论生态旅游区开发中的景观设计

以回归大自然为主题的生态旅游已逐步成为旅游主导形式，在风景区开发生态旅游，景观设计水平的高低，是景区能否获得健康发展的重要决定因素，文中从生态旅游区景观设计的内涵，特征，层次等方面系统论述了景观设计生态旅游区开发中的重要意义，并重点阐述了各种创作手法在生态旅游区景观设计中的运用。     

神农架国家公园生态旅游SWOT分析与发展战略

自国家发改委于2016年印发《全国生态旅游发展规划(2016—2025)》以来,生态建设与旅游开发共同发展逐渐成为社会关注的焦点。以生态重点保护区神农架国家公园为研究对象,采用SWOT分析方法,从优势、劣势、机遇和风险四个维度对神农架国家公园的生态旅游开发现状进行全面分析,发现神农架国家公园生态旅游开发虽然具有显著的内在优势与良好的外部发展机遇,但在生态旅游开发中仍然存在较为严峻的问题,这对当地的生态旅游发展造成了巨大的阻碍。据此,将内外部发展环境与神农架发展定位相结合提出了具体的发展战略,以期促进当地生态旅游的可持续发展。     

自然条件较差地区开发生态旅游探讨——以深圳海上田园湿地生态旅游区为例

以深圳市海上田园湿地生态旅游区建设为例,探讨了在自然生态环境不太理想的条件下,通过一系列有针对性的生态修复,建设生态旅游区的可行性,实现生态旅游产品开发和当地生态环境改善的有机结合,为生态旅游的开发探索新途径.     

青海省生态旅游法律保障问题探析——以三江源国家公园为例

为了打造青海国际生态旅游目的地,青海省充分发挥其独特的生态环境、多元的民族文化以及政策的支持等优势。然而,一些地区在追求经济效益的同时忽视了环境承载力,环境保护与生态旅游发展之间存在着平衡性的矛盾,同时,缺乏生态文旅相关法律保障。本文以三江源国家公园试点为例,对生态旅游的现状进行了分析。文章探讨了三江源国家公园发展与保护中存在的法律问题,并试图找到国家公园试点成功的路径。通过这些努力,旨在推动“大美青海,生态旅游”品牌在国内外享有盛誉,为全国的生态旅游发展树立可复制的典范。     

生态旅游区环境影响评价的技术应用探讨

近些年来,生态旅游业在我国得到了快速发展,同时也出现了不少资源破坏、环境污染等现象.为了能在环境不受污染的前提下满足人们对生态旅游的需求,就必须有一套有效的生态旅游区环境影响评价技术,本文对生态旅游区环境影响评价的技术及其应用做了进一步的探讨,以更好地促进生态旅游与自然资源和社会经济的协调发展.     

青海省祁连山国家公园生态文化服务价值评价水

本文在联合国千年生态系统评估(MA)框架的基础上,对青海省祁连山国家公园生态系统文化服务价值进行了评估。研究采用条件价值法(CVM),对当地居民及游客进行问卷调查,并使用支付卡法得到消费者的支付意愿,进而通过总体支付意愿均值估计得到青海省祁连山国家公园生态系统文化服务(生态旅游与游憩以及审美)价值。通过对几类价值的分析,建议青海祁连山国家公园应注重体现祁连山特色开发,在管理中应侧重提升祁连山国家公园自然风光的美学价值,将其建设成可复制、可借鉴的国家公园示范区和生态文化的示范点,并加强对美学服务资源进行资产化管理等。     

湖南省永兴县生态旅游现状与可持续发展

通过调查和评价永兴县旅游资源的分布和种类,探索永兴县生态旅游的发展目标和可持续发展方案。实践证明,永兴县生态旅游重点是打造便江画廊生态旅游区、板梁一悦来乡村旅游区和中国银都旅游区等品牌产品,积极推广“千年银都和一江丹霞”的旅游形象,加强生态旅游资源的管理,优化旅游产品和产业结构,全面提升旅游竞争力,有利于促进旅游业在永兴县的发展,有利于把永兴建设成为具有区域影响意义的省级精品旅游目的地。     

生态旅游项目环境评价指标体系的应用研究

本文较系统地探讨了生态旅游项目环境影响评价的指标体系,该指标体系包括旅游自然生态环境、旅游人文社会环境、旅游资源环境和旅游容量气氛等四个部分。同时,选取荆山生态旅游区为典型区,依据国家旅游局颁发的《旅游区(旅游点)质量等级特征值评分表》,采用层次分析法确定评价因子的权重值,对荆山生态旅游区的开发建设进行了有效而全面的环境影响评价。     

生态安全与生态旅游尺度

近些年来，受市场需求拉动和追逐商业利益的驱动，我国各地的生态旅游活动迅猛发展。由于缺乏科学规划和有效的宏观调控，其过滥的规模与速度以及不适宜的发展策略巳严重威胁着生态旅游区的生态安全。为保障旅游区的生态安全，促进旅游业的可持续发展，必须在生态旅游的产业尺度、时空尺度、技术尺度和建筑尺度等领域，分层面严格规范我国各地的生态旅游活动。     

莽山禁止开发区域生态旅游环境质量综合评价

对主体功能区中禁止开发区域进行生态旅游环境评价是其发展生态旅游的前提。选取国家风景名胜区莽山为研究对象,采用AHP法构建生态旅游环境质量评价指标体系,并通过压力—状态—响应模型,应用模糊综合评判法定量分析了该禁止开发区域生态旅游活动对其自然、经济社会环境质量的影响、生态压力及其响应状况。评价结果能为禁止开发区域探寻生态旅游发展模式提供决策依据和参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.