邛海水生生态系统健康评价

将生态系统健康评价引入邛海环境问题研究中,通过对邛海水生生态系统健康状况初步评价得出邛海水生生态系统健康状况为1988年最好,其次是2004年,2000年最差。     

生态系统管理中生态环境评价的关键问题

阐述了生态环境评价和生态系统管理的内涵以及两者之间的关系,对国内外生态系统管理中生态评价的类型和特征进行了总结,并分析了生态系统管理中生态评价的关键问题,即为生态系统管理者提供有效的决策支持信息。因此,为生态系统管理服务的生态环境评价中,管理者的配合和支持起着非常重要的作用;评价方法必须科学、可行;评价数据必须准确可靠,并且能够连续获得;评价结论尽量真实反映生态状况。     

新村港海草床生态系统健康评价

通过分析2004—2009年海南岛新村港海草床生态系统的水环境、沉积环境、生物残毒、栖息地、生物等5类18项评价指标的调查数据,并根据《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》(HYT 087—2005)的评价标准,对新村港海草床生态系统的健康状况进行评价。结果显示,新村港水质、沉积环境、生物残毒和栖息地等4个评价指标的健康状况为健康,健康指数分别为11.4、9.0、7.1、13.0,水环境健康指数临近亚健康临界值;生物评价指标的健康状况为亚健康,健康指数为30.0;综合以上5类指标评价,新村港海草床生态系统的健康状况为亚健康,健康指数为70.5。海水养殖、污水排放、海洋工程、渔业活动等是导致海草床退化、底栖生物减少、水环境质量下降的主要原因。     

金山三岛陆域生态系统健康状况分析评价

在对上海市金山三岛自然保护区陆域生态系统调查研究的基础上,采用层次分析法-综合指数评价模型对其进行生态健康状况评价分析。结果表明,该陆域生态系统综合健康指数(CEI)为0.648,保护区的生态质量一般,生态系统稳定性差,自我恢复能力不强。建议采取一定的人为干预措施来保护金山三岛陆域生态系统,使其朝更优的方向发展。     

华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系构建研究

以华北地区滨海湿地中的天津宁河七里海湿地为例,以PSR模型作为评价基础框架,运用可持续发展的理论、环境生态学、城市生态学、景观生态学等科学理论,结合社会经济资料收集、地面数据的采集与生态环境现状调查,应用层次分析法(AHP),在咨询专家意见的基础上,利用T L Saaty的标度法,构建了华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系。体系由压力子系统、状态子系统、响应子系统构成,共筛选出三大类共计19项综合指标,其中压力指标6项、状态指标9项、响应指标4项。通过实际验证,该评价体系能客观地反映出湿地生态系统健康水平,可为环境管理部门的科学决策以及湿地的可持续发展提供技术支持,可供其他滨海地区湿地评价时参考。     

宁夏太阳山湿地水生生态系统健康评价

通过在太阳山湿地设置11个采样点,监测水质及生物等17个指标,采用层次分析法、熵值法确定指标权重,运用灰色关联法、模糊综合评价法对研究区水生生态系统的健康状况进行评价。结果表明：在层次分析法赋权下,经灰色关联法评价得南湖为亚健康,其余湖为不健康;经模糊综合评价法得4个湖为病态。在熵值法赋权下,经灰色关联法评价得南湖为很健康,其余湖为不健康;经模糊综合评价得西湖为不健康,南湖为很健康,其余湖为病态。结合两种评价方法的计算过程及研究区实际情况,模糊综合评价结果较灰色关联法更符合实际。     

锦州湾海域生态系统健康状况评价

基于结构功能指标体系评价法,利用层次分析法构建锦州湾海域生态系统健康评价指标体系,并选择2005—2009年8月生态调查数据对其进行初步的定量评价。结果表明,可以通过海洋化学指标、生态学指标和社会经济学指标三大类33个指标来建立锦州湾生态系统健康评价指标体系;2005—2009年8月锦州湾生态系统的整合健康指数依次分别为1.01、1.90、2.00、1.45和1.10,均低于系统健康指数值2,锦州湾海域生态系统连续5年一直处于亚健康状态,且从目前海域的污染现状来看,这一海域的水质、沉积物和生物体污染均比较严重,要修复其生态功能需要投入巨大的物质和能量。     

基于组合赋权法的宁波市城市生态系统质量评价

为评价宁波市城市生态系统质量状况,在建立城市生态系统质量指数(UEQI)评价模型的基础上,首先由不同等级指标值线性拟合得到的标准化函数进行原始数据的标准化,然后根据变异系数法与层次分析法相结合的组合赋权法确定指标权重,最后对宁波市9个评价区的城市生态系统质量进行评价对比。结果表明,2006年宁波市城市生态系统质量属于一般水平(UEQI=64),其中宁海县城市生态系统质量最高(UEQI=70),其次为余姚市(UEQI=69)、奉化市(UEQI=68)、主城区(UEQI=67)、北仑区(UEQI=65)、镇海区(UEQI=62)、慈溪市(UEQI=61)和象山市(UEQI=59),而鄞州区的城市生态系统质量最差(UEQI=53)。     

乌江下游水电开发对陆生生态系统影响分析评价

为研究水电梯级开发对当地陆生生态系统的影响程度,选择中国西南地区大型河流--乌江下游沿河至河口段为典型研究区,于2018年2-10月,采用资料查询、现场调查、遥感解译的方法,对当地陆生生态系统进行影响后评价。结果表明,梯级水电建成后,水库水面面积为建设前的2.60倍,森林、灌丛植被面积分别增加了205.89,366.04 km^(2),增幅分别为1.29%,2.30%,总植被生物量增加了195.14万t,增幅为2.82%;两梯级水电站建设对评价范围内植物物种多样性没有造成明显不良影响;麻阳河保护区内黑叶猴种群数量自2014-2021年,增长近30只,增幅约5%。水电梯级开发建设对评价范围内陆生生态系统没有造成明显不良影响,生态系统仍然处于良好循环之中,且存在顺向演替趋势。研究结论可为环境管理部门今后判断河流水电梯级开发对陆生生态系统的实际影响提供决策参考。     

基于InVEST模型的连云港市赣榆区生态系统服务功能评价

为更好地协调生态保护与社会经济发展的关系,科学评估区域生态系统服务功能及其重要性显得尤为重要。以连云港市赣榆区为研究对象,采用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估（InVEST）模型,从固碳释氧、水质净化、生物多样性和水资源供给4项服务进行生态功能重要性评价分区,定量识别该区重要生态功能区。评价结果表明,赣榆区重要生态功能区总面积为383.06 km²,占全区总面积的25.93%;其中,Ⅰ级重要生态功能区面积为8.24 km²,Ⅱ级重要生态功能区面积为82.13 km²,Ⅲ级重要生态功能区面积为292.69 km²,初步构建了赣榆区生态安全格局,以促进本区生态系统保护与社会经济发展相协调。在此基础上,结合赣榆区农业发展现状,对三级重要生态功能区保护及全区农业开发利用提出了相应建议,为赣榆区优化国土空间格局、推进生态文明建设提供参考。     

An Integrated Ecosystem Assessment of the Interior Columbia Basin

Driven by the need to replace interim direction, address recent species listings as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act, and break the gridlock of implementing actions, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (FS) and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), initiated an effort to develop a scientifically-sound, ecosystem-based strategy for lands they administer in the Interior Columbia Basin. The effort included an integrated assessment of 58.3 million ha in seven states describing the Basin's current conditions and risks associated with different management strategies. The assessment provides the foundation for environmental impact statements outlining management direction for 31 million hectares of FS and BLM administered lands. The process produced a framework for ecosystem management, ecosystem component (social, economic, landscape, terrestrial, and aquatic) assessments, and estimates of ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency.     

PCB Levels and Trends Within the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie Basin: A Historical Perspective of Ecosystem Monitoring

An international workshop held in the spring of 2002 convened a group of technical experts to address monitoring, modeling, and management of PCBs within the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie basin. Participants shared and discussed a diverse set of research data bases pertaining to PCB levels within the region, discussed observed changes within different components of the local ecosystem, and identified several primary issues impacting future PCB management strategies. Results presented at the workshop indicate dramatic reductions in PCB contamination levels have been observed in much of study area between the late 1970s and mid-1990s. Estimates of loadings attributable to water and atmospheric sources have generally declined, as have PCB concentrations in herring gull eggs, smelt and walleye. Nevertheless, additional improvements have not been observed during recent years and elevated contamination levels remain a concern within local hot spots, particularly in the lower Detroit River and Trenton Channel. A primary recommendation broadly supported by workshop participants is the need to maintain, support, and coordinate a comprehensive ecosystem monitoring program for the Detroit River-Western Lake Erie basin, one that incorporates both near-field and far-field monitoring elements. Such a program is crucial to provide necessary data in support of understanding ecosystem trends, calculating annual mass loadings to the system, assessing impacts of remediation actions, developing improved modeling frameworks, and formulating cost-effective management strategies for the future.     

干旱区内陆艾比湖流域平原区景观生态安全评价研究

在构建基于景观尺度的生态安全评价模型基础上,分析了1990-2005年干旱区内陆艾比湖流域平原区的景观生态安全变化特征。结果表明:研究区景观生态安全状况可以分为3个层次,并以河流、湖泊及沼泽为主的湿地景观所在区域的生态安全程度相对较高。1990-2005年,研究区生态安全状况呈现"V"字型变化趋势,其中生态安全评价指数相对较低区域的面积所占比例呈现先增加后减少、总体上趋于增加的状态;而生态安全指数相对较高区域的面积所占比例呈现先减少后增加、总体上趋于减少的状态。     

Status of the Riparian Ecosystem in the Upper San Pedro River, Arizona: Application of an Assessment Model

A portion of Arizona’s San Pedro River is managed as a National Riparian Conservation Area but is potentially affected by ground-water withdrawals beyond the conservation area borders. We applied an assessment model to the Conservation Area as a basis for monitoring long-term changes in riparian ecosystem condition resulting from changes in river water availability, and collected multi-year data on a subset of the most sensitive bioindicators. The assessment model is based on nine vegetation bioindicators that are sensitive to changes in surface water or ground water. Site index scores allow for placement into one of three condition classes, each reflecting particular ranges for site hydrology and vegetation structure. We collected the bioindicator data at 26 sites distributed among 14 reaches that had similar stream flow hydrology (spatial flow intermittency) and geomorphology (channel sinuosity, flood-plain width). Overall, 39% of the riparian corridor fell within condition class 3 (the wettest condition), 55% in condition class 2, and 6% in the driest condition class. Condition class 3 reaches have high cover of herbaceous wetland plants (e.g., Juncus and Schoenoplectus spp.) along the perennial stream channel and dense, multi-aged Populus-Salix woodlands in the flood plain, sustained by shallow ground water in the stream alluvium. In condition class 2, intermittent stream flows result in low cover of streamside wetland herbs, but Populus-Salix remain abundant in the flood plain. Perennial wetland plants are absent from condition class 1, reflecting highly intermittent stream flows; the flood plain is vegetated by Tamarixa small tree that tolerates the deep and fluctuating ground water levels that typify this reach type. Abundance of herbaceous wetland plants and growth rate of Salix gooddingii varied between years with different stream flow rates, indicating utility of these measures for tracking short-term responses to hydrologic change. Repeat measurement of all bioindicators will indicate long-term trends in hydro-vegetational condition.     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments from an Antarctic Marine Ecosystem

The concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper,chromium, iron, manganese and zinc in surfacesediments collected from Potter Cove, in the 25de Mayo Island (King George Island), Antarctica, andits drainage basin, were measured by atomic absorptionspectroscopy. The obtained results were use todetermine the areal and vertical distribution of themetals of in the Cove and potential sources of thesemetals to this environment. The geochemical datasuggest that most of the metals found in Potter Coveconstitute a redistribution of autochthonous materialswithin the ecosystem. Therefore, the metalconcentrations can be considered to be present atnatural background levels in surface sediments.     

Ecotoxicological Assessment of the Impact of Residual Heavy Metals on Soil Nematodes in the Guadiamar River Basin (Southern Spain)

On 25 April 1998, as a consequence of the breaking of a dam containing the tailings of a pyrite mine, a land strip of approximately 43 km in length was covered with a layer of black sludge, containing high levels of heavy metals, along the Guadiamar River Basin (southern Spain). In this investigation we carried out an ecotoxicological assessment (field and laboratory studies) of the impact of residual heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni) on soil nematodes in the impacted riparian zone, two years after the huge mine spillage. Concentrations of residual heavy metals were significantly (P<0.05) higher at the impacted sampling sectors (S-2, S-3, S-4, S-5) than at the unpolluted (reference) sampling sector (S-1). Nickel however exhibited the lowest increases at the impacted sectors. As a consequence, correlation coefficients between concentrations of heavy metals and values of ecological indices were not significant for Ni. In contrast, copper, lead and zinc exhibited significant (P<0.05) negative correlation coefficients with ecological indices, particularly with diversity indices (including the~number of taxa). In addition, the toxicity of Cu and Pb to nematode test species (Aphelenchus avenae and Cephalobus persegnis) during short-term toxicity bioassays was much higher than the toxicity of Zn and Ni. We conclude that residual heavy metals were still influencing adversely the community of soil nematodes in the impacted riparian zone of the Guadiamar River Basin. Cu, Pb and, to a lesser extent, Zn would be major responsible for the observed impact.     

Application of CCME Water Quality Index to Monitor Water Quality: A Case Study of the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada

All six ecosystem initiatives evolved from many years of federal, provincial, First Nation, local government and community attention to the stresses on sensitive habitats and species, air and water quality, and the consequent threats to community livability. This paper assesses water quality aspect for the ecosystem initiatives and employs newly developed Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) which provides a convenient mean of summarizing complex water quality data that can be easily understood by the public, water distributors, planners, managers and policy makers. The CCME WQI incorporates three elements: Scope – the number of water quality parameters (variables) not meeting water quality objectives (F ₁); Frequency – the number of times the objectives are not met (F ₂); and Amplitude. the extent to which the objectives are not met (F ₃). The index produces a number between 0 (worst) to 100 (best) to reflect the water quality. This study evaluates water quality of the Mackenzie – Great Bear sub-basin by employing two modes of objective functions (threshold values): one based on the CCME water quality guidelines and the other based on site-specific values that were determined by the statistical analysis of the historical data base. Results suggest that the water quality of the Mackenzie-Great Bear sub-basin is impacted by high turbidity and total (mostly particulate) trace metals due to high suspended sediment loads during the open water season. Comments are also provided on water quality and human health issues in the Mackenzie basin based on the findings and the usefulness of CCME water quality guidelines and site specific values.     

银川市城市生态服务功能价值的变化分析

生态系统服务价值的研究是目前生态学研究的热点之一。本文基于生态系统服务功能价值理论,根据银川市土地利用变化的情况,定量估算了其土地生态系统为人类提供服务的经济价值。结果表明,1996—2006年银川市生态系统服务价值变化的总态势是先增后减,生态系统服务功能在城市化过程中受到较大的影响。     

Policy Characterization of Ecosystem management

This paper provides a comparison of ecosystem management (EM) to the traditional regulatory management approach and outlines the characteristics of EM from a policy perspective, defining the conditions under which this management tool can be successfully implemented. Ecosystem management is a collaborative and integrative tool focused on balancing societal needs, economic growth, and environmental protection to ensure the long-term ecological integrity of a particular ecosystem. The characteristics of this particular tool include: (1) its holistic approach to environmental problems; (2) its integration of values (economic, social, and environmental) through a collaborative, multi-partner, decision making structure; (3) its reliance on science to guide decisions and set boundaries; and (4) its ability to learn from the implementation of decisions (adaptive management). Examples are draw from Environment Canada's various regional ecosystem initiatives.     

吐鲁番盆地水资源利用对策初探

就干旱缺水的吐鲁番盆地水资源利用问题提出了一些建议。