Fe_3O_4@胺甲基植物多酚收集微藻的影响因素

将胺甲基化改性植物多酚(A-PP)包覆Fe_3O_4后所制备的Fe_3O_4@A-PP,作为功能性磁絮凝剂用于能源微藻细胞的采收,研究了藻液p H值、藻细胞胞外分泌有机物、絮凝搅拌条件和磁场强度对Fe_3O_4@A-PP收集微藻细胞效率的影响.结果显示,与A-PP相比,Fe_3O_4@A-PP的等电点由6.5提高到8.5,收集微藻的最佳p H值由7.1增大至8.2.Fe_3O_4@A-PP收集微藻细胞时,不受胞外分泌有机物的影响.快速搅拌的速率在200—500 r·min~(-1)之间时,对Fe_3O_4@A-PP收集微藻的效率影响不大,在快速搅拌之后无需增加慢速搅拌.在磁场强度为0.16 T—0.28 T时,Fe_3O_4@A-PP收集率随着磁场强度升高而逐渐增大,大于0.28 T后,收集效率不再增加.     

巯基与汞的亲合作用在汞的环境化学研究中的意义与应用

各种汞化合物在工业上的广泛应用,造成了环境的污染和对人体的严重危害,使得人们对汞的环境化学、配位化学、生物化学及毒理学的研究日益深入。其中汞与巯基之间的强烈亲合作用已引起了某些环境科学工作者的兴趣和重视。因为这种亲合作用对于汞在环境中的迁移转化、汞的生物毒性效应、汞的分析及治理技术的研究都有十分重要的意     

Fe(Ⅲ)-Salen功能化纳米Fe_3O_4复合材料的合成及其对三氯苯的催化降解性能

采用溶剂热制备了氨基功能化纳米Fe_3O_4磁性复合材料(NH2-nFe_3O_4),并进一步通过缩合、配位等反应得到Fe(Ⅲ)-Salen功能化纳米Fe_3O_4复合材料(nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen).通过元素分析(EA)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电镜(TEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)等手段对其进行了组成、结构、形貌、磁性等表征.结果表明,nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen平均粒径为约200 nm,饱和磁化强度为24.8 emu·g-1.催化剂为nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen,研究了其在可见光/H_2O_2类Fenton体系催化降解水中2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)的性能.研究发现,当nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen用量≥0.8 g·L~(-1),溶液pH值为4.0—7.0,H_2O_2浓度为8.16—40.8 mmol·L~(-1)时,nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen/H_2O_2/可见光体系可以实现对浓度50.0 mg·L~(-1)(253.2 mg·L~(-1))的TCP溶液在5 min内近100%降解,较普通Fenton反应体系有更宽的pH适用范围.循环使用5次后,该催化体系对TCP的降解率仍能保持95%以上,nFe_3O_4@Fe(Ⅲ)Salen是有优异潜力的水中TCP绿色催化剂.     

磁性Fe_3O_4/改性焦炭的制备及其对罗丹明B的吸附性能

以焦炭为原料、KOH为活化剂制备改性焦炭,采用原位氧化沉淀法制备纳米Fe_3O_4负载于改性焦炭表面上,制备出磁性复合材料,利用N2等温吸附(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶交换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)等对其进行了表征,并研究了其对罗丹明B的吸附性能,系统考察了吸附动力学、吸附等温线、pH、吸附剂投加量对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,改性焦炭微孔结构发达,利于Fe_3O_4分散负载其表面上.Fe_3O_4/改性焦炭具有良好的磁性能和吸附性能,在2 h内对罗丹明B达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学方程,等温吸附数据符合Langmuir模型,吸附是自发行为且为吸热反应.吸附剂在较宽的pH范围内有较高的吸附量,罗丹明B去除率可达98.32%.     

Ce/TiO_2/Fe_3O_4粒子电极光电催化降解藏红T模拟染料废水

采用化学共沉淀-超声辅助法,制备出磁性纳米材料Fe3O4,利用溶胶-凝胶法在Fe3O4表面包裹Ce/TiO2,得到磁性复合材料Ce/TiO2/Fe3O4.用XRD、SEM、BET等对其结构和性能进行了表征,催化剂主要以催化活性较高的锐钛矿相存在,Ce/TiO2包覆在纳米Fe3O4的表面形成多孔结构,复合材料具有LangmuirⅣ吸附-脱附等温线,比表面积76.68m2·g-1,平均孔径8nm,主要分布在4.5—15.4nm之间.通过电助光催化降解藏红T溶液研究了Ce/TiO2/Fe3O4的光电催化活性.在催化剂的加入量为6g·L-1,降解时间为60min,外加电压为5V,50mg·L-1的藏红T溶液的降解率可达到90%以上,COD去除率达84.7%.所制备的Ce/TiO2/Fe3O4在重复使用5次后仍能保持较好的光电催化活性.     

介孔yolk-shell型Co_3O_4@mSiO_2纳米反应器降解水中的苯酚

本文分别采用双溶液注射法和选择性刻蚀法合成了单核和多核两种介孔yolk-shell型Co_3O_4@mSiO_2(介孔Si O2)纳米反应器.并对比了两种纳米反应器和纳米Co_3O_4颗粒催化过一硫酸氢钾(KHSO_5)去除水中苯酚的效果.结果显示,两种纳米反应器催化KHSO_5降解苯酚的效率在相同反应条件下分别比纳米Co_3O_4颗粒提高18.8%和26.7%,说明多核型纳米反应器催化性能更好.进一步研究pH值、KHSO_5与苯酚物质的量之比n_(KHSO_5)∶n_(C_6H_6O)和材料投加量m_(cata)对苯酚降解的影响,发现多核型纳米反应器的最佳反应条件为pH=7,n_(KHSO_5)∶n_(C_6H_6O)=10∶1,m_(cata)=0.8 g·L~(-1).最后,结合催化活性和吸附实验,以及XRD、XPS、STEM、BET等手段,分析了纳米反应器的形貌、结构、元素形态和比表面积,并推断反应机理.结果显示,纳米反应器的主体结构为均匀分散的SiO_2中空微球,粒径约为300 nm,表面布满介孔,并拥有极大的比表面积,能有效吸附水中的苯酚并将其富集于纳米反应器中,同时mSiO_2微球中形成的Co_3O_4内核催化KHSO_5产生硫酸根自由基(SO_4~(·-))降解水中的苯酚,纳米反应器的吸附、富集和限域作用强化了苯酚的降解.     

磁性Fe_3O_4/石墨烯异质结固定漆酶特性及其对水中双酚A的降解研究

以磁性石墨烯为载体制备了磁性石墨烯固定化漆酶,考察了固定化漆酶的酶学特性及其对双酚A(BPA)的降解效能。结果表明,氧化石墨烯的比表面积高达726.34 m2·g-1,与游离漆酶相比,经过石墨烯固定化后漆酶对酸的适应能力、耐热性和贮存稳定性均有所提高,p H值2.0~4.0范围内固定化漆酶活性较为稳定;加入变性剂尿素(1 mol·L-1)后,固定化漆酶的相对活性为87%,游离漆酶相对活性仅为63.02%,固定化导致抗变性剂能力增强。固定化漆酶和游离漆酶活性分别在45和40℃时达到最大值。与游离漆酶相比,固定化漆酶最佳反应温度升高了5℃,且在50℃时,固定化漆酶的相对活性依然保持在95.11%;25℃,p H值4.0条件下保存10 d,固定化漆酶活性为最初活性的82.57%;固定化漆酶具有良好的重复利用性,重复利用10次后,漆酶活性仍为最初活性的82.01%。固定化酶的米氏常数Km为5.38×10-4 mol·L-1,较游离酶的大,说明固定化酶与底物的亲和力比游离酶小。磁性石墨烯固定化漆酶具有良好的吸附能力,可吸附-催化氧化水中的BPA,且石墨烯良好的吸附作用促进了催化反应,水中BPA质量浓度为15 mg·L-1时,经过18 h反应,BPA的去除率能达到82.14%左右。本研究的结果为石墨烯新型材料固定化漆酶及其应用提供了参考。     

硫化汞纳米颗粒的微生物摄入及其在汞甲基化中的作用

甲基汞因其独特的食物链富集特性和毒性使汞成为重要的全球污染物.厌氧环境中微生物介导的汞甲基化是甲基汞生成最主要的来源,厌氧环境中不同汞地球化学形态控制着甲基汞的生成过程.硫化汞纳米颗粒是在实际厌氧环境中新近发现的重要颗粒汞形态,对其环境行为还缺乏基本认识.本文基于硫化汞纳米颗粒的环境行为,重点围绕其与微生物的相互作用,讨论并总结了硫化汞纳米颗粒的生成、硫化汞纳米颗粒的微生物摄入、溶解以及硫化汞纳米颗粒对微生物汞甲基化的影响,并进一步对硫化汞纳米颗粒与微生物相互作用的未来研究重点进行了展望.     

Fe_3O_4@SiO_2-CHO共价固定脂肪酶条件的响应面优化及固定化酶催化生产生物柴油

生物柴油是一种可再生且环保的化石燃料的替代品,研究固定化酶生产生物柴油对解决石化燃料耗尽和环境保护具有重要意义.将制备的纳米材料Fe_3O_4@SiO_2-CHO与伯克霍尔德氏菌脂肪酶以共价交联的方式固定,通过响应面法(RSM)优化其固定化的条件,然后以固定化酶催化橄榄油生产生物柴油,并对影响生物柴油制备的因素进行优化,最后通过GC-MS检测转酯产物的成分.结果表明:在加酶量30.22 m L、戊二醛浓度2%、固定化温度40℃、固定化时间4 h时得到最大的固定化脂肪酶酶活和固定化效率,分别为10 038 U/g和96.9%.然后以此最佳条件制得的固定化酶催化制备生物柴油,得到最优条件为加酶量1.5 g、醇油比4:1、反应温度30℃、反应时间4 h.最后用GC-MS分析所得产物,得到最大转酯效率为98.84%,且固定化酶重复转酯10次后,转酯效率仍可达90%.本研究获得的Fe_3O_4@SiO_2-CHO固定化酶不仅能在短时间内催化得到很高的生物柴油产量,且易回收、可重复使用、生产成本大大降低,是工业化生产生物柴油的一种高效环保的生物酶催化剂.     

A new application of the diacetyl monoxime method to the automated determination of dissolved urea in seawater

A new application of the diacetyl monoxime method for the determination of dissolved urea in seawater is presented, based on the Alpkem autoanalyzer (OI, Analytical). This system has several advantages over automated methods previously described in the literature. The urea cartridge can be easily built using nut/ferrule connections, and the external thermostatic bath is not required. The system is set up to operate at low urea concentrations (0–3 µM urea), but it is linear up to 100 µM urea. The sample volume needed for analysis is 0.4 ml, and the rate of analysis is 25 samples h^–1. The precision of analysis (CV) of seawater samples is 2.1% at 0.50 µM urea, and the detection limit is 0.02 µM urea. The interference on the colorimetric measurement due to formation of Brij-35 aggregate in strongly acidic media was eliminated by substituting this wetting agent with hexadecyl–trimethyl–ammonium bromide; thus, this method is suitable for other autoanalyzer technologies that use small-diameter transmission tubes and small-sized spectrophotometric flowcells.Communicated by R. Cattaneo-Vietti, Genova     

电化学方法检测海水中铁的研究进展

海水中的痕量铁作为限制海洋浮游植物初级生产力的关键因素之一,在海洋生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用.及时分析海水中铁的不同存在形态及其含量,对于进一步认识铁循环机制和有效预防海洋环境污染具有重要意义.电化学方法较其他分析方法在检测海水中痕量铁的含量,尤其是形态分析方面具有独特的优势.本文总结了运用电化学方法检测海水及其他自然水体中铁的分析方法,以期为发展准确、快速测定海水中痕量铁的形态及其含量的分析技术提供基础性参考.     

Potential application of 2-(6-ethylamino-3-ethylimino-2,7-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-9-yl) benzoic acid phenyl thiourea for mercury determination

Heavy metal contamination of the environment is a public health problem and research to develop new tools for monitoring the environmental impact of these elements is necessary. This study describes the preparation of a rhodamine-based probe 1 and its potential applications for detecting mercuric ion [Hg(II)] in samples from a nutrition media containing Salvinia auriculata. It was observed that an excess of probe 1 led to quenching in the fluorescence/absorption response, which was evidenced by a decrease in the signal when the stoichiometry differed from 1:1. Consequently, this probe is not suitable for quantitative analysis of Hg(II). Also, probe 1 reacts with methylmercury (MeHg) with different stoichiometry than that observed for Hg(II). These results indicate the potential application of probe 1 for qualitative detection of Hg(II) and MeHg in environmental samples.     

Determination of trace elements in total suspended particles at the Southwest of Mexico City from 2003 to 2004

The purpose of the present study is to describe the relationships of eight elements analysed in total suspended particles collected in Mexico City, during 2003 and 2004. Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V were analysed in to the atmospheric samples and the results were treated by Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis trying to identify the possible sources of aerosols in the sampling site. Factor analysis calculations allowed the elements classification, related to their source on oil combustion, crustal and urban dust, smelting industries and motor vehicle emissions. A further statistical analysis of chemical results from the atmospheric samples was also performed, in order to see what environmental concentrations of those elements have been affected by industrial and mining activities. The eight elements analysed were arranged into two groups that presents high and positive Pearson r values suggesting common emission sources.     

A rapid,highly sensitive technique for the determination of ammonia in seawater

A reliable and sensitive technique for the rapid determination of ammonia in seawater is described. The procedure is based on the conversion of NH ₄ ⁺ in seawater to NH₃ and the subsequent diffusion of NH₃ across a hydrophobic membrane using flow-injection analysis. Sixty determinations can be made per hour on a flowing stream of seawater or discrete samples. The lower limit of detection is 0.05 M. Results of two applications that demonstrate the potential of this technique are presented, a laboratory excretion experiment employing the crabPachygrapsus crassipes, and small-scale vertical mapping of ammonia in the ocean.     

Calibration for the determination of 19 trace elements in serum and urine

A fast, high-throughput and accurate method was developed for determination of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, U, Zn, Sb, Sn, I and Hg in urine and serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The samples were directly analyzed after 1/20 (v/v) dilution in 0.4% (v/v) HNO₃ and 0.005% Triton X-100. Three calibration modes were tested: aqueous and matrix matching with urine and serum. The accuracy was tested using reference materials of serum, urine and spiking. Results showed that the use of matrix matching calibration reduced the interferences and improved the recoveries for Al, Co, Pb and I in urine. The matrix matching did not affect the results considerably for serum. When serum was spiked with As, Co, Cs, Pb, U, Hg, I, Ba, Al, Cr and Ni, only matrix matching presented good recoveries. Helium was used as a collision cell gas reducing effectively polyatomic interferences for Al, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, As and Fe. Selection of the best internal standard was carried out for each element. The use of diluted HNO₃ improved the limit of detection. Finally, the method was applied successfully in samples of urine from workers occupationally exposed.     

Removal of elemental mercury with Mn/Mo/Ru/Al2O3 membrane catalytic system

In this work, a catalytic membrane using Mn/Mo/Ru/Al₂O₃ as the catalyst was employed to remove elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from flue gas at low temperature. Compared with traditional catalytic oxidation (TCO) mode, Mn/Al₂O₃ membrane catalytic system had much higher removal efficiency of Hg⁰. After the incorporation of Mo and Ru, the production of Cl₂ from the Deacon reaction and the retainability for oxidants over Mn/Al₂O₃ membrane were greatly enhanced. As a result, the oxidization of Hg⁰ over Mn/Al₂O₃ membrane was obviously promoted due to incorporation of Mo and Ru. In the presence of 8 ppmv HCl, the removal efficiency of Hg⁰ by Mn/Mo/Ru/Al₂O₃ membrane reached 95% at 423 K. The influence of NO and SO₂ on Hg⁰ removal were insignificant even if 200 ppmv NO and 1000 ppmv SO₂ were used. Moreover, compared with the TCO mode, the Mn/Mo/Ru/Al₂O₃ membrane catalytic system could remarkably reduce the demanded amount of oxidants for Hg⁰ removal. Therefore, the Mn/Mo/Ru/Al₂O₃ membrane catalytic system may be a promising technology for the control of Hg⁰ emission.     

A fast and reliable method for quantitative determination of total mercury in vegetables

A cloud-point extraction (CPE) process using the nonionic surfactant, polyethylene glycol tert octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114) was employed for determination of Hg(II) ions in aqueous solutions. The method is based on the ion-pairing reaction of Hg(II) with Pyronin B (PyrB⁺) in the presence of excess iodide at pH 6.0 and extraction of the complex formed. The chemical variables affecting CPE efficiency were studied, and the analytical characteristics of the method were obtained. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1–40 μg L^?1 with the detection limits of 0.35 and 0.30 μg L^?1 at 556 and 521 nm. Selectivity was also tested. The coefficients of variation of the method are 2.4% and 5.2% for five replicate measurements of mercury at levels of 10 and 25 μg L^?1, respectively. The results obtained for two certified reference samples were in a good agreement with the certified values. The method was applied to the determination of total mercury in vegetable samples.