论中国对遗传资源的知识产权保护和管理

遗传资源是所在国全体人民的共同财富,是许多发展中国家的强项,发展中国家为了维护本国的利益,必须率先对遗传资源提供保护,加强国家对遗传资源的管理:建议我国尽快制定<遗传资源保护法>;由环保部门负责对遗传资源进行专门的、统一的管理.在国内建立保护遗传资源的专利制度:遗传资源使用者利用遗传资源所完成的发明创造,遗传资源使用者与遗传资源提供国订有合同对申请专利的权利和专利权归属作出约定的,从其约定.没有约定的,申请专利的权利应当归属于遗传资源提供国.获得专利的生物技术必须是有利于保护环境和生物安全性的.保护遗传资源要在国际条约的框架内,通过制定新的保护遗传资源知识产权的国际条约或者修改TRIPS协议的相关规定,促使遗传资源在世界范围内得到保护.     

论国内外资源安全立法趋势及我国立法模式的选择

资源安全问题是国际社会和我国所面临的一个重大问题，资源安全是在某种状态下资源供给与需求相均衡的一种状态。我国资源立法从上个世纪80年代开始，但并未确立资源安全的立法指导思想。资源是提升国家综合国力的重要因素，在经济全球化下，我国资源安全问题面临着严峻挑战，解决问题的关键是进行资源安全立法，构建资源安全法律制度体系。本文介绍了全球资源危机和我国所面临的资源安全形势，分析了国外资源安全立法动态，提出了我国资源安全立法的模式选择，并对资源安全（基本法）进行了框架结构设计。     

外来入侵物种每年造成我国经济损失逾千亿

20 0 0年国家环保总局的调查结果就显示,外来入侵物种当年给中国造成的经济损失高达1198.76亿元,占中国国内生产总值的1.3 6% ,其中对国民经济有关行业造成直接经济损失共计198.5 9亿元,而对中国生态系统、物种及遗传资源造成的间接经济损失则高达10 0 0 .17亿元。我国的外来入侵物种已高达2 83种,其中一半是陆生植物,其次是陆生及水生无脊椎动物和微生物。人们对生物多样性保护认识不足是外来入侵物种肆虐的重要因素。在外来入侵物种中,除了49.3 %属于无意引进和3 .1%属于自然扩散外,3 9.6%的物种都属于人为有意引进。外来入侵物种在蔓延过…     

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法研究及其对构建我国《土壤污染防治法》的启示

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法有其自己的特色,通过研究总结出七点立法特点。中国的土壤污染形势严峻,现行土壤污染防治立法多采分散立法的模式,缺乏系统性、专门针对性和可操作性,既不能适应日益严峻的土壤污染形式,也不能满足对我国土壤污染保护的客观需求。因此,制定专门的《土壤污染防治法》有其必要性和紧迫性。针对我国土壤污染立法现状,吸收俄罗斯土壤防治立法的先进之处,近而得出了构建我国专门的《土壤污染防治法》,树立整体的立法观念;制定明确的土壤保护标准及土壤污染防治标准;建立土壤污染预防制度和土壤污染修复制度;加强土壤的国家监督、国家监测和许可等管理制度;注重环境影响评价制度以及信息公开,扩大公民的公众参与权等几点启示。     

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法研究及其对构建我国《土壤污染防治法》的启示

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法有其自己的特色，通过研究总结出七点立法特点。中国的土壤污染形势严峻，现行土壤污染防治立法多采分散立法的模式，缺乏系统性、专门针对性和可操作性，既不能适应日益严峻的土壤污染形式，也不能满足对我国土壤污染保护的客观需求。因此，制定专门的《土壤污染防治法》有其必要性和紧迫性。针对我国土壤污染立法现状，吸收俄罗斯土壤防治立法的先进之处，近而得出了构建我国专门的《土壤污染防治法》，树立整体的立法观念；制定明确的土壤保护标准及土壤污染防治标准；建立土壤污染预防制度和土壤污染修复制度；加强土壤的国家监督、国家监测和许可等管理制度；注重环境影响评价制度以及信息公开，扩大公民的公众参与权等几点启示。     

生物经济发展视野下的生物安全问题及其立法对策研究

生物经济是与农业经济、工业经济、信息经济相对应的经济形态,是以生命科学与生物技术研究开发与应用为基础的、建立在生物技术产品和产业之上的经济。生物安全有广义与狭义两种界分。生物经济的发展给生物安全带来了重大挑战。为了应对生物经济发展对生物安全带来的挑战,自20世纪70年代之后,国际社会掀起了一场声势浩大的生命伦理法律化运动,产生了大量旨在应对生物安全问题的国际与国内立法,较为有效地保障了生物经济的健康发展。就其特点而言,域外生物安全法较为侧重对生物经济活动的规制、注意依照风险预防的原则和理念进行相关的制度构建并注意部门立法间的协调与配合。我国也根据维护生物安全的需要制定了相关的立法,但与保障生物经济健康发展的实际需要相比,我国现有的立法还存在明显缺陷,需要采取相应对策加以完善。     

可持续发展理念下旅游资源立法问题研究

我国拥有丰富的人文、自然旅游资源,旅游业也处于迅速发展之中,但我国旅游资源立法存在形式繁杂、效力级别低以及内容欠缺协调等问题。虽然近年来多有立法呼声,但由于在模式选择、立法原则确立以及制度设计等方面尚未达成共识,导致有关旅游资源保护立法迟迟不能出台,这对我国旅游业发展和旅游资源合理开发利用产生了诸多不利影响。本文归纳并评析了现有六种立法模式:旅游基本法模式、旅游法典模式、保护地法模式、国家公园法模式、特别区域法单独修改模式、将旅游资源立法纳入资源与环境保护立法体系模式,提出我国在立法模式选择上及保护与开发旅游资源的原则和制度设计上必须立足国情,以可持续发展理念为指导,充分贯彻旅游资源保护优先原则,在此基础上平衡旅游资源保护与经济发展的关系,从而推动我国旅游资源和旅游业尽快走上可持续发展的轨道。     

遗传资源对区域经济社会发展的贡献研究——以泰州市为例

遗传资源作为国民经济发展的基础性资源,其社会经济贡献长期受到不同程度的低估,对遗传资源经济贡献的忽视造成了资源不断破坏和生态环境的退化。通过对遗传资源内涵及其价值的重新梳理,测算了2011年泰州市遗传资源的直接经济利用价值、研究与开发价值、保护价值,以及由遗传资源利用而带来的社会效益等各种经济贡献价值。研究表明,2011年泰州市遗传资源总经济价值为22688亿元,相当于泰州地区生产总值的935%;2011年泰州市遗传资源的直接经济利用价值、研究与开发价值、遗传资源保护价值,及其带来的社会效益价值分别为14350、1426、6013、899亿元,而遗传资源第一、二、三产业中四类价值的经济价值总和分别为14139、5606、2943亿元。研究表明：生物遗传资源的四类价值在遗传资源三次产业中均具有重要的经济贡献,尤其在遗传资源第一和第三产业中的经济贡献分别占据了8383%和3499%;而对于整个泰州市三次产业来说,生物遗传资源在二、三产业中的经济贡献较小,分别为4%和315%,主要原因在于二、三产业中涉及遗传资源的产业不多,以致生物遗传资源在遗传资源产业层面和区域产业层面上的贡献存在较大的差异     

从理念到立法：综合生态系统管理与综合立法模式

综合生态系统管理在现代环境管理中的应用源于人类对生态系统的不断认识.作为一种管理模式,综合生态系统管理区别于传统的单一生态系统管理模式,自各国签署<生物多样性公约>一来,综合生态系统管理逐渐被引入到世界各国尤其是亚太地区各国环境管理实践中.时至今日,综合生态系统管理已广泛地运用于环境法领域,引起了环境法的深刻变革.综合生态系统管理的综合性、公益性、区域性、夏活性等属性以及有效的跨部门、跨行政区域、科学研究与管理制度相结合、行政手段、市场手段和公众参与相结合等方法吻合现代环境法发展的内在要求,因而已成为现代环境立法的重要理念,且直接影响现代环境立法模式的取向.我国环境立法应当秉承以综合生态系统管理为立法理念的综合立法模式,实现目标模式和法体模式的综合、各级各类立法之间的综合以及方法的综合,以适应我国生态保护的需要.     

生物多样性保护与自然保护区

生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础,生物多样性保护已是当今人们最为关注的热点问题。越来越多的人认识到,生物资源是有限度的。实践表明,为保护物种栖息地而划定和管理的各种区域,对保护生物多样性有着重要的意义。在我国自然保护区被视为最典型和最有代表性的区域,也是生物多样性保护的重要基地。自然保护区保护着国家珍贵的动植物资源,拯救了濒危物种,保护了典型的生态环境,建设自然保护区是自然保护行之有效的手段。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式,经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题,作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析,指出当前发展循环经济,促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”,更表明了我国当前发展循环经济,促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义;再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析;最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

Citric and Oxalic Acids Effect on Pb and Zn Uptake by Maize and Winter Wheat

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of citric and oxalic acids effect on Pb and Zn uptake by corn and winter wheat. The experiment was employed with citric acid (CA) applied at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0 mmol kg^?1 soil), oxalic acid (OA) at 3 rates (0, 1.5 and 3.0mmol kg^?1 soil) and citric acid combined with oxalic acid (1.5 mmol citric acid combined with 1.5 mmol oxalic acid kg^?1). Two types of soil were chose in the experiment. One was collected from the agricultural soil near a battery-recycling factory in Anhui province, China (site A) and the other was collected from a Pb-Zn mine residues in Hunan province, China (site B). The results showed that soil pH varied with the different treatment of citric and oxalic acids. However, there were no differences in all the treatments. 3.0mmol CA kg^?1 soil addition significantly increased the concentrations of the CaCl₂-extractable Pb and Zn and other treatments have no significantly increased. The highest shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn in both species occurred in application of 3.0 mmol CA/kg^?1 soil and shoot concentrations of Pb and Zn in both species were significantly higher than the controls in this treatment. Shoot yields declined with application of citric and oxalic acids, indicating that the plants were sensitive to the toxicity of the metals or the amendments. The highest Pb uptake values by maize and wheat werell2.3 and 77.2 μg pot1 in soil of site A, and occurred with the control and 3.0 mmol CA/kg^?1 soil respectively.