重大自然灾害后遗体处置应急预案研究

重大自然灾害发生后一般都会伴随着大量人员的遇难,及时妥善处置灾后众多遇难者遗体,是许多国家面临的棘手问题。借鉴我国唐山7.8级地震和汶川8.0级地震中遗体应急处置的经验与教训,从遗体的搜集、存放、运输、消毒、防腐、保存、火化、掩埋等方面,探索遗体处理应急预案的程序与内容,从而提高政府应对重大自然灾害后大量遗体的应急处置能力,全面保障灾区群众的身心健康。     

太空也需环保

人类为生存,努力征服地球,同时,也在征服其它星球。各类人造卫星不断地被发射到地球周围的太空中,而且在今后约20年里数量要增加2倍,也还会送更多的人进入太空。就在人类不断取得一个又一个的胜利时,地球周围的太空也有了“垃圾”。     

漂亮民宅需抗震设防

宋瑞祥局长在2003年全国地震局长会议上指出“全面建设小康社会需要防震减灾工作提供更加有力的保障,需要一个稳定的可持续发展的环境和安全的生存空间。人们在享受幸福生活的同时,比过去任何时期都愈加热爱和珍视生命。”     

The Northridge Earthquake: Community-based Approaches to Unmet Recovery Needs

The 1994 Northridge, California earthquake has proven to be one of the most costly disasters in United States history. Federal and state assistance programmes received some 681,000 applications from victims for various forms of relief. In spite of the flow of US$11 billion in federal assistance into Los Angeles and Ventura counties, many victims have failed to obtain adequate relief. These unmet needs relate to the vulnerability of particular class and ethnic groups. In response to unmet needs, a number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have become involved in the recovery process. This paper, based on evidence collected from hundreds of in-depth interviews with the people involved, examines the activities of several community-based organisations (CBOs) and other NGOs as they have attempted to assist vulnerable people with unmet post-disaster needs. We discuss two small ethnically diverse communities in Ventura County, on the periphery of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The earthquake and resultant disaster declaration provided an opportunity for local government and NGOs to acquire federal resources not normally available for economic development. At the same time the earthquake created political openings in which longer-term issues of community development could be addressed by various local stakeholders. A key issue in recovery has been the availability of affordable housing for those on low incomes, particularly Latinos, the elderly and farm workers. We discuss the successes and limitations of CBOs and NGOs as mechanisms for dealing with vulnerable populations, unmet needs and recovery issues in the two communities.     

Needs assessment of the displaced population following the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey

In August 1999 a major earthquake struck north-western Turkey. An assessment followed to identify the immediate needs of the displaced population. A random cluster sample of displaced families living in temporary shelter outside of organised relief camps was designed. Representatives of 230 households from the four communities worse affected by the earthquake were interviewed. Most families lived in makeshift shelters (84 per cent), used bottled water (91 per cent), obtained food from relief organisations (61 per cent), had access to latrines (90 per cent), had a member on routine medication (53 per cent) and obtained information by word of mouth (81 per cent). Many respondents reported having family members who were over the age of 65 (32 per cent) or under age three (20 per cent), who were pregnant (6 per cent), or who had been ill since the earthquake (64 per cent). The greatest immediate need reported by most families was shelter requirements (37 per cent), followed by food (23 per cent) and hygiene requirements (19 per cent). Ten days after the earthquake, basic environmental health needs of food, shelter and hygiene still predominated in this displaced population. Significant portions may have special needs due to age or illness.     

汶川县城泥石流灾害风险评价研究

泥石流灾害是对我国西南山区城镇威胁最为严重的地质灾害之一。强震的作用则会诱发大量的滑坡和崩塌等不良地质体,为泥石流的发生提供了必要的物源条件。为深入认识在强震和强降雨等极端事件下震区泥石流的危害特征及潜在风险,以汶川8.0级地震强震区汶川县城后山南沟为例,基于高分辨率RS影像和GIS技术,通过开展危险性和易损性评价、指标分类及赋值、空间计算及叠加分析,对该城区泥石流风险开展了实例研究,并基于此探讨了强震区城镇泥石流灾害风险评价方法,评价结果可为该城镇乃至西南强震区城镇泥石流灾害的防灾减灾规划提供参考和依据。     

城市综合承灾能力评价

不同的灾害对城市的作用方式和城市的受灾反应都是不同的,但其不同点系存在于某些特定方面,而从宏观和本质上来看,城市对灾害的反应是有很大共性的,找出并掌握这些共性,也就抓住了城市综合灾害管理的核心和实质.鉴于以往在城市灾害研究中涉及的定义、研究内容和范围的不明确,首先进行了分析比较,给出了明确的划分,并提出用"承灾能力"来"统摄"全局,按照面对灾害作用下的逻辑和时间顺序,通过对城市功能的分析,提出由防灾能力、抗灾能力、救灾能力和恢复能力作为城市承灾能力的组成部分,并按照城市的社会、经济、环境三大功能分别设置了各种能力的评价指标.通过数据搜集和分析,先后应用层次分析法和区间数的模糊可变识别方法得出了全国省会城市和包括4个直辖市在内的共29个城市2003年的城市承灾能力对比结果.结果表明,目前国内大城市的综合承灾能力普遍较弱,亟待加强防灾减灾建设.     

Natech事件风险评估研究进展

Natech(自然灾害诱发事故灾难)事件在全球大范围内发生,造成了严重的人员伤亡、经济损失和环境破坏,已经成为风险评估领域新的研究热点之一。回顾了Natech事件的相似研究和被单独提出后的研究历程,包括:灾害链和灾害链式理论研究、多米诺效应研究和Natech事件定量风险评估研究。简要评析了目前主要的三类Natech事件研究思路:损失模型、评估指标体系和预警时间指标,并根据Natech风险评估结果,对应对Natech事件提出建议。     

四川省泥石流风险评价

以地州市为基本区域单元,给出了四川省泥石流危险度、易损度和风险度的定量评价结果。其中凉山州、阿坝州、甘孜州、雅安地区和攀枝花市为泥石流高风险区,与以上四个地州市具有泥石流高危险度密切相关。风险度的时空变化规律以及与危险度和易损度的相互关系亦在文中作了论述。     

2000年全球气象灾害评价

2000年,全球气候持续较常年偏暖。赤道中,东太平洋地区强拉尼娜事件在1月再次达到峰值后,迅速减弱,强拉尼娜事件对全球,特别是对热带地区产生了较大的影响,北半球许多地区冬季出现严寒天气,夏季又遭热浪袭击,严重的高温、干旱、森林大火困扰全球。而亚洲南部、西欧、南部非洲、南美北部的许多地区暴雨频繁。估计气象自然灾害造成全球经济损失达上千亿美元。数亿人口受灾。     

城市泥石流易损性评价

本文探讨了城市泥石流易损性评价的系统方法,该方法包括:易损体类型划分,易损体数量调查统计,评价模型构建和核算易损体价值等主要内容.目前对地观测技术可以更精确地用于城市泥石流易损性分析,并对城市居民房屋、基础设施和农业用地等进行易损性评价.本研究以美国高分辨率的"快鸟"卫星影象为数据源,完成了研究区的土地覆盖类型遥感解译,应用地理信息系统提供的统计和分析工具,完成了研究区不同土地覆盖类型的城市泥石流易损性计算和评价.     

地铁火灾风险性的多级可拓综合评估

为了弥补现有地铁火灾风险评估方法的不足,并为地铁的消防设计与管理提供量化指标,建立了以层次分析法(AHP)、专家调查法为基础,以可拓法为核心的地铁火灾风险的多级可拓评估方法,并给出了评估流程。对一地铁算例进行了评估,并根据评估结果得到地铁火灾风险的薄弱环节及管理重点。通过对比分析可知,本文方法与模糊评估方法所得的评估结果一致,从而表明:将可拓原理应用到地铁火灾风险性的评估中是合理可行的,很好地解决了地铁火灾风险评估的实际问题,本文方法可应用到相关的风险评估领域中。最后,对地铁火灾安全提出了一些建议。     

Assessment of Global Weather Disasters in 2000

1 Climate background Although the La Nina event caused the decrease of the mean temperature in the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean, the year 2000 had remained one of the hottest since 1860 when records of the global mean temperature began. The temperature in the areas to the north of 20扤 from December 1999 to November 2000 marked the second warmest in history. The mean temperature of the global surface in 2000 was 0. 60C above the average during the period 1880?999, and was close to …     

江都市垃圾卫生填埋场环境影响分析

从江都垃圾填埋场所处的地理环境及地质背景论述了其适宜性,分析了填埋场运行管理中存在的问题及其对环境的影响。阐述了垃圾的物质组成和化学成份及垃圾填埋场污染物的产生机理。详细论述了江都垃圾填埋场对地表水和地下水的污染现状,得出了近填埋场潜水中重金属元素A s、Hg、Cd、Pb、C r严重超标的结论。     

洪灾风险评价等级模型探讨

采用特尔菲法,选择4个一级因子和14个二级因子,建立洪灾风险评价等级指标体系。利用层次分析法,根据对同一层元素相对重要性比较,决定各指标权重。应用模糊综合评判方法,将福建省67个县(市)分为高风险区、次高风险区、中度风险区、低风险区4个等级。评价结果可为防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

洪涝灾情评估标准关键技术问题的探讨

开展洪涝灾情评估工作对于各级防汛主管部门制定应对措施,提高洪涝灾害管理效率具有重要的现实意义。为了规范洪涝灾情评估,国家防汛抗旱总指挥部办公室启动了水利行业标准《洪涝灾情评估标准》的编制工作。对《洪涝灾情评估标准》的编制背景和编制过程中评估实施主体、评估资料来源、评估指标选取、评估指标阈值区间确定、灾害级别确定、评估模型确定等关键技术问题进行了探讨,可为下一阶段标准编制工作提供技术支撑。