桥梁施工过程的布拉格光纤光栅安全监测技术

为了安全可靠地建好每座大跨桥梁,就要对每座桥的施工过程进行安全监测,传统的安全监测方法是采用电测技术,由于抗电磁干扰性差等原因,测试的数据真实性差。笔者在布拉格光纤光栅的传感原理、室内悬臂梁试验和埋设工艺的研究基础上,成功地在黑大公路牛头山大桥上布设了布拉格光纤光栅应变传感器,为对比布拉格光纤光栅的监测结果,埋设了应变砖测试混凝土的应变,监测了该桥预应力混凝土连续梁先简支后连续施工的全过程,施工监测结果表明:布拉格光纤光栅监测大桥施工结果准确、稳定和可靠,同时证明该光纤光栅测试技术可以用于桥梁施工过程的安全监测且结果明显好于传统的电测技术。     

光纤光栅监测技术在桥涵加固中的应用

在土木工程领域,光纤智能健康监测方法是对建筑物或构筑物的健康状况进行检测的一种新方法.采用200 mm×300 mm×3 000mm试件,对比试验研究桥梁监测中广泛应用的振弦传感器与布拉格光栅传感器.结果表明,布拉格光栅传感器具有更好的检测精度、线性响应和重复性.根据光纤光栅传感器的应变传感特性标定试验,在武黄高速公路的典型桥涵中布设光栅传感器,采集分析加固前后静载试验工况下底部钢筋以及桥涵加铺层钢筋的应变数据,评估高速公路桥梁加固效果,并对桥涵结构进行长期监测.监测结果表明,埋入的光纤光栅可方便地监测桥涵安全状况,其稳定性与耐久性满足钢筋混凝土桥梁结构长期健康的要求.同时,根据光纤光栅传感技术在桥梁监测中的应用实践,探讨了其在桥梁监测中应用所面临的一些关键问题及解决途径.     

基于光纤光栅的斜拉索振动参数监测实验研究

斜拉索是斜拉桥的主要受力构件 ,对其动力特性进行监测具有重要意义。斜拉索工作条件恶劣 ,现有的测试方法难以实现长期在线监测 ,实现斜拉索的振动在线测量 ,传感器是问题的关键。光纤光栅传感器具有极其优良的稳定性 ,已被证实适用于长期监测 ,在结构监测领域具有非常广泛的应用前景。笔者提出了一种基于光纤光栅传感器的斜拉索动力特性在线监测方法 ,建立了用光纤布拉格光栅作传感器监测斜拉索振动的测量模型 ,为验证该模型建立了模拟试验装置 ,在实验室进行了模拟实验研究 ,并将光纤光栅和传统的电阻应变片两种测量方法进行了实验对比。与传统测试手段相比 ,该方法结构简单 ,成本低 ,并能实现斜拉索动力特性的长期在线监测。     

法布里-珀罗光纤传感器在桥梁健康监测中的应用

对桥梁实施监测 ,是诊断桥梁健康状况的主要手段 ,现代传感技术和计算机技术的发展 ,使桥梁健康状态的实时监测变为可能。笔者分析了法布里 -珀罗光纤传感器的基本原理和特性 ,设计了一种法布里 -珀罗应变测试系统 ,并在预应力混凝土连续桥梁上与电阻式应变传感器进行了应变对比测试试验。试验结果表明 ,法布里 -珀罗光纤传感器对环境温度不敏感 ,易与钢筋、混凝土复合 ,适用于桥梁结构的应变测试 ,可用于桥梁健康状态的在线监测     

用于预应力筋长期实时应力监测的光纤传感测试技术研究

预应力筋是预应力混凝土结构中的关键受力构件,对其应力状态的监测具有重大意义。针对传统测试方法难以有效解决其应力分布测试问题的现状,提出基于光纤布拉格光栅传感测试技术的预应力筋长期实时应力监测方法。设计模拟张拉装置,并构建预应力钢筋的光纤光栅应变测试系统,进行模拟试验研究,其试验结果表明,该测试系统适合于预应力筋的工作环境,具有线性度高、重复性好,且不影响基体性能的特点。此外,针对预应力钢绞线的特殊结构和工作特点,提出具有温度补偿能力的锚端光纤布拉格光栅应力传感测试方案,并进行理论分析。研究结果验证了光纤光栅传感技术用于预应力筋应力测试的可行性,并为其实际工程应用奠定了基础。     

基于光纤传感网技术的智能油田综合监测系统

基于光纤传感网技术提出一种应用于油田各采油井中集防火、防盗与钻油井架作业安全在线实时监测于一体的智能油田综合监测系统。利用光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)分别进行温度和应变传感器封装,并进行混合组网,对油田各油井区域的实时温度、井架形变、作业区域周界或储油罐周界的入侵、盗窃等进行在线监测,采用自主研发的16通道光纤光栅解调设备对监测网络各传感节点的光信息进行实时解调,通过后端信号处理方法对温度、应变异常和周界入侵进行自动检测、识别和报警,实现油田生产及安全的在线自动综合监测。     

基于光纤光栅的可燃性粉尘浓度测量技术研究

粉尘燃爆等事故的频发,使本质安全型粉尘监测技术的需求越来越迫切。光纤光栅元件以光为传感信号,具有无电监测、抗电磁干扰、精度高、可靠性好、耐高温、耐腐蚀等优点,是本质安全的新一代光无源传感器件,非常适合于恶劣粉尘环境的安全监测。利用一对光纤准直器和一个光纤光栅,构建了一种粉尘浓度探测装置,阐述了测量装置和测量原理,搭建了测试平台,对粉尘浓度与光纤光栅反射谱功率的关系进行了实验研究。测试结果表明,随着粉尘浓度的增大,光功率呈现基本的线性减小趋势,测量技术有望得到推广应用。     

光纤Bragg光栅传感器实现斜拉桥索力实时监测的研究

民用工程结构的健康监测 ,日益引起人们的重视 ,光纤传感技术 ,尤其是光纤光栅传感技术 ,因其易构成高性能、低成本的传感器阵列 ,并在结构监测应用工程中 ,具有巨大的潜力。笔者介绍一种斜拉桥索力实时监测的新方法即光纤光栅法。将光纤光栅刚性粘贴于传感头外表面上 ,使传感头承受拉索的索力 ,通过对光纤光栅波长移动量 (Δλb)的解调 ,以测出索力的大小。通过实验结果与理论分析证明 ,该测试系统具有结构简单、测量范围大、稳定性和线性度好等特点 ,该监测系统既可用于斜拉桥施工阶段的索力测定 ,也可以用于在役斜拉桥结构的长期安全监测。     

冬季停用高压注汽管道防爆管措施

针对某稠油油田发生的一起注汽管道爆管的事件进行调查,从爆管破裂口特征、使用材质、工作介质、环境温度、爆管前后的操作情况等方面进行了详细分析。认为:高压注汽管道在冬季停用后易在内部某部位结冰,使该处发生脆化,启用后高温高压蒸汽冲向结冰部位,形成温差应力,对已脆化部位形成严重破坏,从而造成爆管事故。防止管道结冰,并在投用前进行检测、试管、暖管是预防爆管的有效措施。     

天然气管道局部等效应力及塑性变形评估

为了研究腐蚀及地面运动对埋地天然气管线安全性的协同影响,以X80管道为研 究对象,模拟腐蚀缺陷及土壤力作用于管道之上,利用有限元方法对有腐蚀缺陷与预应 变情况下的管道局部等效应力及塑性变形进行评估,结果表明腐蚀缺陷的深度对局部应 力和应力分布影响非常明显,在失效压力预测中起着决定性作用。随着腐蚀深度的增加 ,应力集中增强,导致内表面和外表面的等效应力大小进一步分化,腐蚀深度的增加对 管道内表面的等效应力的影响很大,但对有效塑性应变的影响却不大。模拟管道上施加 有纵向应变的土壤力,不论拉伸与压缩的情况下,都会降低管道的失效压力,在施加拉 伸预应变下的管道失效压力小于压缩预应变下的。塑性变形首先发生在外表面处,并扩 展到腐蚀缺陷相邻区域,管道内表面也具有一定的塑性变形,但强度低。     

煤岩水力压裂过程中钻孔应变发展特征的试验研究

为研究水力压裂过程中钻孔应变发展的特征,在不同应力条件下开展了钻孔水力压裂试验,测试分析了钻孔压裂段孔壁变形的规律.结果表明:在水压作用下,压裂段孔壁应变较为明显,存在拉伸和压缩2种类型,根据与水压的对应关系,2种应变曲线可分为4个发展阶段,即压裂管路排气阶段(应变小幅波动)、水压上升阶段(应变快速增加)、起裂延伸阶段(应变缓慢变化)和闭合阶段(应变急剧降低),其中压裂管路排气阶段对压缩应变的影响较小;拉伸应变的残余变形明显大于压缩变形,但压缩应变曲线与水压变化存在较好的一致性;孔壁应变是孔壁在水压作用下裂缝形成和扩展过程的表现.     

Physiological and perceptual strain of firefighters during graded exercise to exhaustion at 40 and 10 °C

Purpose. To study whether perceptual identification should be included as a measure to evaluate physiological stress. Methods. Physiological variables oxygen uptake (V_O2), ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rectal temperature (T_rec) and mean skin temperature, and perceptual variables rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation and time to exhaustion, were measured at submaximal and maximal intensities during graded exercise on a treadmill to exhaustion in 12 firefighters wearing protective clothing and extra mass at 40 and 10 °C. Physiological strain index (PhSI) and perceptual strain index (PeSI) were calculated. Results. Apart from T_rec, all physiological and perceptual variables were higher at submaximal intensities of 40 °C. Time to exhaustion was 16% shorter and the corresponding V_O2 was reduced by 7% in the heat. A high correlation (r?=?89) between PhSI and PeSI was found at both temperatures. PeSI scores were equal to PhSI at both ambient temperatures, except at the two highest intensities in the heat, where PeSI was higher. Conclusions. These findings support use of perceptual identification to evaluate physiological stress. However, at very high intensities under hot conditions the perceptual strain was estimated higher than the physiological strain. More precise indexes are needed to include perceptual measures in safety standard.     

优良菌对原油降解性能的试验研究

以原油为唯一碳源,从长期被石油污染土壤的浸泡液中分离、筛选出2株降解原油的优良菌SY4和SY6,初步鉴定为: SY4和 SY6为芽孢杆菌属.通过降解性能实验的研究得出:2株菌对原油都有较强的降解能力,在摇床实验中,单一菌株在5 d后的原油降解率都高于60%,且2菌对原油的生物降解反应符合一级反应动力学特征.摇床实验和静态曝气实验都得出:SY6的降解能力比SY4强.通过本实验研究,为其实际应用提供一定的生物基础.     

Ergonomics in Practice: Physical Workload and Heat Stress in Thailand

This study consists of assessments of the thermal environment and physio-logical strain in tasks associated with airport, construction, and metal jobs. The number of male and female participants was 108. Environmental heat stress was evaluated with the WBGT index. Physiological strain was evaluated by the relative cardiovascular load (%CVL) based on the measurements of heart rate. Also the increase of body temperature, weight loss, and perceived discomfort were determinated. At work sites the assessments lasted for 2 to 4 hrs for each participant. The mean physiological strain exceeded the level of 30%CVL. Severe peaks (over 60%CVL) were observed in specific tasks being in agreement with perceived discomfort ratings. The increase of body temperature and weight loss in most cases remained within acceptable limits. For the most strenuous tasks, various ergonomic improvements were developed in consultation with workers and managers.     

Evaluation of a new ballistic vest design for compliance with Standard No. PN-V-87000:2011 using physiological tests

Research into newly developed ballistic vests to be worn by police officers under clothing was carried out with air temperature conditions of +20 °C. A ballistic vest should incorporate protective features, comfort and ergonomics. The thermal strain on users who wore the vests was evaluated as an average and individually, after they had been conditioned in high (+50 °C), low (?40 °C) or neutral (+20 °C) air temperatures, while performing various occupational activities. Research involved six police officers aged 36–42 years, who wore civilian clothing used in moderate environmental conditions. During the tests, physiological parameters (internal temperature, local skin temperatures and amount of sweat secreted) were determined. The ease of doing exercises while wearing the vests, vest service and level of discomfort in use were assessed. Research showed that the vests tested, both as an average and individually, meet the requirements of Standard No. PN-V-87000:2011 (clause 4.5).     

Effectiveness of a cooling jacket with reference to physiological responses in iron foundry workers

Personal cooling garments (PCGs) have gained increased attention in recent years due to heat stress and strain in the working environment. The present study was conducted in hot environments of an iron foundry to evaluate the efficacy of a battery-operated PCG. Twenty-four workers were exposed to climatic conditions of 35.89?±?1.25?°C, 35% relative humidity during 90-min work with PCG and habitual clothing (HC). Mean weighted skin temperature was significantly lower by 4.84?±?1.05?°C compared with HC 0.38?±?1.02?°C (p?p?相似文献   

Thermal Strain in Fire Fighters While Wearing Task-Fitted Versus EN 469:2005 Protective Clothing During a Prolonged Rescue Drill

Fire fighters are normally overprotected during their working hours because of the tendency to keep the personal protection level sufficiently high in case of the worst possible scenarios. This study investigated the effects of task-fitted protective clothing on thermal strain in fire fighters as compared to EN 469:2005 protective clothing during a prolonged (2 1/2 hrs) job-related rescue drill under neutral and hot climates. The subjects were 23 healthy, physically fit professional male fire fighters aged 26–44 years. Measurements included cardiovascular and thermal responses and subjective assessments. Wearing task-fitted clothing during rescue tasks in a neutral climate considerably reduced total thermal and cardiovascular strain in prolonged rescue work. The fire fighters also perceived physical work as significantly harder on average, and reported more intense subjective discomfort while wearing EN 469:2005 as compared to task-fitted clothing.     

Should we be “challenging” employees?: A critical review and meta‐analysis of the challenge‐hindrance model of stress

The challenge‐hindrance model of stress proposes that stressors can be divided into two distinct groups: those that challenge employees and those that hinder employees. This critical review seeks to explain the history of the model and its basic tenets, while succinctly summarizing the findings of existing studies based on the model. A thorough search of the stress literature uncovered 32 studies that specifically examined the relationship between challenge and hindrance stressors and important personal/organizational variables. Results were reviewed and analyzed, specifically by describing past meta‐analyses on the model, looking at the overall pattern of results from primary studies, and meta‐analyzing the relationships presented in those papers. This synthesis suggests that although there are some differential relationships of challenge and hindrance stressors with organizational variables (e.g., performance and engagement), the relationships to other key variables, such as counterproductive work behaviors, psychological strains, and physical health, are consistently negative for both challenge and hindrance stressors. Thus, we propose that stress research move away from the current challenge‐hindrance model in favor of other established models and/or a more appraisal‐based approach.     

有限元在安全帽设计中的应用

安全帽可以防止高空坠落物对人员头部造成伤害。在材料和工艺一定的前提下,安全帽的结构对发挥安全帽的作用尤为重要。本文首先对安全帽作用机理及使用情况进行分析,指出改善安全帽帽壳缓冲性能有利于更好地发挥安全帽的作用。然后简要介绍ANSYS的建模方案以及网格划分和自由度约束情况,通过对安全帽的ANSYS有限元分析,得出安全帽的变形和应变图,并通过分析安全帽从最低端到顶端的变形和应变情况,指出安全帽在撞击过程中的能力吸收规律,根据分析数据提出建立双层安全帽帽壳的改进方案,并再次通过有限元分析得出变形和应变图,验证了双层安全帽帽壳在缓冲方面更有效果,这种分析结果可以为安全帽帽壳的设计提供参考。