城市污水污泥与咖啡渣的混燃特性分析

利用热重分析法研究了城市污水污泥、咖啡渣在不同气氛及不同混合比例条件下,其单一样及其混合样的燃烧特性,计算了各类综合燃烧特性指数,并对他们的燃烧动力学进行了建模.结果表明,单一污泥样品的燃烧曲线存在3个明显的失重峰,分别对应于水分的析出、挥发分的析出燃烧、难燃有机物及固定碳的燃烧.咖啡渣燃烧则分为挥发分析出及燃烧、挥发分的燃尽和固定碳燃烧两个明显阶段.污泥中混合咖啡渣后,污泥燃烧特性有所改善,其中混合30%咖啡渣后污泥的挥发分释放特性指数D、可燃性指数C、燃尽指数Cb、综合燃烧特性指数S分别增加了1.5、1.0、0.3、1.7倍,与燃烧气氛N_2/O_2相比,污泥和咖啡渣混合试样在CO_2/O_2气氛中燃烧受到了一定的抑制作用.利用Coats-Redfern积分法计算得到不同条件下污泥、咖啡渣及其混合样燃烧的质量平均表观活化能(Em)分别在30.49~36.72 k J·mol~(-1)、63.07~118.90 k J·mol~(-1)、37.80~44.49k J·mol~(-1)范围.可以分别用f(α)=(1-α)0.5、f(α)=(1-α)2描述污泥、咖啡渣及其混合样燃烧的第一挥发分峰前及峰后的燃烧机理.     

污泥和煤混烧特性的热重分析法研究

为了解城市污泥和煤粉混烧的燃烧规律,利用热重分析法对兰坝煤粉和某城市污泥及两试样混合物的燃烧特性进行了研究.实验结果表明,在加热速度20℃·min-1、20～1200℃的温度范围内,污泥的热重曲线存在2个明显的失重区域.在混燃过程中,煤和城市污泥基本上保持了各自的挥发分析出特性,混合试样的燃烧曲线处于污泥和煤粉燃烧曲线之间.对实验数据进行分析处理,得到了反应动力学参数活化能E和频率因子A.在掺混比例较小时(污泥质量分数为20%)对煤的活性几乎没有什么影响;而掺混比例较大时(污泥质量分数为50%、80%),存在2个反应区间,在第一温度段(大约θ＜430℃)混合试样的反应特性类似于污泥,而在高温区段(θ＞430℃)混合试样的燃烧特性则类似于煤.     

城市污泥与煤或玉米秆混烧特性及动力学研究

利用热重分析法对城市污泥分别与煤或玉米秆混烧特性进行研究。结果表明:城市污泥燃烧过程存在挥发分析出和燃烧阶段及挥发分和固定碳燃尽阶段两个主要失重区间。城市污泥着火温度低,燃烧温度范围宽,失重速率低,燃尽性能特性指数Cb和综合燃烧特性指数SN性能均低于煤和玉米秆。掺混煤或玉米秆燃烧会改善城市污泥的燃尽特性和综合燃烧特性。采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算各阶段燃烧反应的动力学参数。混合试样中污泥含量增加,挥发分燃烧阶段活化能减小,固定碳燃烧阶段活化能增加。     

印染污泥混燃特性及其燃烧动力学模型

采集了广东某印染污泥(YR)、造纸污泥(ZZ)及两种市政污水污泥(LJ、KFQ),利用热重法对不同来源污泥的单一及混合样在不同焚烧条件下进行了热重实验研究,并通过TG-DTG曲线计算了各试样的综合燃烧特性指数,获得了其燃烧动力学参数.结果表明,各单一试样的燃烧主要分为水分析出、挥发分析出、固定碳燃烧和残留物的燃烧和分解4个燃烧阶段,其中挥发分的析出制约着YR、KFQ、LJ污泥的整个燃烧过程,而ZZ污泥还受到固定碳燃烧阶段的显著影响.当向印染污泥中加入50%的KFQ市政污泥后,YR污泥的综合燃烧特性指数和可燃性指数分别提高了将近2倍和1.6倍.富氧(CO2/O2)燃烧可以提高印染污泥的后期燃烧强度,降低印染污泥燃烧阶段活化能,促进印染污泥的综合燃烧性能.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各燃烧阶段反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数,发现第一挥发分峰前取反应级数n=0.5、峰后n=2,可描述各自阶段的燃烧反应机理,而第二挥发分峰没有显著规律.     

广州城市污泥燃烧性能综合评价及其燃烧动力学模型

采集了广州5种不同来源城市污泥(分别为KFQ、DTS、LJ、LD和ZZ)及肇庆市1种污水污泥(ZQ),利用热重法对6种干污泥的单一样及两种干污泥的混合样在不同条件下进行了热重实验研究,并通过TG-DTG曲线计算了污泥燃烧的4个综合燃烧指数.研究发现,广州当前城市污泥具有高挥发分、低固定碳和低热值的特点.整个污泥燃烧可以分为水分析出、挥发分析出、挥发分燃烧和焦炭燃烧4个阶段,并且不同来源污泥这4个燃烧阶段差别较大,其中,挥发分的析出和燃烧制约着污泥的整个燃烧过程.不同来源污泥的燃烧性能与污水处理厂水处理工艺、污泥种类及其理化性质有关.从挥发分释放特性指数D、可燃性指数C、综合燃烧特性指数S来看,6种污泥中,LJ污泥燃烧性能最好,而LD污泥的燃烧性能最差.KFQ与ZZ污泥混合后,除D指数外,其他指数都变小,而升温速率过快,并不能显著提高污泥的综合燃烧性能.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各燃烧阶段的反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数,发现活化能大小与污泥的燃烧阶段是相对应的.     

城市干污泥与水葫芦的混燃特性分析

对广州城市干污泥与水葫芦的单一及混合样进行了热重实验,通过TG-DTG曲线计算了不同焚烧条件下其混燃特性指数,建立了其掺烧的动力学方程.结果表明,污泥单独燃烧曲线分为水分析出、挥发分的析出和燃烧、次挥发分及固定碳的燃尽、残留物的燃烧和分解4个过程,其中,挥发分的析出和燃烧是污泥燃烧的主要控制阶段;水葫芦的燃烧则分为水分析出、挥发分析出燃烧、固定碳燃烧、残留物质的燃烧和分解.污泥添加10%~40%水葫芦后,其燃烧性能得到改善,其中,着火点Ti有所升高,挥发特性指数D及综合燃烧特性指数S分别增加了0.22~1.06、0.10~0.92倍.随着水葫芦的添加量增加,污泥挥发分析出及燃烧更加激烈,污泥和水葫芦混燃过程中出现较强的协同交互作用.相对于空气气氛,在富氧(V(CO2)/V(O2)=8/2)条件下,混合试样的燃烧受到抑制.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到污泥的质量平均表观活化能(Em)在32.09~34.70 k J·mol-1之间,水葫芦的Em在30.56~51.63 k J·mol-1之间,而混合试样的Em在22.44~28.40 k J·mol-1之间,污泥与水葫芦混燃其Em有所降低,与燃烧特性指数的增加是相对应的.第一挥发分峰前取n=0.5、第一挥发分峰后及其他峰取n=2可描述各燃烧阶段的反应机理.     

造纸污泥与褐煤混合燃烧特性及动力学研究

该文通过造纸污泥和褐煤的混合燃烧的热重实验,得到TG和DTG曲线,分析不同混合比例以及不同升温速率(10、20及40 K/min)对燃烧过程的影响,并对燃烧动力学模型的相关参数进行求解,得到了不同燃烧条件下的活化能。研究发现褐煤的燃烧过程有一个明显的失重峰,对应的工况为10 K/min升温速率,其最大失重速率为-7.6%,对应燃烧温度为403.3℃。污泥的燃烧过程分为挥发分和固定碳2个燃烧过程,分别出现在270~575℃和575~727℃之间,采用Coats-Redfern方程计算得到的活化能分别为82.47 kJ/mol和199.26 kJ/mol。污泥与褐煤混合燃烧时,混合试样的最大失重速率随升温速率的提高而增加。通过KAS等转化率及Coats-Redfern方程2种方法分析得出,污泥与褐煤混合燃烧时,污泥的加入可降低混合物着火所需的活化能,降低着火温度,改善燃烧过程。     

污泥水煤浆在3.2MW卧式锅炉中的燃烧特性研究

在3.2MW卧式炉中对污泥水煤浆和大同烟煤水煤浆进行对比燃烧试验,研究了煤浆的着火、温度场及燃烧效率等特性,并考察了污泥水煤浆工业应用的可行性.结果表明,掺混10%污泥的水煤浆着火容易,炉膛主燃烧区域火焰温度可达到1200～1300℃;污泥水煤浆燃烧时炉膛火焰分布均匀,火焰充满度较好;水分析出使颗粒表面分布大量气孔,有...     

不同来源污泥混燃特性及其综合燃烧性能评价

采集了广州两种生活污水污泥、两种工业污泥(印染污泥和造纸污泥),利用热重法对这4种不同来源的单一干污泥及混合污泥在不同条件下进行实验研究,同时计算了试样的4个燃烧特性指数,获得了污泥燃烧的动力学参数.实验结果表明,各污泥燃烧阶段主要分为水分析出、挥发分析出、固定碳的燃烧和无机盐类挥发分解4个阶段,其中挥发分的析出和燃烧制约着污泥燃烧整个过程.市政污泥S1与其他类污泥混烧过程中,各污泥有较明显的交互作用,其中市政污泥S1与其他3种污泥按照1∶1质量比混合后,其挥发特性指数D提高较明显,而综合燃烧特性指数S改变不明显.两种市政污泥8∶2质量比混合后,其混合样燃烧性能明显提高,其中综合燃烧指数提高接近2倍.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各燃烧阶段反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数,发现各试样燃烧反应级数不尽相同,其中市政污泥S1与其他污泥混合后活化能E普遍降低,与样品S2混燃的活化能降低最多,对燃烧最有利.     

污泥与煤在CO2/O2及N2/O2气氛条件下的混燃特性分析

采集了广州具有代表性的市政污泥,利用热重法对单一污泥、煤及其混合样品在CO_2/O_2及N_2/O_2气氛条件下进行了TG(热重)实验,同时计算了污泥和煤的4个燃烧特性指数,获得了燃烧的动力学参数.实验结果表明,污泥燃烧有4个燃烧阶段,包括水分析出、挥发分析出与燃烧、固定碳的燃烧和无机盐类挥发分解,其中,挥发分析出与燃烧是污泥燃烧的主要阶段;煤掺烧污泥可以提高煤的着火性能.在CO_2/O_2及N_2/O_2燃烧气氛下,增加O_2浓度,污泥与煤混合样的热重曲线整体向低温区移动,微商热重曲线峰值增大,峰宽变小,燃烧性能增强.在CO_2/O_2气氛下,O_2浓度从30%增加到60%时,污泥的挥发分释放特性指数D、可燃性指数C、燃尽指数Cb、综合燃烧特性指数S分别增加了45%、12%、18%、6%.相同O_2浓度条件下,污泥与煤在CO_2/O_2气氛下的着火性能较N_2/O_2气氛滞后,最大峰值变小,高浓度的CO_2抑制其混合样的燃烧.采用Coats-Redfern方程计算得到3个燃烧阶段反应的动力学参数,其中,增加O_2浓度,污泥与煤混合样品的质量平均表观反应活化能Em减小,并且O_2浓度越高越有利于燃烧反应的进行.污泥与煤混合燃烧取n=2可以对挥发分燃烧与固定碳燃尽峰峰前与峰后的反应模型进行描述.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.