝酸盐含量回归方程经推导得Ｃ＝－３．８４１＋１５６．６Ａ，相关系Ｒ＝１．０００。将该法用于合成样品及实际水样分析，所得结果较满意。     

Release of nitrite by marine dinoflagellates: development of a mathematical simulation

The dinoflagellates Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) and Alexandrium minutum (Halim) were grown in a light–dark cycle with nitrate or nitrate plus ammonium under three different nutrient-supply regimes (dilution with fresh media in dark phase only or during the entire light–dark cycle at the same daily dilution rate, or with a faster continuous dilution). When supplied with nitrate + ammonium, A. minutum released a proportion (as much as 100% from dark-fed cells) of the nitrate taken up during the dark phase as nitrite, reflecting a rate-limiting step at nitrite reduction and poor regulation of inorganic-N uptake and assimilation. S. trochoidea released much smaller amounts of nitrite, if any. Nitrate and ammonium were not accumulated to any extent by either species in darkness, and the transient increases in the size of the free amino acid pool were too small to explain the fate of the newly assimilated N. Thus uptake through to incorporation of N into macromolecules appeared to be coupled in these species, even in darkness when increasing glutamine:glutamate (Gln:Glu) ratios suggested rising C-stress. A mechanistic model was developed from an earlier ammonium–nitrate interaction model (ANIM) by the inclusion of an internal nitrite pool, with control over the supply of reductant for nitrite reduction linked to photosynthetic and respiratory components. The model can reproduce the release of nitrite seen in the experiments, and also the release of nitrite in response to nitrate-feeding of N-stressed cells reported elsewhere. Received: 22 August 1997 / Accepted: 26 September 1997     

Nitrite and Freshwater Fish

Nitrite occurs naturally in fresh waters as a result of nitrification of ammonia and denitrification of nitrate, and its concentration can be enhanced by partial oxidation of ammoniacal discharges. Nitrite is toxic to vertebrates including fish and a principal effect is the conversion of haemoglobin to methaemoglobin which is incapable of oxygen transport although there are circulatory and tissue effects as well. The toxic species is the nitrite ion (NO₂) which is believed to enter the blood via the branchial chloride/bicarbonate exchange and fish such as salmonids with high chloride uptake rates are more susceptible than those with low chloride uptake rates, for example carp. Nitrite toxicity is strongly aleviated by chloride and the concentration ratio of these ions is of great importance in assessing toxicity. Short term and long term toxicity data for a variety of fish species are presented. There are no field data on fish populations in waters where nitrite was the only pollutant. However extensive field surveys indicated that, waters with a mean chloride concentration of 25 mg l^-1 in good salmon fisheries were associated with concentrations of nitrite below 50 μg l^-1 N · NO₂, good coarse fisheries below 100 μg l^-1 N · NO₂.     

海洋沉积物-水界面营养盐交换过程的研究1

对胶州湾和渤海沉积物分别进行室内培养实验.结果表明,在沉积物中加入营养盐后,铵氮、硅酸盐由沉积物向水体的迁移增大,铵氮的迁移在总溶解态氮的交换中起主要作用,其交换量约占总溶解态氮扩散量的76%,硝酸盐及磷酸盐由水体向沉积物的迁移减弱.在上覆水中加入营养盐后,硝酸盐、磷酸盐由水体向沉积物的迁移增大,硝酸氮的迁移占总溶解态氮交换的主要部分,约为62%.铵由沉积物向水体的迁移减弱,硅酸盐变成由水体向沉积物迁移.沉积物对于上覆水中营养盐的浓度具有一定的调节作用.无论在充空气或充氮气条件下,磷及硅的交换速率变化不明显,铵氮的迁移占总溶解态氮扩散量的98%以上.充氧条件下硝酸盐由沉积物向上覆水的迁移通量较充氮气条件增加.比较两种不同的通量计算方法(积分和拟合),结果表明由两种计算方法计算的交换速率的变化趋势基本是一致的.     

沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺及铵沸石再生

简述了沸石生物联合吸附再生的工艺原理,重点讨论吸附了NH 4的沸石粉的生物再生.结果表明,沸石和液相之间的NH 4是一种动态的离子交换平衡,污水的电导率对吸附了NH 4的沸石粉的NH 4解吸量有明显的影响;污水中阳离子对吸附了NH 4的沸石粉的再生率可达40%-50%,在微生物的硝化作用下可达94%.沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺中,吸附了NH 4的沸石粉的再生是"化学再生"和"生物再生"相结合的过程,生物硝化作用促进了沸石相中NH 4的解吸.     

Effect of temperature on nitrite excretion by three marine diatoms during nitrate uptake

Nitrite excretion during nitrate uptake by three nitrate-limited diatoms was measured at different temperatures. Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin and Chaetoceros affinis Lauder Hustedt excreted nitrite over the whole range of physiological temperatures, whereas Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle and Heimdal (Clone 13-1) excreted nitrite only at 25°C. Parallel to growth and nitrate-uptake rates, excretion rates increased exponentially with temperature, attaining a maximum between 20° and 25°C (optimum temperature range). At the end of nitrate uptake, when the nitrate concentration in the culture medium had decreased below 1 M, nitrite was reabsorbed at all temperatures, except when cells were in the dark or at very low light intensity. Nitrite uptake was also inhibited by the presence of nitrate in the medium. These results are discussed in relation to the formation and position of the maximum layer of primary nitrite in the thermocline, below the maximum layer of chlorophyll in stratified oceanic areas.     

FORMS OF NITROGEN (NO 3 - -N; NO 2 - -N AND NH 2 CONH 2 -N) AND THEIR RELATIONS TO A.O.U. IN THE INDIAN COASTAL WATERS OF ARABIAN SEA

The distribution of three important dissolved forms of nitrogen, viz. nitrate, nitrite and urea in the surface and bottom water samples collected from 27 selected hydrographic profiles, in the Arabian Sea, along the west coast of India is described. Of the three forms, nitrate concentrations were the highest and comparatively higher concentrations were observed in the bottom water. Decomposition of organic matter resulting in the release of the thermodynamically stable nitrogen species, i.e. nitrate, may be the major factor resulting in higher nitrate concentrations at these depths, where the water is also characterized by low values of dissolved oxygen and temperature. The significant positive correlation between A.O.U. and nitrate of the bottom water samples emphasizes the role of oxidative decomposition of organic matter which plays an active role in reducing the oxygen concentrations below the theoretical values since at this depth ( ≈200 m) the net production is taken to be zero. This is also evidenced by the negative correlation of nitrate with dissolved oxygen and temperature, for the bottom samples.