园林植物挥发油成分分析及抗菌活性测定

运用试管稀释法和平板涂布法,测定黄皮,白皮松,香榧,侧柏,龙柏,雪松,圆柏等7种常见园林植物的挥发油对表皮葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌及绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性(包括抑菌和杀菌两个方面)。结果显示,所有供试植物挥发油均具有一定的抗菌活性。对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏=龙柏>圆柏>雪松>香榧;对表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌活性为侧柏>圆柏>龙柏=雪松=黄皮>白皮松>香榧;仅圆柏挥发油对大肠杆菌具有抑菌作用,所有供试植物挥发油对绿脓杆菌均无抑菌作用。实验证明,圆柏,侧柏,龙柏,雪松具有较强抗菌活性,是较为理想的城市生态保健型绿化模式的栽培树种。     

石油降解菌株G5 16S rDNA全序列的系统学分析

用PCR方法扩增了一株石油降解菌株G5的16S rRNA基因全序列，并对其进行了克隆和测序．对该序列在GenBank中的BLAST结果表明，所有与该序列高度同源的序列都是假单胞菌的16S rRNA基因．其中假单胞菌的代表菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa，P．fluoroscens，P .putida，P.syringae的16S rRNA基因序列与G5的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分别为93．4％，98．4％，96．3％，97．5％．对G5和其他39株假单胞菌的16S rRNA基因序列进行聚类分析，获得的系统发育树与RDP(Ribosomal Database Project)报道的系统发育树基本一致，其中菌株G5与5株P．chlororaphis聚类在一起．图2参7     

Effect of natural preservatives on the growth of histamine producing bacteria

Present study deals with the hampering of the growth of histamine producing bacteria (HPB), by using NaCl and spices which are easily available and cheaper cost wise. For this experiment, four strains of HPB viz. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis were tested against 1 to 10% concentrations of NaCl and 1 to 5% concentrations of natural preservatives (turmeric, ginger and garlic) in a basal medium. HPB showed different growth rates at different concentrations of NaCl and natural preservatives. V. parahaemolyticus, B. cereus and Ps. aeruginosa showed no growth at 10% concentration. When the HPB growth was tested with garlic, turmeric and ginger extracts, growth of all the bacteria was inhibited by garlic and turmeric extracts at 5% concentration. In ginger, V. parahaemolyticus, B. cereus and P. mirabilis were totally inhibited at 5% concentration. But Ps. aeruginosa showed very less growth at this concentration.     

一株聚丁二酸丁二醇酯降解菌的分离鉴定

以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）为唯一碳源,通过滤纸片法对西安郊区土壤中可有效降解PBS聚合物的微生物进行分离,并成功获得一株降解效果最为明显的细菌菌株,其在30 d内可使PBS聚合物的数均分子量降低19.80%。采用生理生化实验以及16S rDNA序列对比分析对该菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明,该菌株的生理生化特征与铜绿假单胞菌属相似,且其16SrDNA序列与Pseudomonas aeruginosa 39016 contig 00492的核苷酸序列同源性达99%,结合生理、生化指标鉴定结果,进一步确定该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudanonas aeruginosa）。该菌株的分离鉴定为进一步研究PBS聚合物的生物降解特性及机理等奠定了基础。     

Antimicrobial activities of Eusteralis deccanensis and E. quadrifolia essential oils

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Eusteralis deccanensis and E. quadrifolia were investigated on Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus niger and Colletotrichum musae. Both the oils possess growth inhibitory activity against most of the microorganisms tested.     

Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Origanum majorana L. (Sweet marjoram)

In-vitro microbicidal activity of the methanol extract of Origanum majorana L. was tested against seven fungi (Fusarium solani, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, A. parasiticus, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizoctonia otyzae-sativae and Altemaria brassicicola) and six bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, Escherichia coil, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). The methanol extract of O. majorana can be used as an effective herbal protectant against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi. High toxicity against the growth of Aspergillus niger was diagnosed.     

Industry,incidents and casualties in South West England: what is their relationship and are there social inequalities in their distribution?

This ecological study aimed, through the analysis of 1,146 wards in the South West of England (1998–2002), firstly, to examine whether chemical incidents and public casualties are more likely near complex industry (emissions to land, air or water: Integrated Pollution Control industry, IPC) or industry with emissions to air only (Local Air Pollution Control industry, LAPC). Secondly, the study examined whether industry, incidents and casualties are found close to deprivation. Social inequalities were examined across quintiles of wards. Fifty-two wards (4.5%) contained an IPC industry and 712 (62.1%) an LAPC. Incidents occurred in 132 wards (11.5%), with casualties in 59 (5.1%). Chemical incidents occurred more frequently in wards with LAPC (152, IPC 20); the same was true of casualties (211, 12). With each additional LAPC site in a ward, the risk of an incident rose by 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8–38%), suggesting a dose–response relationship. No clear social inequalities were found. In the South West of England, the public are more likely to be affected by an incident occurring at a simple LAPC site rather than a complex IPC site. This has implications for emergency planning which, at present, focusses most attention on the larger, more complex IPC sites.     

附生假单胞菌存在下不同光照时间对铜绿微囊藻生长与磷代谢的影响

通过设置8/16、12/12、16/8不同光暗比,分析了附生细菌存在下不同光照时间对铜绿微囊藻(M icrocystis aeruginosa)生长及其与附生假单胞菌(Pseudom onassp.)磷代谢之间关系的影响。结果表明:光照时间越长,铜绿微囊藻生长越快,16 h光照下的比增长速率为8 h光照下的1.6倍。铜绿微囊藻的快速生长促进了附生细菌中磷的释放;藻细胞增殖越快,附生细菌释放的磷越多。铜绿微囊藻对数生长期末,8、12、16 h光照下附生细菌磷含量分别降至对数生长初期的87.8%、78.6%和64.9%。铜绿微囊藻对附生细菌磷释放的促进作用是由藻细胞生长对磷的消耗再吸收导致的。     

Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii--histopathological and electron microscopic study

The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was injected with an inoculum containing LD, 96 hr dose of 10' Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688) to determine the histopathological effects in vivo. The comparison of tissues of both the control and the bacterial endotoxin treated prawns after 96 hr revealed significant degenerative changes in treated prawns. Both light microscopic and electron microscopic observations revealed the infiltration of the tissues of Pseudomonas sp in the muscular and hepatopancreatic tissues of prawn. The muscular tissue changes in the myofibrillar arrangement with blockage at the gap junctions and necrotic lesions were observed. The hepatopancreatic cells were vacuolated with hypertrophied nucleus. Atrophy of hepatopancreatic tubules was conspicuous. The pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is attributed to its infiltration and multiplication inside the tissues and the consequent release of extra-cellular enzymes for its metabolism. The degeneration of host tissues is also attributed to the latter.     

Aerobic heterotrophic bacterial diversity in sediments of Rajakkamangalam estuary, south west coast of India

The abundance of aerobic heterotrophic bacterial population in the sediment sample of six experimental stations (S1 to S6) at Rajakkamangalam estuary was studied for a period of one year from March, 1998 to February, 1999. The important bacterial genera encountered were Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Vibrio, Escherichia, Micrococcus, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Aeromonas, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Alkaligenes, Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Flavobacterium. The bacterial population based on numerical counts showed wide fluctuations in their distribution at different stations. Among the bacterial genera Pseuaomonas was found to be the dominant genus during the experimental period. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of microflora in the sediment samples are discussed.     

铜绿假单胞菌增强型绿色荧光蛋白标记的研究

根据增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因设计了上下游引物P1和P2,通过对铜绿假单胞菌菌株X3绿色荧光蛋白标记研究,构建了铜绿假单胞菌标记系统,获得带有EGFP标记的基因工程菌X9,为进行相关的跟踪研究创造了条件.该菌株绿色荧光标记性能稳定.通过转化子基因组DNAPCR和斑点杂交检测,外源EGFP基因存在于转化子染色体上. 图 6参 14     

太湖中微囊藻群落的季节变化分析

采用显微观察和PCR-DGGE 2种方法分析太湖(河口、梅梁湾湾心、湖湾交汇处和湖心)4个代表性区域微囊藻群落的季节变化,研究太湖中微囊藻群落的季节变化规律.显微形态分析未发现微囊藻属的主要优势种铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)和水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)存在明显的季节变化规律(P>0.05).DGGE条带测序结果的亲缘分析表明,太湖夏季和冬季样品中的微囊藻彼此分离成2大特征类群,而春季和秋季样品中的微囊藻彼此混杂.遗传距离分析结果显示,同一季节内微囊藻的遗传距离小于不同季节间的遗传距离(P<0.01),太湖夏季水华主要由亲缘关系很近的微囊藻类群构成.     

Pseudomonas sp.L19抗除草剂AHAS基因的克隆、表达及特性

乙酰羟酸合酶(AHAS)是磺酰脲类、咪唑啉酮类、三唑嘧啶类、磺酰胺类和嘧啶水杨酸类等乙酰羟酸合酶抑制剂类除草剂的作用靶标,获得能抗此类除草剂的AHAS突变基因资源具有非常重要的理论和应用价值.从长期使用甲磺隆的农田土壤中分离到1株对乙酰羟酸合酶抑制剂类除草剂有广谱抗性的菌株L19,根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列系统发育分析,将其鉴定为假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).利用PCR技术从Pseudomonas sp.L19的总DNA中克隆AHAS基因,氨基酸序列比对结果表明,L19与对除草剂敏感菌株P.putida KT2440的AHAS调节亚基氨基酸序列完全相同,而催化亚基有4个氨基酸位点不同:[Val 29→Ala(L19→KT2440),Pro93→Ser,Val 345→Ala,Pro 484→Arg].分别将菌株L19与KT2440的AHAS催化亚基克隆到pET29a(+)的多克隆位点,构建了表达载体pET-L19AHASc和pET-KT2440AHASc,通过镍柱亲和层析纯化得到带有组氨酸标签的乙酰羟酸合酶.抗性试验结果表明菌株L19的乙酰羟酸合酶对四大类乙酰羟酸合酶抑制剂类除草剂的抗性均要强于KT2440的乙酰羟酸合酶,对甲磺隆、咪唑乙烟酸、唑嘧磺草胺和嘧草醚的抗性倍数分别达到53.6、9.3、8.2和9.5倍.菌株L19的乙酰羟酸合酶比活力、对ThDP和Mg2+的Kc值相应地比KT2440乙酰羟酸合酶的要低;而对底物丙酮酸钠的米氏常数Km值要比KT2440乙酰羟酸合酶的要高近1倍.     

Pah characteristics in ambient air within a steel industrial complex

Ambient air samples at ten sites in an iron and steel industrial complex were collected from June to December for analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sixteen species of PAH components in air samples were identified. The results indicate that both gaseous phase and particle‐bound PAHs at the top of the cokemaking plants are unusually high. The profiles of particle‐bound PAHs indicate that the predominant species at the top of, the coke oven batteries are those of high molecular weight components. The major components of particle‐bound PAHs at sampling sites near the fenceline, however, include the medium molecular weight components. The PAH profiles of air samples within the industrial complex show a strong similarity to those of cokemaking plant samples. The concentrations and the specific content of benzo(a)pyrene in the iron and steel industrial complex are higher than those values measured in urban area, petrochemical industry park, and open‐air burning area.     

土壤甲胺磷抗性细菌种群特征脂肪酸生物标记的分析（Characteristics of PLFA Biomarkers for Acephatemet Resistant Bacteria Isolated from the Soils）

应用高浓度甲胺磷培养基,对农药厂排污口土壤微生物进行分离,鉴定出21株细菌,分属13个细菌属.对甲胺磷抗性细菌脂肪酸的分析,共测定到38个脂肪酸生物标记(PLFA),这些生物标记分为4种类型,即1)高频次分布的生物标记,普遍存在于细菌类群,属于细菌总体类群(Bacteriaingeneral)的生物标记;2)中频次分布的生物标记,在细菌种出现概率中等,可以用于代表细菌属类群(Bacteriumgenus)识别生物标记;3)低频次分布的生物标记,在细菌中的分布概率较小,可以用于指示特定细菌种间差异的生物标记;4)微频次分布的生物标记,这种生物标记仅在一种细菌种类出现,是细菌种特征生物标记.利用脂肪酸生物标记分析同属细菌不同种的差异,可将假单胞杆菌属分为2类,第1类包括了铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、丁香假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量小于3.60%;第2类包含了伞菌假单胞菌、威隆假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、温哥华假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量大于5.99%.利用脂肪酸生物标记的差异对甲胺磷抗性细菌种的聚类分析,能有效地将细菌类群分为3类,微生物群落中存在着稳定的生物标记和受环境影响的生物标记,论文提供了一种脂肪酸生物标记的分析方法,结合细菌的生物学特性研究,可以解释微生物在环境中的变化,对于土壤微生物群落的研究具有重要意义.     

Influence of lignin, pentachlorophenol and heavy metal on antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from pulp paper mill effluent contaminated river water

Pulp paper mill pollutants are the major source of aquatic contamination having metals, lignin and chlorophenols. Study was conducted to see the effect of these contaminants on antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated bacteria. Pulp paper effluents were evaluated for its physico-chemical properties i.e, BOD 72143 +/- 164.81 to 22.32 +/- 2.48, COD 213136 +/- 583.59 to 60.40 +/- 6.34, total phenol 386 +/- 71.24 to 0.43 +/- 0.0, lignin 26312 +/- 258.59 to 73.67 +/- 31.81and microbial quality i.e. K. pneumonae, S. typhi, S. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Ent. faecalis, A. hydrophila, B. subtilis, S. aureus, Y enterolitica and V vulrificus. Antibiotic sensitivity (10-30 microg), heavy metal resistance (100-1000 microg ml(-1)), lignin (1000-10,000 ppm) and pentachlorophenol (100-1000 ppm) tolerance of bacterial strains were assessed by seven classes of antibiotics. Eleven bacterial isolates were found multidrug resistant towards antibiotics, heavy metal, lignin and PCP. Out of 11 isolates, 90.9% were found resistant against eleven antibiotics which acquired 100% resistant in presence of heavy metal, lignin and chlorophenols. Results also revealed that concentration of lignin (50-350 ppm) and PCP (5-30 ppm) induced maximum growth (273-8050 cfu ml(-1)) of pathogenic bacteria in river water.     

北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的相分配及其致癌毒性表征

采用索氏提取法提取2005年3月至2006年1月间北京市东南郊3个采样点大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品和气相样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs),利用GC/MS分析其质量浓度,对PAHs在颗粒相和气相间的分配行为进行研究。结果表明,2环组分在气相PAHs中占优势地位,全年平均在95%左右;4环组分在颗粒相PAHs中全年平均占56%左右;5~6环组分几乎全部分布在颗粒相中。引入苯并[a]芘等当量毒性因子(TEFs),探讨致癌毒性组分在2相间的分配行为,研究发现低毒高质量浓度的低环组分与高毒低质量浓度的高环组分对致癌性贡献相当;利用苯并[a]芘等效质量浓度与16种PAHs组分质量浓度进行多元线性回归,得到的回归方程用于粗略计算大气中PAHs致癌性组分的等效质量浓度;在分析PAHs分配行为的季节变化规律基础上,结合气象参数和空气污染指数分析PAHs在大气气相和颗粒相中分配系数的影响因素,并提出了分配系数与气象参数和API指数的回归方程,并利用回归方程来计算PAHs组分在大气中的分配系数。     

Impact of vehicular exhaust on ambient air quality of Rohtak city, India

In the present study, ambient air quality of Rohtak city (Haryana) was monitored by High Volume Sampler. The selected parameters to judge the quality of air were Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide NO), Ozone (O3) and Suspended particulate matters (SPM) which give a fair idea of pollution load carried by the air. The monitoring data were collected from six sites randomly selected in Rohtak city. Sulphur dioxide was found below the permissible limits of National Ambient Avo Quality Standards (NAAQS) at all the sites. Higher concentration of SO2 was observed during winter in comparison to summer and monsoon seasons. Nitrogen dioxide concentration was found to be above the prescribed standards of NAAOS at four sites in winter season. Ozone concentration was found below the prescribed standards (NAAOS), but its concentration was higher in summer season as compared to winter. Suspended particulate matter concentration was observed above the safety limits at all the sites in all three seasons.     

长链烷烃降解菌alkB片段的分离和鉴定

分离并鉴定了长链烷烃降解菌Pseudomonasaeruginosa1785和P.marginata766烃羟化酶基因alkB片段.根据烃羟化酶的保守氨基酸序列,设计兼并引物,扩增P.aeruginosa1785和P.marginata766的alkB片段,获得了目标产物.经DNA测序和氨基酸序列分析,证实目标片段编码的肽段含有烃羟化酶的特征基序.由此确认采用该方法分离到了长链烷烃降解基因的alkB同源体片段.DNA序列比对结果表明,P.aeruginosa1785和P.marginata766的alkB片段与P.aeruginosaPAO1的alkB1和alkB2的相似性分别达到95.7%和94.8%.这些alkB片段可用于分析烃降解微生物群落结构.图3表2参11     

生物表面活性剂与蒽降解菌的协同降解效应

对蒽生物降解中铜绿假单胞菌S6分泌的生物表面活性剂的作用进行了研究.结果表明,在接种蒽降解菌A10之前1d及与接种A10同时投加60mg.l-1的生物表面活性剂能够最大程度地促进蒽降解,相比于未添加表面活性剂的样品,降解率分别提高了16.50%和18.03%.过高浓度的生物表面活性剂会在一定程度上抑制蒽的降解.对蒽降解过程的分析表明,提前投加生物表面活性剂能明显促进蒽的降解且一直保持较好的降解效果.蒽降解过程中,生物表面活性剂能够被微生物利用,具有生物可利用性,是一种环境友好的生物制剂.