Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

杭州湾潮滩湿地3种优势植物碳氮磷储量特征研究

潮滩植物在碳氮磷生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要的作用.为探明杭州湾潮滩湿地植物碳氮磷储量特征,对植物生物量、碳氮磷含量及储量的季节动态进行了分析.结果表明,3种优势植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)地上生物量呈典型的单峰值曲线.地上部有机碳含量全年变化幅度相对较小,氮磷含量随植物生长而明显下降.植物碳氮磷储量与植物生物量显著正相关.海三棱藨草碳氮磷储量显著低于芦苇和互花米草,芦苇地上部总氮储量显著高于互花米草,但总磷储量则相反,有机碳储量两种植物差异不显著.芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草年固碳能力分别是中国陆地植被平均固碳能力的380%、376%和55.5%,以及全球植被平均固碳能力的463%、458%和67.7%.从净化氮磷功能上考虑,7月可认为是本研究区域3种植物的最佳收割时间,且以收获互花米草对水体富营养化的限制性因子磷的去处效果最佳.因此,潮滩植物具有较好的储碳固碳能力和氮磷净化效应.     

Plant growth and soil microbial community structure of legumes and grasses grown in monoculture or mixture

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the in?uence of soil moisture content on plant growth and the rhizosphere microbial community structure of four plant species (white clover, alfalfa, sudan grass, tall fescue), grown individually or in a mixture. The soil moisture content was adjusted to 55% or 80% water holding capacity (WHC). The results indicated that the total plant biomass of one pot was lower at 55% WHC. At a given soil moisture, the total plant biomass of white clover and tall ...     

The effect of catch crops on sulphate leaching and availability of S in the succeeding crop on sandy loam soil in Denmark

Sulphate leaching losses may reduce the long-term possibility of maintaining the S supply of crops in low input farming systems. The ability of catch crops (Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.)) to reduce soil sulphate concentrations in autumn and make it available to a succeeding crop was investigated in 1996–1998 on sandy loam soil in Denmark. All catch crops reduced soil sulphate concentrations in the autumn compared to bare soil. Especially, the cruciferous catch crops had the ability to deplete efficiently soil sulphate levels and thus, reduce the sulphate leaching potential. The S uptake in aboveground catch crop was 8, 22 and 36 kg S per ha for ryegrass, winter rape and fodder radish, respectively. In the following spring, sulphate levels of the autumn bare soil were low in the top 0.5 m and a peak of sulphate was found at 0.75–1 m depth. In contrast, where a fodder radish catch crop had been grown, high sulphate levels were present in the top 0.5 m, but only small amounts of sulphate were found at 0.5–1.5 m depth. In spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), that followed catch crops, S concentrations at heading and maturity revealed that the availability of soil S increased following winter rape and fodder radish, whereas there were indications that following ryegrass, the S availability was reduced compared to bare soil. This initial study showed that catch crops have a high potential for reducing sulphate leaching and may be used to synchronise S availability with plant demand in a crop rotation.     

Comparison of biomass production and biological nitrogen fixation of multi-species pastures (mixed herb leys) with perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture with and without irrigation in Canterbury, New Zealand

Legume-based pastures in Australasia are predominantly perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). These pastures have disadvantages such as limitations in the production and persistence of white clover and ryegrass in drought prone regions. With the increasing interest in organic agriculture, more complex pasture mixtures are seen as an alternative to the standard ryegrass-white clover (RWC) pasture. Although anecdotal evidence exists to support the benefits of alternative pastures, there is insufficient scientific evidence to support or refute these claims. The present study was conducted to compare three different alternative multi-species (mixed herb leys) (MSP) pastures with the standard RWC pasture with and without irrigation, in terms of biomass and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) over a period of 1 year under field conditions in Canterbury, New Zealand. Isotopic dilution technique involving field ¹⁵N-microplots were used to measure BNF. Irrigation doubled dry matter yields (DMY) of all pastures compared with those under dryland. There was no significant difference between DMY of all pastures under dryland. However, under irrigation, MSP pastures out-yield RWC pasture in total and legume DMY. Red clover MSP produced significantly lower DMY than the comprehensive or lucerne MSP treatment, probably due to the ability of lucerne in extracting water from deeper soil depth. Seasonal changes in plant composition varied according to the species sown, soil moisture status and temperature. Total and seasonal amounts of N₂ fixed followed the same trend as the DMY and were related to the DMY of legumes. On average, about 26–34 kg N was fixed per tonne of legume DMY, showing a uniformity across all pastures. Overall, based on the present results of 1-year study, the MSP pastures tend to result in higher DMY, BNF and legume growth compared with that of the RWC pasture, provided irrigation is available. With increased BNF, these irrigated MSP pastures may provide high quality feed to grazing animals.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

丛枝菌根真菌对铜尾矿上植物生长和矿质营养的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了白三叶草(Trifolium repens Linn)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)在单独和混合种植情况下单独或混合接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus versiforme对铜尾矿砂中植物生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,不同接种处理下均以单独种植白三叶草菌根侵染率较高,平均为25%.在单种和混种情况下,接种处理均显著提高了白三叶草地上部的干物重,但对黑麦草生长影响不明显同时,接种处理显著提高了三叶草植株中的磷含量,同时降低了植株铜含量,但对黑麦草植株体内元素含量影响不明显.两种植物混合种植情况下黑麦草显示了相对竞争优势,而菌根共生体能够提高三叶草的竞争能力.试验初步证明丛枝菌根真菌对于豆科植物适应铜尾矿复合逆境(养分贫瘠和重金属污染),以及在尾矿上重建具有物种多样性的植被具有潜在作用,但有必要进一步筛选耐性菌株,并验证自然条件下菌根真菌的作用潜力.     

基于神经网络的三江源区草地地上生物量估算

三江源区位于青藏高原腹地,作为长江、黄河、澜沧江三大河流的发源地,是我国重要的水源涵养和生态功能保护区.为了及时准确地获取该区域草地生物量信息,根据三江源区高寒草甸、高寒草原采样点的地上生物量实测值,结合遥感植被指数、海拔、气象观测数据（光合有效辐射、年均气温、年降水量）构建BP神经网络模型,估算2001—2010年三江源区的草地地上生物量,并对其进行分县统计和年际变化分析.结果表明:① 通过多次反复的训练与测验得到的BP神经网络模型,对高寒草甸、高寒草原的地上生物量模拟值与实测值的R2分别为0.73、0.79,表明BP神经网络模型具有较好的模拟效果.② 2001—2010年三江源区草地地上生物量多年平均值为172.34 g/m2,其中高寒草甸为214.81 g/m2,高寒草原为130.07 g/m2.③ 三江源区草地地上生物量的空间分布具有明显的空间异质性,呈从东南向西北递减的趋势.其中,位于东部的河南县草地地上生物量最高,为413.46 g/m2;而北部的曲麻莱最低,仅为69.04 g/m2.④ 2001—2010年三江源区草地地上生物量呈缓慢波动上升趋势,平均升幅为0.93 g/（m2·a）.研究显示,利用站点地上生物量实测数据构建BP神经网络模型并对地上生物量进行模拟,对于分析区域尺度的草地地上生物量分布格局和变化趋势行之有效.      

多氯联苯污染土壤的豆科-禾本科植物田间修复效应

选择豆科植物紫花苜蓿、禾本科植物黑麦草和高羊茅作为供试植物,初步探讨了这3种植物在单作和间作条件下对多氯联苯污染土壤的田间修复效应.结果表明,经过270 d的田间原位修复后,所有种植植物的处理中土壤多氯联苯的去除率均高于对照组,其中紫花苜蓿单作处理土壤中多氯联苯的去除率最高,达到59.6%.土壤多氯联苯同系物分析结果表明,所有种植植物的处理都降低了土壤中二氯联苯的比例.3种植物中紫花苜蓿的生物量最大,其根部积累的多氯联苯含量最高可达355.1μg/kg,显著高于黑麦草和高羊茅根中的含量.各处理对土壤中多氯联苯的提取修复效率依次为:紫花苜蓿单作紫花苜蓿-黑麦草-高羊茅间作紫花苜蓿-黑麦草间作黑麦草单作紫花苜蓿-高羊茅间作高羊茅单作.豆科植物紫花苜蓿是多氯联苯污染土壤田间原位修复的理想材料.     

Cu2+胁迫对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)去除富营养化水体中氮、磷效果的影响

为探讨不同浓度Cu2 胁迫对黑麦草去除富营养化水体中N、P营养盐效果的影响,采用小试培养的方法,研究了Cu2 存在条件下黑麦草对水体中N、P去除的动力学过程及黑麦草植株对不同浓度Cu2 胁迫的生态响应.结果表明,0.1～2.0mg/LCu2 胁迫均降低了黑麦草对水中N、P营养盐的去除速率,其去除过程符合二阶动力学模型.黑麦草对水体中Cu2 亦有良好的去除作用,根部是积累重金属Cu的主要部位,其对Cu2 的吸收速率符合米氏动力学方程.较低浓度Cu2 (≤0.2mg/L)胁迫对黑麦草去除N、P的效果影响不大,并且能促进黑麦草生物量的增加,而较高浓度Cu2 (≥0.5mg/L)胁迫虽有促进根系数量增加的趋势,但明显抑制了黑麦草根伸长和叶片生长等作用,因而严重影响了黑麦草对水体中N、P的去除.     

4种草本植物对氯代有机磷酸酯阻燃剂污染土壤的修复能力研究

以4种常用的有机污染土壤修复植物高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、苕子(Vicia villosa Roth var)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为研究材料,通过盆栽试验考察了4种草本植物在磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯[tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, TCIPP]污染土壤胁迫下的耐受和富集特征,以期筛选出具有一定TCIPP污染土壤修复能力的植物。结果表明：TCIPP具有一定的植物毒性效应,能够抑制4种植物的生长发育,但仅黑麦草的生物量显著降低,其他3种植物的生物量减少不显著。TCIPP易于从植物根部向地上部迁移,其在4种植物组织中的浓度分布均表现为叶>根>茎。4种植物中,苕子叶组织中TCIPP的浓度为15.0 mg/kg,每盆土壤可积累TCIPP 34.9 mg。苕子和紫花苜蓿对土壤中TCIPP的吸收、积累和转运效率较高,其地上部富集系数分别为1.39和1.50,转运系数分别为2.61和3.24。4种植物对TCIPP污染土壤均有较好的修复能力,对土壤中...     

湿地植物对外源氮、磷输入的响应研究

通过人工控制试验,研究了氮、磷输入对沼泽湿地植物地上生物量,相对密度以及植物对氮、磷吸收量的影响.结果表明:营养物质氮、磷的长时间累积,导致湿地植物地上生物量和相对密度均呈逐渐下降的年际变化趋势,地上生物量和相对密度之间表现为微弱的单峰变化关系.在氮输入下,随着氮施用量的升高,氮的吸收率从62.3%下降到5.5%;在磷输入下,随着磷施用量的升高,磷的吸收率从3.1%下降到0.8%.氮、磷的施用量愈高,植物对氮、磷的吸收率愈小.氮、磷输入有可能改变湿地生态系统的物种组成和结构及湿地生态系统的稳定和保护,应当考虑湿地中营养物质的长期作用.      

草地退化对三江源区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响及其原因

为了揭示草地退化对三江源地区高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的影响,利用涡度相关技术,于2006年12月1日~2007年11月30日对三江源地区的退化高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量及生物和环境因子进行观测.结果发现:草地退化对高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量产生了深刻影响,与未退化的高寒草甸生态系统相比,退化高寒草甸生态系统全年总初级生产力(GPP)下降了36.6%,全年生态系统呼吸(Reco)下降了7.9%,全年净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)也由退化前的负值(碳吸收)转变为正值(碳排放),二者相差132.5gC/(m2·a),生态系统由原来的碳汇转变为目前的碳源.这些变化与高寒草甸退化后,生态系统植物地上生物量锐减、植物生长期缩短(NEE<0的天数)、植物多样性下降、土壤含水量降低等因素密切相关.     

Nutrient recycling during the decomposition of apple leaves (Malus domestica) and mowed grasses in an orchard

Each year, significant fractions of nutrients absorbed by trees and orchard grasses, return to the soil by abscised leaves and mowed biomass. Using litter bag technique and labelled (¹⁵N) litter, we assessed the decay dynamics and the related nutrient releases in a mature, drip irrigated, apple (Malus domestica) orchard located in the Eastern Po Valley (Italy) on a silty clay loam soil. Litter bags containing abscised apple leaves were placed in December 2001 on the soil surface and collected over a 2-year period, while the decomposition of perennial ryegrass was studied over a 6-month period from May 2002. The dynamics of mass and C losses from decomposing apple leaves fitted to a single exponential decay model. At 1 year from their placement, about 50% of original mass was lost, while and additional 20% was not recovered in the second year. Initial C losses were not accompanied by degradation of cellulose which started only in the spring of the year after their placement on the soil. Along with the decomposition process, the remaining litter was progressively enriched in lignin-like compounds. Net N and S immobilization occurred during the winter–spring period and net release of these nutrients occurred only in the second year. Ryegrass lost about half their mass and original N content after 6 weeks and most of sward derived N was recovered in the underneath soil volume. Both apple and ryegrass released most their initial K content during the period of decomposition. The knowledge of the dynamics of nutrient release on the orchard floor will be useful for predicting nutrient availability for tree uptake and therefore for managing amounts and dynamics of nutrient supply.     

冷季型草坪草对再生水灌溉响应及适宜性评价

以北京市常见冷季型草坪草多年生黑麦草、高羊茅和草地早熟禾为对象,借助于CAT、POD、MDA、脯氨酸、叶绿素等生理指标,采用室内盆栽的方法研究再生水灌溉下冷季型草坪草的生理反应,及各种生理指标与基质盐分累积的关系,对3种草坪草2种水源灌溉生理适宜性进行综合评价。结果表明:再生水中盐分含量刺激多年生黑麦草和高羊茅体内保护型酶活性保持较高水平,从而保持较强的生理优势,再生水作用使得草地早熟禾生长发育受阻,但盐分不是造成生长受阻的主导因素。在盆栽条件下,不同草坪草对不同灌溉水源生长适宜性由强至弱依次为再生水高羊茅,自来水高羊茅,自来水草地早熟禾,再生水多年生黑麦草,自来水多年生黑麦草,再生水草地早熟禾。     

Phosphorus and nitrogen in soil, plants, and overland flow from sheep-grazed pastures fertilized with different rates of superphosphate

Eutrophication of waterways through delivery of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from farmland is a problem in many countries. Loss of nutrients from grazed grassland via overland flow is well demonstrated, but the sources of these nutrients and the processes controlling their mobilization into water are not well understood. Much of the nutrient loss in overland flow from grazed pastures may be due to generally increased fertility of the soil–plant system (i.e. background or ‘systematic’ nutrient loss) rather than to immediate loss after fertilizer application [Nash, D., Clemow, L., Hannah, M., Barlow, K., Gangaiya, P., 2005. Modelling phosphorus exports from rain-fed and irrigated pastures in southern Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res. 43, 745–755]. The main aim of this study was to measure the effects of long-term (25 years) superphosphate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ + 2CaSO₄) fertilizer application (0–23 kg/(ha year)) on P and N in soil, plants, and potential background P and N movement in overland flow (generated using a rainfall simulator) from sheep-grazed pastures in southern Australia. Measurements were taken in autumn, under dry soil conditions, and in winter, under wet soil conditions, 12 and 15 months after the last fertilizer applications, respectively. Superphosphate application caused a strong increase in plant P, soil total P, Olsen P, and Colwell P; and a weaker increase in plant N, soil total N, and inorganic N (ammonium and nitrate). Soil P and N were concentrated in the surface 25 mm of soil. Soil water-extractable P, calcium chloride-extractable P, and calcium chloride organic P were in general only poorly associated with fertilizer application. The concentration of P and, to a lesser extent, the concentration of N in overland flow increased with increasing fertilizer application and showed strong seasonal differences (0.06–0.77 mg P/L and 0.6–5.5 mg N/L in autumn; 0.04–0.20 mg P/L and 0.4–1.7 mg N/L in winter). The P in overland flow was predominantly dissolved reactive P in autumn and particulate P in winter. The N in overland flow contained significant proportions of dissolved organic N, dissolved inorganic N (ammonium and nitrate), and particulate N. The concentrations of P and N in overland flow usually exceeded State water quality targets (<0.04 mg P/L and <0.90 mg N/L), suggesting that background losses of nutrients from these pasture systems could contribute to the eutrophication of waterways.     

氮添加和地下水位交互作用对通江湖泊湿生植物陌上菅生长的影响

研究地下水位变化和氮沉降对植物功能性状的影响,有助于揭示植物对环境变化的响应和适应规律.采用原位试验的方法,选择不同地下水位梯度〔低水位（-75 cm）、中水位（-69 cm）、高水位（-39 cm）〕和氮添加〔缺氮处理（430 g/m2）、空白对照（0 g/m2）、低氮（4.32 g/m2）、中氮（8.64 g/m2）、高氮（17.28 g/m2）〕（其中缺氮处理添加量以碳元素含量计,其余处理以氮元素含量计）,研究升金湖消落带湿地物种丰富度、陌上菅（Carex thunbergii）地上生物量和根系形态学指标对地下水位和氮添加的响应.结果表明:①双因素方差分析显示,地下水位主要影响物种丰富度、陌上菅地上生物量和根系形态学指标;氮添加主要影响土壤养分含量和陌上菅比根长、根比表面积及根组织密度;地下水位和氮添加的交互作用对陌上菅比根长和根平均直径影响显著（P < 0.05）;相对而言,水位对陌上菅的影响大于氮添加.②地下水位对陌上菅地上生物量和根系形态学指标有显著影响.地下水位升高会降低陌上菅地上生物量、根系比根长和根组织密度,同时增加其根平均直径和根比表面积,且不同处理间差异显著（P < 0.05）.在空白对照处理下,相比于低水位,高水位下陌上菅地上生物量、比根长和根组织密度分别降低了97.6%、46.1%、86.1%,根平均直径和根比表面积分别增加了326.1%、198.5%.③氮添加主要影响陌上菅根系形态学指标.随着施氮水平的增加,陌上菅比根长和根比表面积呈现先减后增的趋势,根组织密度呈现先增后减的趋势.在高水位条件下,相比于空白对照,低氮处理下陌上菅比根长和根比表面积分别减少了36.1%、41.8%,陌上菅根组织密度增加了182.4%,且差异显著（P < 0.05）.研究显示,地下水位升高与氮添加对陌上菅地上生物量和陌上菅比根长的影响呈相互抵消的态势,这体现了土壤水分增加对陌上菅生长的胁迫作用;水位升高和氮添加对根比表面积和根组织密度的影响表现为协同效应,揭示了在水位胁迫条件下陌上菅对养分获取策略的变化.      

不同磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的影响

施肥是提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率的必要强化措施之一.通过研究农业生产中常用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草生长、砷累积及氮磷钾吸收的影响,确定可提高蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤能力的最佳磷肥类型.结果表明,与不施砷对照组相比.添加砷处理中施用相应磷肥的蜈蚣草总生物量中蜈蚣草均有所降低(除钙镁磷肥外);在添加砷的情况下,钙镁磷肥、磷酸二氢钙和磷酸二氢铵等3个施磷处理总生物量相对较高.显著高于其他磷肥处理和不施磷处理(0.83 g/pot);地上部砷累积量由大到小的顺序为:磷酸二氢钙>钙镁磷肥>磷酸二氢铵>磷酸二氢钾>磷酸二氢钠>不施磷>过磷酸钙;磷酸二氢钙处理的砷去除效率高达7.28%.由此可见,磷肥能一定程度提高砷超富集植物的修复能力,但不同磷肥对其砷去除效率的影响可达数倍之差,磷酸二氢钙是首选磷肥类型,综合考虑土壤pH、N、P和有效态砷等各种因子,磷酸二氢铵和钙镁磷肥也可作备选肥料类型.     

滇西北纳帕海高原湿地区域退化草甸土壤有机碳含量特征

为了解气候变化和人类活动双重影响下纳帕海高原湿地区域有机碳含量特征,采用空间格网状抽样调查方法,对区域内退化系列下湿地草甸w（SOC）（SOC为土壤有机碳）特征进行研究.结果表明:① 随着草甸的退化及土壤深度的增加,土壤含水量呈下降趋势,土壤容重呈增加趋势;② 从无退化草甸到重度退化草甸,植被地上生物量从321.4 g/m2降至142.1 g/m2;③ 在地表至地下50 cm深度范围内,从无退化到重度退化草甸,w（SOC）分别为28.21、20.59、18.01、14.81 g/kg,湿地草甸退化导致w（SOC）下降了近50%,ρ（SOC）从40.92 kg/m3降至25.23 kg/m3;④ 狼毒草甸的w（SOC）、ρ（SOC）等均表现出相对较高的水平,仅次于无退化样地;⑤ w（SOC）与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）、与土壤容重呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）.湿地草甸植被退化所形成的地上植被盖度及生物量的下降,以及土壤含水量的下降和土壤容重的增加,最终导致近50%左右的w（SOC）发生流失;此外,若从同类研究中季节性淹水的沼泽或沼泽化草甸转变为该研究中常年出露于水面的草甸景观后,在20 cm土壤深度内将导致45%以上的w（SOC）损失.      

Impact of land clearing methods and cropping systems on labile soil C and N pools in the humid zone Forest of Nigeria

Labile soil C and N play vital roles in soil–plant nutrient dynamics, especially in the low input cropping system and are vulnerable to perturbation. Surface (0–0.15 m) soils from three land clearing methods (slash and burn, bulldozed non-windrowed and bulldozed windrowed) and each with two cropping systems (5-and 4-year cropping/2-year cassava fallow) were collected in the humid forest ecosystem of Nigeria.The soils were analysed for total C and N, microbial biomass C and N (SMB C and N), particulate organic matter C and N (POM C and N), water-soluble C, potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and mineral N. The size of the labile C and N and their relative contributions to the organic C and total N differed significantly among land clearing methods, irrespective of the cropping system. Soils under slash and burn had a significantly (p > 0.05) higher particulate organic matter C, N (10.80 and 0.16 g kg⁻¹, respectively) and microbial biomass C and N (1.07 and 0.12 g kg⁻¹) compared to the bulldozed windrow, regardless of the cropping system. Four years cropping/2-year cassava fallow resulted in a significant higher labile C and N, relative to 5-year cropped plots across the land clearing methods. Effect of the treatments on the concentration of PMN and mineral N mirrored the SMB N and POM N. However, the quantity of most of the labile C and N pool and crop yield obtained from the slash and burn and bulldozed non-windrowed treatment did not differ significantly. Hence, bulldozed non-windrowed clearing could be a viable alternative to slash and burn in the case of large-scale farming in ensuring reduced losses of soil organic matter and nutrient during land clearing in the humid tropics.