制浆造纸废水生化出水的混凝处理研究

研究了硫酸铝和三氯化铁对制浆造纸废水生化出水的处理效果.研究发现,不调节原水pH值,硫酸铝投加量为600 mg/L或三氯化铁投加量为300mg/L时,混凝后废水的COD＜150 mg/L,色度＜50倍,出水均符合现阶段排放标准.混凝剂比较发现,在最佳反应条件下,2种混凝剂的处理效果相当,但硫酸铝混凝的成本低于三氯化铁....     

Fate of pulp mill effluent compounds in a finnish watercourse

Chloroorganic chemicals emitted from the pulp and paper mill at nekoski in central Finland were monitored for several years. Concentration time series are used for evaluating the environmental fate and the applicability and validity of an exposure models. Fitted elimination rates of 3,4,5-Tri-, 4,5,6-Tri-, Tetrachloroguaiacol and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol are approx. 0.22 d^-1, or rather the half-lives are approx. 3 days. The elimination is most likely by biodegradation and transport-controlled. For 2,3,6-trichloro-p-cymene, fate simulations indicate significant volatilization and sedimentation. Good agreement is achieved with a one-dimensional steady-state box model, except for concentrations in fish. For a reliable assessment of environmental damage, laboratory experiments, monitoring and simulations need to be in tune.     

Effects of tertiary treatment by fungi on organic compounds in a kraft pulp mill effluent

Background, aim and scope  

Pulp and paper mills generate a plethora of pollutants depending upon the type of pulping process. Efforts to mitigate the environmental impact of such effluents have been made by developing more effective biological treatment systems in terms of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, colour and lignin content. This study is the first that reports an evaluation of the effects of a tertiary treatment by fungi (Pleurotus sajor caju, Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Rhizopus oryzae) on individual organic compounds of a Eucalyptus globulus bleached kraft pulp and paper mill final effluent after secondary treatment (final effluent).     

Spectroscopic changes on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent caused by sun irradiation

Large volumes of wastewater with a high organic load are generated by the pulp and paper industry that negatively affect the quality of receiving waters. The main waste products in the pulp mill effluents are lignin derived macromolecular compounds, which are similar to natural humic substances and very resistant to wastewater treatments. Fulvic acids (FA) represent the higher percentage of these humic substances and it was observed that solar irradiation modify their properties. Several analytic tools, namely, UV–Visible, molecular fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies, were used to assess the effect of solar exposition on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent. It may be concluded that sun irradiation may alter to a high extent the physicochemical properties of macromolecular organic matter, namely fulvic acids, released by kraft pulp mill effluents. After solar exposition, the aromaticity decreases, the aliphatic structures become more oxygenated, and the fulvic acids from the pulp mill effluent remaining in solution are more similar to aquatic fulvic acids from non polluted sites.     

Spectroscopic changes on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent caused by sun irradiation

Large volumes of wastewater with a high organic load are generated by the pulp and paper industry that negatively affect the quality of receiving waters. The main waste products in the pulp mill effluents are lignin derived macromolecular compounds, which are similar to natural humic substances and very resistant to wastewater treatments. Fulvic acids (FA) represent the higher percentage of these humic substances and it was observed that solar irradiation modify their properties. Several analytic tools, namely, UV–Visible, molecular fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies, were used to assess the effect of solar exposition on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent. It may be concluded that sun irradiation may alter to a high extent the physicochemical properties of macromolecular organic matter, namely fulvic acids, released by kraft pulp mill effluents. After solar exposition, the aromaticity decreases, the aliphatic structures become more oxygenated, and the fulvic acids from the pulp mill effluent remaining in solution are more similar to aquatic fulvic acids from non polluted sites.     

Catalytic wet oxidation of the pretreated synthetic pulp and paper mill effluent under moderate conditions

In the present study, catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) was investigated for the destruction of organic pollutants in the thermally pretreated effluent from a pulp and paper mill under moderate temperature and pressure conditions. The thermal pretreatment studies were conducted at atmospheric pressure and 368K using copper sulfate as a catalyst. The thermal pretreatment reduced COD by about 61%. The filtrate of the thermal pretreatment step was used at pH 8.0 for CWO at 383-443K temperature and a total pressure of 0.85MPa for 4h. Catalysts used for the reaction include copper sulfate, 5% CuO/95% activated carbon, 60% CuO/40% MnO(2), and 60% CuO/40% CeO(2). Maximum COD reduction was found to be 89% during CWO step using 5% CuO/95% activated carbon with a catalyst loading of 8gl(-1) at 443K and 0.85MPa total pressure. Overall COD reduction for the pretreatment and the CWO was found to be 96%. Besides this, 60% CuO/40% CeO(2) catalyst also exhibited the similar activity as that of obtained with 5% CuO/95% activated carbon catalyst at 423K temperature and 0.85MPa total pressure. The pH of the solution during the experimental runs decreases initially due to the formation of carboxylic acid and then increases due to the decomposition of acids.     

Changes in character of organics in the receiving environment of effluent from a sulphite pulp mill

Purpose

The characteristics of organics in sulphite pulp mill effluent and in the receiving environment of effluent discharge were investigated to assess the basis for the persistence or attenuation of colour.

Methods

Characterization of organics was conducted through determination of SUVA, specific colour, and molecular weight distribution of organics using high performance size exclusion chromatography and by solid-state ¹³?C cross polarization (CP) NMR. The characteristics of organics from mill wastewater before and after secondary aerobic treatment, followed by lime treatment and from the receiving environment, an enclosed brackish lake were compared. Changes in the character of organics in lake water over a period of 14?years were studied in the context of changes in mill processing and climate impacts.

Results

High colour in mill effluent and in receiving waters correlated with high SUVA and specific colour levels, high molecular weight range and aromatic content. Conversely, lake waters with low colour had UV absorbing compounds of much lower molecular weight range and low relative abundance of aromatic compounds. Attenuation of colour and changes in the character of organics in the receiving environment coincided with increased concentrations of metal cations.

Conclusions

These increased concentrations appear to be due to the effects of climate change, lake management and their presence in mill effluent, with subsequent discharge to the lake. Attenuation of colour was found to be predominantly through removal of high molecular weight aromatic compounds where the removal processes could be through adsorption and co-precipitation with divalent metals, as well as through dilution processes.     

Inhibition of retinoid activity by components of a paper mill effluent

Few studies have evaluated PCB concentrations in alligators. This is the first comparison of PCB concentrations in alligators eggs from the southeastern United States. Eggs were collected from Bear Island and Winyah Bay, South Carolina and from the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana. Mean PCB concentrations in eggs from Bear Island (333 ng/g) were the same (P > 0.45) as those found at the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge (218 ng/g). However, eggs from Winyah Bay contained 3176 ng/g PCBs which is higher (P < 0.008) than concentrations from the other two sites. These data indicate the ubiquitous nature of PCBs and their bioaccumulation even in remote habitats.     

Odours from pulp mill effluent treatment ponds: the origin of significant levels of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB)

Pulp and paper mills are well known for their sharp, sulphurous stack emissions, but the secondary treatment units also can be significant contributors to local odour. This study investigated the source(s) of earthy/musty emissions from a mixed hardwood pulp mill in response to a high local odour. Samples from five sites in the mill over five months were analyzed for earthy/musty volatile organic compounds (VOCs), examined microscopically, and plated for bacteria and moulds. In all cases, activated sludge showed substantial geosmin levels and to a lesser extent 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) at 2000-9000 times their odour threshold concentrations (OTCs). These VOCs were lower or absent upstream and downstream, suggesting that they were produced within the bioreactor. Geosmin and MIB were highest in late summer and declined over winter, and correlated with different operating parameters. Geosmin was most closely coupled with temperature and MIB with nitrogen uptake. Cyanobacteria were present in all sludge samples, but actinomycetes were not found. Gram-negative bacteria and one fungal species isolated from the bioreactor and secondary outfall tested negative for geosmin or MIB. We conclude: (i) geosmin and MIB contribute significantly to airborne odours from this mill, but are diluted below OTC levels at the river; (ii) these VOCs are generated by biota in the activated sludge; and (iii) cyanobacteria are likely primary source(s). The growth of cyanobacteria in activated sludge represents a loss of energy to the heterotrophic population; thus earthy/musty odours may represent a diagnostic for less than optimal conditions.     

Polychlorinated dibenzothlophenes in bleached pulp mill effluents

Polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes, PCDBTs, have been analysed with HRGC/HRMS from different bleached pulp mill effluents. 2,3,7,8-TeCDBT was found to be the dominating TeCDBT isomer in some samples. The estimated concentrations of the TeCDBTs in the samples were < 1 to 60 pg/L. PeCDBTs and other higher chlorinated PCDBTs were not found (< 1 pg/L).     

Some factors influencing EROD activity in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) exposed to effluent from a pulp and paper mill

EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) activity was determined in winter flounder, a sediment-inhabiting and non-migratory fish species, living near a pulp and paper mill in Newfoundland in relation to temperature, gender, sexual maturity, and lesions in the liver. Samples of liver were taken from fish captured by SCUBA divers at 0 degrees C, 5 degrees C and 16 degrees C. Enzymic activity was detected in fish living only above 0 degrees C. Adult males and juvenile fish had higher levels of EROD activity than prespawning females at 5 degrees C. Macrophage aggregates only or occurring simultaneously with bile ductule hyperplasia and clear cell foci in the liver, did not impair EROD activity but necrosis had a negative effect. Results from this study indicate the importance of water temperature, gender, sexual maturity and liver pathology in assessing EROD activity of fish in biomonitoring programs.     

碱法麦草浆漂白废水脱色白腐菌的筛选及脱色研究

从腐木上采集,经多次分离纯化筛选出2株具有较高漂白废水脱色能力的菌株F7、F9,与Phanerochaete Chrysosporium在相同的条件下处理碱法麦草浆CE段混合漂白废水,培养4d脱色率分别为74．44％,46．67％和62．22％。延长培养时间至第8d,F7菌脱色效果不明显,而F9菌脱色可增至67．58％。     

Chlorinated fluorenes and alkylfluorenes in bleached kraft pulp and pulp mill discharges

The occurrence and levels of polychlorinated fluorenes (PCFLs), methylfluorenes (C₁-PCFLs) and dimethylfluorenes (C₂-PCFLs) were studied by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) in hardwood and softwood pulp, effluent and biosludge from a bleached kraft mill. Semiquantitative concentrations of these compounds were estimated using selected ion monitoring and a mass spectral resolution of 10,000. The identification of PCFLs and C₁-PCFLs was confirmed by the chlorination mixtures of fluorene and 2-methylfluorene.

Several congeners were found for each compound groups studied and isomer patterns were similar in bleached pulp and biosludge. The approximated sum levels of di- and trichloro isomers of PCFLs, C₁-PCFLs and C₂-PCFLs in the biosludge were about 2, 5 and 4 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. The levels of the corresponding compounds in the softwood pulp were 0.5, 0.8 and 0.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Of the studied compounds, only C₁-diCFLs (0.01 ng/g dw) were detected in the hardwood pulp. In the effluent, PCFLs were non-detectable, but traces of C₁-diCFLs (0.5 ng/L) and C₂-pentaCFLs (0.06 ng/L) were found. These were observed mainly as dissolved in the filtrate and not as particle-bound.     

Mutagenicity and organic halogen determination in body fluids and tissues of rats treated with drinking water and pulp mill bleachery effluent concentrates

Concentrates of either drinking water or chlorination stage pulp mill effluent were injected intraperitonally into rats. Urine, feces, liver, and adipose tissues were tested for mutagenic activity and analysed for organic halogen. For both sample types nearly all the organic halogen taken up, eighteen percent from the chlorination stage sample and four percent from the drinking water sample, was excreted via the urine during the first day. Weak mutagenic activity could only be found in the urine collected the first day from animals treated with the highest dose of drinking water.     

The distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior, in relation to a kraft pulp mill effluent

Samples of whole effluent and effluent suspended solids from a kraft pulp mill and sediments and biota from Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and dibenzofurans (CDFs). Tetra-CDFs (4CDF) were consistently detected in whole effluent at levels ranging between 0.3 and 1.3 ng/L. Effluent suspended solids also contained 4CDFs as well as traces of 4CDD, 5CDF, 8CDF and 8CDD. The horizontal sediment distribution suggests that the effluent was the only active source of 4CDF in the area but that 8CDD originated from a more general source such as the atmosphere. An abrupt appearance of 4CDF in the more recent sections of a core profile taken in the bay suggests that an operational change at the pulp mill resulted in the formation of 4CDFs in the mill effluent some time after 1973. Moderate values of 4CDF and low values of 4CDD were found in samples of the shrimp confirming the presence of an active source of 4CDF in Jackfish Bay.     

电催化氧化技术处理制革综合废水

选择DSA电极中的钛基掺硼金钢石膜电极(Ti/BDD),用于制革综合废水的电催化氧化处理研究,考察了在不同的电流密度、电压、电解质、pH值和电解时间等因素对COD去除率和电流效率的影响。结果表明,控制电流密度为30mA/cm2,电压为8.0 V,电解质(NaCl)浓度为2.0 g/L,pH为4.0,电催化氧化处理2 h后,废水的COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别达到了83.6%和90.3%,BOD/COD为0.45,比能耗为35.34 kWh/kg COD,电流效率为37%。     

Advanced oxidation treatment of physico-chemically pre-treated olive mill industry effluent

In this study, the applicability of physico-chemical methods was investigated for the pre-treatment of the olive mill effluents prior to the discharge into the common sewerage ending with a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The samples were taken from an olive oil industry operated as three-phase process located in Turkey. Various pre-treatment methods including acid craking, polyelectrolyte and lime additions were applied. Advanced oxidation study using Fenton's process was also investigated following pre-treatment by acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte. Acid cracking alone gave satisfactory treatment efficiencies and polyelectrolite additions to the acid-cracked samples enhanced treatment efficiency. Since a complete treatment plant is available at the end of the sewer system, results indicated that the effluents of the investigated industry could be discharged into the municipal sewerage in the case of total chemical oxygen demand (COD(tot)), suspended solid (SS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentrations according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation after pre-treatment with 5 ppm anionic polyelectrolyte following acid cracking. The minimum COD(tot), SS and VSS removals were observed when raw wastewater was pre-treated with lime and the discharge standards to the municipal sewer system could not be met. Advanced oxidation with Fenton's process was applied after acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte treatment in order to investigate further reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration for minimizing the influence of this industrial discharge on the existing municipal wastewater treatment plant. Results indicated that COD(tot) removal increased up to 89% from 74% after Fenton's oxidation for the acid cracked samples in which cationic polyelectrolite (10 ppm) was added.     

Advanced oxidation treatment of physico-chemically pre-treated olive mill industry effluent

In this study, the applicability of physico-chemical methods was investigated for the pre-treatment of the olive mill effluents prior to the discharge into the common sewerage ending with a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The samples were taken from an olive oil industry operated as three-phase process located in Turkey. Various pre-treatment methods including acid craking, polyelectrolyte and lime additions were applied. Advanced oxidation study using Fenton's process was also investigated following pre-treatment by acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte. Acid cracking alone gave satisfactory treatment efficiencies and polyelectrolite additions to the acid-cracked samples enhanced treatment efficiency. Since a complete treatment plant is available at the end of the sewer system, results indicated that the effluents of the investigated industry could be discharged into the municipal sewerage in the case of total chemical oxygen demand (COD_tot), suspended solid (SS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentrations according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation after pre-treatment with 5 ppm anionic polyelectrolyte following acid cracking. The minimum COD_tot, SS and VSS removals were observed when raw wastewater was pre-treated with lime and the discharge standards to the municipal sewer system could not be met. Advanced oxidation with Fenton's process was applied after acid cracking and cationic polyelectrolyte treatment in order to investigate further reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration for minimizing the influence of this industrial discharge on the existing municipal wastewater treatment plant. Results indicated that COD_tot removal increased up to 89% from 74% after Fenton's oxidation for the acid cracked samples in which cationic polyelectrolite (10 ppm) was added.     

Effects of pulp mill chlorate on Baltic Sea algae

The long-term effects of pulp mill chlorate on different algal species of the Baltic Sea were studied in land-based model ecosystems simulating the littoral zone. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) exhibited an extraordinarily high sensitivity to chlorate and pulp mill effluents containing chlorate. All brown algal species ceased growth or showed major signs of toxicity at all concentrations tested, down to microgram per litre levels. EC50 levels for growth of Fucus vesiculosus were about 80-100 microg ClO3- litre(-1). Blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) were not deleteriously affected nor were green algae (Chlorophyta). The perennial and annual species of red algae (Rhodophyta) were also unaffected by the effluents. Diatoms did not show any sensitivity and phytoplankton (fresh- and brackish water) were particularly insensitive. A phanerogam, Zostera marina was also unaffected by the treatments.     

Advanced oxidation of a pulp mill bleaching wastewater.

The degradation, by several advanced oxidation reactions, of a pulp mill ECF bleaching effluent, was studied. The initial biodegradability of the organic matter present in the effluent, estimated as the BOD5/COD, was low (0.3). When the effluent was submitted to ozonation and to five different advanced oxidation systems (O3/UV, O3/UV/ZnO, O3/UV/TiO2, O2/UV/ZnO, O2/UV/TiO2), the biodegradability increase significantly. After five minutes of reaction, the O3/UV system appears as the most efficient in to transform the organic matter to more biodegradable forms. A similar effect was observed when the effluent was submitted to an activated sludge treatment. The COD, TOC and toxicity reduction correlated well with the biodegradability enhancement after AOPs treatments.