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在水处理技术中,各种铝盐化合物作为无机凝聚剂而广泛应用于从天然水和废水中去除各种胶体微粒和溶解性有机杂质,向水中投加铝盐化合物,首先发生水解反应而生成各种羟基铝离子。大量的研究及水处理实践都证实,水解羟基铝离子是促使胶体微粒凝聚脱稳的活性形态,不同的羟基铝离子可能具有不同的凝聚能力。许多现代凝聚理论都是基于水解铝络离子与胶体微粒间的相互作用来阐述铝的凝聚机理。因此,铝的水化学反应及其形态组成的研究,是深入探讨和研究铝凝聚机理,控制最优凝聚剂量的基础,它始终是水处理界讨论和研究的 相似文献
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根据中小型羊毛衫染厂废水成份复杂多变的特点,对几种凝聚剂的处理效果进行试验对比,找出了具有电中和、吸附、凝聚、共沉淀等多种功能的复合型无机凝聚剂,废水处理费用低、效果好,具有一定的推广价值。 相似文献
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1、高分子凝聚剂 高分子凝聚剂可以定义为:“分子量由数万至一千万左右具有水溶性的线状化合物。分子中有许多活性基,吸附于水中悬浮固体颗粒之上,在颗粒之间起架桥作用并不断形成大块凝聚的物质”。 约在五十年前,这些高分子凝聚剂还 相似文献
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尿素/高锰酸钾湿法烟气脱氮的试验研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用高锰酸钾和尿素配制成不同浓度的吸收溶液,在填有金属鲍尔环的管式吸收反应器中,对模拟烟气进行湿法烟气脱氮的研究。试验结果表明,用尿素和高锰酸钾配制成的吸收液进行湿法烟气脱氮,可以高效地脱除模拟烟气中的氮氧化物,高锰酸钾含量的增加可以显著提高脱氮效率,是决定脱氮效率高低的重要因素,在尿素和高锰酸钾含量分别为5%和0.60g/L时可以达到91.5%的平均脱氮效率;尿素含量、吸收液有效柱高和外加的SO2气体均对脱氮效率产生不同程度的影响。 相似文献
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吹脱法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮研究 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
对吹脱法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮进行了研究,控制吹脱效率高低的关键因素是温度、气液比和pH值。在水温大于25℃,气液比控制在3500左右,渗滤液pH值控制在10.5左右,对于氨氮浓度高达2000~4000mg/L的垃圾渗滤液,去除率可达到90%以上。 相似文献
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混合固定细菌单级生物脱氮技术 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
混合固定硝化细菌和反硝化细菌,在体积为1.0L流化床中使用模拟废水,研究了有机碳源浓度、pH值和气体体积流量等因素对混合固定体系中硝化和脱氮过程的影响。试验证明:当COD处于500~1000mg/L内,pH值在8.0~8.5之间,气体体积流量为24~42L/h时脱氮速率最高。此时,NH4^ -N去除率达90%以上,TIN去除率在80%以上。 相似文献
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活性炭纤维吸附废水中对硝基苯酚及其脱附研究 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
采用新型高效吸附剂——活性炭纤维吸附废水中对硝基苯酚,对其吸附和脱附影响因素进行了较详细的研究,确定了最佳工艺参数,并对动态吸附一脱附进行了稳定性实验。在最佳的吸附条件下,装填4g活性炭纤维可处理含对硝基苯酚1000mg/L的废水1400mL,出水对硝基苯酚浓度〈2mg/L,达到国家综合污水一级排放标准,活性炭纤维有效吸附量可达349.87mg/g。在最佳脱附条件下,脱附率〉99%,并可从高浓度脱附液中回收对硝基苯酚。稳定性实验表明,吸附-脱附性能稳定,采用活性炭纤维吸附处理对硝基苯酚废水是一种行之有效的处理方法。 相似文献
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Jaana Koistinen Sirpa Herve Raija Paukku Mirja Lahtiperä Jaakko Paasivirta 《Chemosphere》1997,34(12):2553-2569
Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle. 相似文献
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G T Brooks 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):619-621
The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9. 相似文献
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Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis. 相似文献
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Ralph A. Chapman Carol Harris 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4-5):397-407
Abstract The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis. 相似文献
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P.R. Fresquez J.D. Huchton M.A. Mullen L. Naranjo Jr. 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):611-622
Abstract One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of 3H, 137Cs, 90Sr, totU, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu, and241 Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of 3H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables. 相似文献
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Jennifer C. Anhalt Thomas B. Moorman William C. Koskinen 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):207-213
Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of 14C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative 14CO2 was less than 1.5% of applied 14C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils. 相似文献
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A.H. El‐Sebae S.A. Soliman N.S. Ahmed A. Curley 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):465-474
Abstract Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with 3H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia. 相似文献
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Veni Pillay Sreekanth B. Jonnalagadda 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):423-428
The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g? 1 dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g? 1 and 150 μ g g? 1 dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g? 1 dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g? 1) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g? 1), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g? 1 of iron and 165 μ g g? 1 of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g? 1), Zn (50 μ g g? 1) and Cu (3.6 μ g g? 1). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g? 1) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables. 相似文献
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Abstract The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks. Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation. 相似文献