高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米和土壤中的残留及消解动态

研究了济南和哈尔滨两年两地的玉米Zea maysL.经高效氯氟氰菊酯种子处理微囊悬浮剂拌种后,高效氯氟氰菊酯在玉米植株、籽粒和土壤中的最终残留量,以及在玉米植株和土壤中的降解动力学规律。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯最终残留在植株、籽粒和土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.005mg·kg-1、〈0.001mg·kg-1和≤0.053mg·kg-1;在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期19.6～28.1d,消解速率哈尔滨慢于济南,这可能与土壤含水量和气温等有关。本研究为制定该农药在玉米上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

玉米两个功能未知转录因子基因的转录后加工

ZmBH、ZmWD是玉米中分别具有转录因子bHLH和WD重复蛋白结构的两个功能未知基因,在不同组织中及各种胁迫诱导条件下,这两个基因均发生不同程度的剪接,产生大小各异的转录本.序列分析发现其剪接方式与经典的mRNA剪接不同,即剪接位点的选择不符合GT-AG或AT-AC规则,而是在剪接位点具有短正向重复序列SDR(Shortdirect repeats).ZmBH的转录后加工导致序列发生移码而提前终止,而ZmWD则缺失了大部分结构域序列,经由这种方式产生的转录后加工产物可影响蛋白编码,因而可能是对这两个基因功能进行调控的一种方式.图6表1参18     

Cytogenetic and epigenetic alterations by cobalt and nickel on Zea mays L

Changes in DNA methylation in Zea mays plantlets in response to cobalt and nickel (5, 10, 20, and 40 mmol L^?1) evaluated by the coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification technique revealed dose-related increases in hypermethylation. The effects on mitotic index and phytohormone levels were also determined. Co and Ni caused a decrease in mitotic index and an attenuation in the growth-promoting hormones gibberellic acid, zeatin, and indole acetic acid, while abscisic acid levels rose. These findings have shown that the increase in abscisic acid levels and DNA methylation depend on the concentrations of Co and Ni.     

芘对玉米根系分泌氨基酸的影响

植物根系释放分泌物是根际修复土壤多环芳烃污染的重要机制之一,但对于多环芳烃污染下根系分泌物的研究很少.以玉米Zea mays L.为供试材料,通过土培培养试验方式研究了在多环芳烃芘处理下,玉米根系分泌氨基酸的变化.结果表明,种植玉米2 1 d后,低质量分数芘(75 mg·kg-1)处理和高质量分数芘(600 mg·kg-1)处理种植玉米土壤芘的去除率分别为36.0%和28.2%.氨基酸分泌总量随着芘胁迫的加强显著增多,低质量分数芘处理和高质量分数芘处理下氨基酸分泌总量分别是无芘胁迫处理下的1.25倍和5.12倍.不同芘质量分数处理下玉米根系分泌的氨基酸的种类和数量的变化情况不相同.     

Mitigation of glyphosate-based herbicide toxicity in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings by ascorbic acid

Abstract

The toxicity of glyphosate at 3.6?mg L^?1 to maize seedlings raised from un-treated seeds and the effectiveness of seed pretreatment by soaking in 0.25?mmol L^?1 ascorbic acid (AsA) solution for mitigation of toxicity were evaluated in hydroponic culture. Glyphosate dramatically reduced the growth of roots and photosynthetic pigments in the leaves but increased protein content in the leaves. Superoxide dismutase activity and AsA concentration in the roots were increased, and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity was unaffected. Pretreatment with AsA improved the dry mass of the roots and shoots, increased the protein content in roots and leaves, and significantly decreased the activity of GPOX in roots. The positive effect of AsA treatment was not associated with more efficient functioning of the antioxidative system.     

玉米幼苗根系形态对芘污染的响应

采用盆栽试验探讨了玉米（Zea mays L.）根系形态学参数（根质量长度、根质量面积、根质量体积、根平均直径及不同根直径等级分布）对不同浓度芘污染胁迫的响应。较低浓度芘可适当地刺激玉米的生长,高浓度芘处理抑制了玉米的生长,并且抑制作用随芘处理浓度的提高而增强;芘对玉米根系的影响要大于对茎叶的影响。不同浓度芘处理下玉米根系形态学参数发生了显著的变化,与对照相比,芘处理下根直径显著降低,根质量长度、根质量面积和根质量体积显著增大,且随芘处理浓度的提高其效应更显著。     

玉米根系形态对土壤Cd和芘复合污染的响应

植物根系在逆境胁迫下通过改变其形态及分布来适应不利的生长环境,根系的形态变化是植物适应外界环境（特别是土壤环境）的一个重要机制。采用盆栽模拟试验探讨了Cd＋芘复合污染对两种基因型玉米（Zeamays L.）（白玉米和黑玉米）根系形态学参数（根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径及不同根直径等级分布）的定量化影响。与对照未污染相比,Cd＋芘复合污染显著降低了白玉米和黑玉米茎叶和根的生物量,特别是根的生物量。Cd＋芘复合污染对白玉米生物量的抑制要比对黑玉米要灵敏。与未污染相比,Cd＋芘复合污染下白玉米和黑玉米的根长稍有增长,根表面积、根平均直径和根体积减小,但两处理间差异不显著。白玉米和黑玉米每一级根直径的根长在Cd＋芘复合污染和未污染处理间没有显著差异。白玉米和黑玉米〉0.60mm的根的根表面积在Cd＋芘复合污染下显著降低。此研究结果为重金属-多环芳烃复合污染土壤植物毒理效应和植物修复技术的进一步研究奠定基础。     

诺氟沙星对芽期玉米的毒性和氧化损伤研究

畜禽养殖废弃物的农田处置,使大量抗生素进入环境,从而对环境生物产生潜在危害.为了研究诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,Nor)对玉米发芽和幼苗生长的影响,采用水培发芽实验,测定了不同浓度下,诺氟沙星对玉米种子的发芽率和玉米幼苗对诺氟沙星的吸收与传输的影响;另外还研究了诺氟沙星对玉米幼苗生物量、自由基水平、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果显示,诺氟沙星能被玉米根吸收并传输到地上部分.0.5mg·L-1～50mg·L-1的诺氟沙星暴露均不影响玉米的发芽率.当诺氟沙星浓度大于1mg·L-1时,幼苗的生长受到抑制,其敏感指标依次为根重>根长>芽长>芽重.诺氟沙星暴露使玉米根、芽中MDA含量明显增加,玉米根中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST),过氧化物酶(POD),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶的活度有显著改变,这表明诺氟沙星暴露能够引起玉米体内的氧化损伤.用电子自旋共振结合二级自由基自旋捕获技术测定了玉米根中自由基水平,发现诺氟沙星能够引起玉米根中大量羟基自由基的产生,为诺氟沙星引起玉米幼苗的氧化损伤提供了直接的证据.     

Uptake and translocation of selenium by maize (Zea mays) from its environmentaly important forms

Pot culture studies were conducted to examine the effect of selenite (SeO3(2-)) and selenate (SeO4(2-)) on the uptake and translocation of root absorbed selenium in maize Zea mays plants grown in sand and soil culture. Increasing selenium supplementation (0.5-6.00 microg/ml), increased the selenium retention in roots, but there was little transfer of selenium from shoot to grains. The study indicates that selenite species (less mobile) also accumulates in maize plants when supplied in solution form. Selenium does not cause any adverse effect on the maize plants (dry matter yield vs concentration, no significant correlation, p>0.05).     

C_4植物甜高粱和玉米幼苗对Zn胁迫的响应差异

实验采用营养液培养法,设置2,50,100,500和1000μmol·L^-1浓度ZnSO4处理,比较C4植物甜高粱（Sorghum bicolor（L．）Moench．）和玉米（Zea mays．L）幼苗对Zn胁迫的响应差异。结果表明,甜高粱对重金属Zn胁迫的敏感性强于玉米,随着Zn处理浓度加大,前者幼苗苗高、根长、单株干物质量、叶绿素含量和根系活力的下降幅度及丙二醛含量的上升幅度皆大于后者,玉米对Zn胁迫的耐受性强于甜高粱。在处理浓度达到500μmol·L^-1之前,甜高粱和玉米体内吸收的Zn随处理浓度加大显著递增,达500μmol·L^-1之后,玉米根系积累的Zn不再明显增加。在处理浓度达到和高于100μmol·L^-1时,甜高粱由根系向地上部转运的Zn显著高于玉米。甜高粱和玉米对zn胁迫的敏感性差异可能缘于它们的吸收和转运差异。     

C4植物甜高梁和玉米幼苗对Zn胁迫的响应差异

实验采用营养液培养法,设置2,50,100,500和1000μmol-L-1浓度ZnSO4处理,比较C4植物甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench.)和玉米(Zeamays.L)幼苗对zn胁迫的响应差异.结果表明,甜高粱对重金属zn胁迫的敏感性强于玉米,随着zn处理浓度加大,前者幼苗苗高、根长、单株干物质量、叶绿素含量和根系活力的下降幅度及丙二醛含量的上升幅度皆大于后者,玉米对Zn胁迫的耐受性强于甜高粱.在处理浓度达到500 μmol-L-1之前,甜高粱和玉米体内吸收的Zn随处理浓度加大显著递增,达500μmol-L-1之后,玉米根系积累的Zn不再明显增加.在处理浓度达到和高于100μmol·L-1时,甜高粱由根系向地上部转运的Zn显著高于玉米.甜高粱和玉米对Zn胁迫的敏感性差异可能缘于它们的吸收和转运差异.     

壳聚糖辅助下玉米修复铅污染土壤能力的研究

为了研究壳聚糖辅助下玉米(ZeamaysL.)对铅污染土壤的修复能力,采用L9(34)正交试验进行研究,考虑了4因素3水平,4因素为土壤铅含量、壳聚糖含量、壳聚糖溶液pH值以及加入壳聚糖后的提取时间.研究结果表明,加入壳聚糖会造成玉米生长停滞,甚至死苗,原因在于壳聚糖属于天然高分子有机物,会造成土壤板结,阻碍植物吸收水分,同时壳聚糖将土壤中的大量重金属溶出,造成玉米重金属中毒.加入壳聚糖后,玉米对铅的吸收较对照结果有很大提高,壳聚糖能够促进铅元素从土壤向植物体内转移,但壳聚糖促进铅元素从玉米地下部分向地上部分转移的能力较弱;综合壳聚糖的促进效果,在土壤铅含量为1.8g·kg-1,壳聚糖含量为5mmol·kg-1(土),壳聚糖溶液pH值为4.5,提取时间为7天的条件下,有利于促进铅在玉米地上部分的吸收.     

Direct, residual and direct + residual effects of sulphur in garlic (Allium sativum)-maize (Zea mays) cropping sequence

Significant positive effects of 30 kg/ha of sulphur as manifested on yield and yield parameters of garlic were further carried over to following maize crop. Garlic bulb and foliage yield (6.3 and 0.8 t/ha respectively) obtained at 30 kg/ha of sulphur dose was significantly higher over without sulphur (3.7 and 0.5 t/ha respectively) as revealed from two years' pooled data. Similarly number of leaves/plant, weight of cloves/5bulbs and weight/100 cloves at the said sulphur dose significantly increased over without sulphur from 10.5 to 11.9, 98.3 to 141.2 g and from 159 to 217 g in respective manner Increase in grain yield of maize (residual effect) and in the economic yield of the whole cropping sequence (Bulb yield of garlic and grain yield of maize) i.e. direct plus residual effect at 30 kg/ha of sulphur dose over without sulphur was from 28.3 to 47.2 and from 71 to 116 q/ha in respective manner i.e. with significant differences. Sulphur use efficiencies (kg yield/kg sulphur) of these crops at 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha over no sulphur were 57, 43 and 32; 53, 63 and 6 and 160, 150 and 67, all in respective order An optimum sulphur dose of 44.3 kg/ha produced increased bulb yield (over no S) worth Rs 34892 over fertilizer cost giving B:C ratio of 31.5:1. Utilization of sulphur added at 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha rates was 24.1, 19.3 and 15.7% by the garlic crop; and 29.6. 24.5 and 9.02% by the following maize crop, thus, adding up to 54.1, 43.8 and 24.9% by the cropping sequence, all in respective order.     

常乐稀土复合肥对玉米（Zea may L.）的细胞毒性和遗传毒性效应

为了研究常乐稀土多元复合肥对主要农作物--玉米(Zea mays L.)是否产生细胞毒性和遗传毒性效应,采用不同梯度质量浓度的稀土复合肥溶液对玉米进行处理,观察其根尖生长状况,统计分析细胞死亡率、微核率、有丝分裂指数以及对细胞DNA的损伤情况.结果表明,质量浓度为10mg·L-1以下时,常乐稀土复合肥能够促进玉米根尖的生长,100mg·L-1以上时抑制根尖生长;随着试验浓度的递增,细胞死亡率、微核率、DNA损伤率逐渐上升并具有正相关性,表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,而有丝分裂指数却随着浓度的增加逐渐下降.以上结果表明,常乐稀土复合肥对玉米确有一定的细胞毒性和遗传毒性效应,其细胞毒性阈值和遗传毒性阈值皆为100mg·L-1.     

Oxidation of sulphite originating from flue gas desulphurization waste in soil

The rate of catalyzed oxidation of sulphite originating from flue gas desulphurization (FGD) waste was studied under varying conditions. The pH dependence was examined in aqueous solution at the pH range of 5 to 8, the effect of soil moisture was studied in sieved soil of different moisture contents, and the oxidation of sulphite to a soil as FGD waste, was measured at different depths in a field experiment. The experiments that the half-lives of sulphite in aqueous solution were between 0.5 and 2 hours and that the oxidation rate was highest at the lowest pH. In sieved soil the half-lives of sulphite were in the range of 3 to 20 days with the oxidation rate at the highest moisture content, indication that oxygen availability was the limiting factor. The slowest decrease of the sulphite concentration was found at a soil depth of 8–10 cm which was the where the highest background concentration of sulphite was found in control plots, too.Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1988,10(1), 26–30     

The correlation of total and extractable heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to maize ( Zea mays L.) plants

A study to understand the mobility and transport of heavy metals (HMs) from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to maize plants was carried out. The total and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)-extractable HMs in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge samples, and the correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge were carried out. Pot experiments were performed to study the transfer of HMs to maize grains, grown in soil (control) and in soil amended with sewage sludge (test samples). The total and extractable HMs in soil, sewage sludge, and maize grains were analysed by FAAS/ETAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer) after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of Cu, Cd, As and their respective extractable fractions in soil, while in domestic wastewater sludge (DWS) the better correlation was observed only for Ni and Cd. The edible part of maize plants (grains) from test samples presented high concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, As, and Cr concentrations (80.7–85.6, 3.8–3.95, 2.35–2.5, 0.75–0.82, 3.21–3.29, 0.23–0.27, and 0.22–0.29?mg?kg^?1, respectively). Good correlations were found between metals in exchangeable fractions of both soil and DWS and total metals in control and test samples of maize grains. The transfer factor of all HMs from DWS to maize grains was also determined.     

Uptake of zinc, cadmium and phosphorus by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) from a low available phosphorus calcareous soil spiked with zinc and cadmium

In a multifactorial pot experiment, maize (Zea mays L.) with or without inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae BEG167 was grown in a sterilized soil spiked with three levels of zinc (0, 300 and 900 mg Zn kg⁻¹ soil) and three levels of cadmium (0, 25 and 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil). At harvest after 8 weeks of growth, the proportion of root length of inoculated plants colonized decreased with increasing Zn or Cd additon, and was 56% in the absence of both metals and was reduced significantly to 27% in the presence of the higher levels of both metals. Mycorrhizal plants had higher biomass than non-mycorrhizal controls except at the highest soil level of Cd. Cadmium had more pronounced effects on plant biomass than did Zn at the levels studied and the two metals showed a significant interaction. The data suggest that mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant growth with enchancement of P nutrition, perhaps increasing plant tolerance to Zn and Cd by a dilution effect. AM inoculation also led to higher soil solution pH after harvest, possibly reducing the availability of the metals for plant uptake, and lowered the concentrations of soluble Zn and Cd in the soil solution, perhaps by adsorption onto the extrametrical mycelium.     

Toxicity of Brachuryan crabs in India

Crabs are the most abundant macrofauna in the coastal environment, and may belong to many different species and even families. Some of these crabs contain specialized protein substances that act as toxins. Toxins, especially proteins that are produced by living cells or organisms, are poisonous substances. Toxins can be divided according to their pharmacological effects (neurotoxins, myotoxins, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, hematological toxins, and locally acting toxins) and their sources, such as snakes, scorpions, mussels, spiders, marine creatures, or sea anemones. Crab toxins are heat resistant and are found in the crabs’ viscera. Hence, they cannot be destroyed by cooking, and there is also no known treatment available for these toxins. The only alternative is to educate fishermen, holiday makers, and seafood consumers to recognize these poisonous species and avoid them. Several toxins identified from crabs are neurotoxins, related to tetradotoxin (TTX), which is found in pufferfish. Other toxins include saxitoxin (STX), neurosaxitoxin (NeoSTX), and some unidentified toxins. Some poisonous crabs possess a mixture of these toxins. This article describes the toxins and Brachuryan crabs producing toxicity.     

急性毒性藻红外测试中联合作用的评价方法（Evaluation Method for Combined Toxicity Effects in the Measure of Alage Infrared Radiation for Acute Toxicity）

藻红外测试中联合作用的评价方法是急性毒性藻红外测试法的重要组成,为建立其评价方法,用敏感藻和重金属、有机药品、农药开展了探索性实验.首先确定联合作用系数θ的计算式和总均偏差系数f,用其构建联合偏差系数法;再用实验得到的f=0.06调整相加作用的θ理论值(θ=1),联合偏差系数θi分别在大于、等于、小于1+0.06或1-0.06时,评价联合作用类型;最后进行二元药品对敏感藻联合作用的验证实验,验证联合偏差系数法的可行性.结果发现,4种重金属6种混合对短线脆杆藻(Fragilaria brevistriata)的联合作用为:3次拮抗作用,2次独立作用,1次相加作用;4种有机药品6种混合对羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)的联合作用为:2次协同作用,3次独立作用,1次拮抗作用;8种农药12种混合对水华鱼腥藻、纤细裸藻的联合作用为:9次拮抗作用,3次独立作用;一组验证实验包括藻液加药、测试、计算和评价,共需要60min,而用光密度、细胞数、叶绿素含量、细胞干重作为测试指标进行藻类急性毒性实验,需要24h～96h.对验证结果分析可知,用所构建的联合偏差系数法评价二元药品对敏感藻的联合作用,具有可行、快速、简便的优势.