工业废弃场地再开发的土壤环境评价与修复研究

工业废弃地（棕地）可能受原生产活动遗留的有毒有害物质的污染,因此,棕地再开发之前必须对其进行污染调查分析和环境风险评价,判断其是否需要进行土壤修复。用理化分析对首钢搬迁场址进行了土壤污染调查,采用内梅罗指数法评价土壤环境风险,分析了污染来源,并提出采用基于环境风险的土壤污染治理模式及技术经济分析。     

土壤重金属铬污染修复技术的研究进展

土壤重金属铬污染问题日趋严峻,开展土壤重金属铬污染修复技术研究是目前农业生态与地下水环境面临的重要问题。从土壤中重金属铬污染的来源以及铬在土壤中的存在形态与转化入手,分析土壤重金属铬污染的危害,综述了已有的土壤重金属铬污染修复技术,并在详细阐述和分析铬污染土壤的化学还原稳定化修复技术、微生物修复技术、电动修复技术等方法原理的基础上,对比分析了各种修复技术的优缺点。提出了联合修复技术,与以往单一的修复技术相比,联合两种或两种以上的技术对土壤重金属铬污染进行修复处理,其修复效果更好,不仅可缩短修复周期、减少修复成本,还能降低二次污染的风险,具有非常好的应用前景,是未来土壤重金属铬污染修复技术研究的发展方向。     

铬污染场地修复技术进展

土壤中六价铬污染主要来源于铬化工、电镀和制革等行业。简述了我国涉铬行业概况,铬污染土壤的来源及铬特性,重点综述了国内外铬污染场地修复技术研究与应用进展,分析了各种修复方法的优缺点,并列举分析了国内外的修复工程案例。我国是铬盐生产大国,铬化工场地污染尤为严重且复杂。电镀类铬污染场地呈现铬、镍、铜、锌多重金属复合污染特点。制革类铬污染场地具有铬有机物复合污染特征。目前铬污染土壤的修复技术主要是基于六价铬的还原稳定化原理,具体包括化学还原、化学淋洗、电动力学修复以及生物修复技术等。考虑到技术适用性和经济性,目前铬污染土壤修复工程绝大部分采用化学还原的修复技术。开发经济、环境友好型修复材料,探讨其修复机理和长期安全性是未来铬污染场地修复技术的发展方向。     

汞矿山废弃地土壤汞污染研究

中国是世界上第3大产汞国,而主要的供应源是汞开采,尽管多数矿山开采活动已经关闭,但大规模遗留下来的矿山废弃地会引发许多生态环境问题,尤其是矿山废弃地土壤中汞污染已经成为严重的环境问题之一.文章通过对矿山废弃地的环境污染特征、土壤汞污染途径、迁移方式进行系统综述,介绍了土壤汞污染修复技术,并在此基础上提出了存在的问题以及有待进一步研究的方向.     

铬污染土壤的修复技术研究综述

在总结铬污染土壤修复方法的基础上,综述了国内关于铬污染土壤修复技术的研究现状,分析了各项技术在应用过程中存在的问题,提出铬污染土壤修复技术推进过程中需要开展的工作。     

铬污染场地修复技术研究及应用

综述了国内外铬污染场地修复技术的研究动态,探讨了铬污染修复技术研发的需求,重点讨论了铬污染土壤的主要修复技术如:土壤清洗技术、化学解毒技术、电动修复技术和稳定化技术等。并针对这些技术存在的不足,开发了化学解毒与稳定化联合技术,对山西某铬渣堆存场地中受污染土壤进行修复。结果表明:运用化学解毒与稳定化联合技术可以降低污染土壤中总铬和六价铬的浸出浓度,稳定效果好且能在工程实际中高效应用。     

土壤中铬污染修复技术研究进展

随着工业的发展,铬在许多行业得以重要应用,同时也产生了大量污染。铬在土壤中的存在形态以三价铬和六价铬为主,其中六价铬毒性较大。本文根据土壤中铬的物理、化学性质介绍了铬修复技术中固化/稳定化法、化学淋洗法、电动力修复法和生物修复法,并对其适用范围和优缺点进行总结。     

六价铬污染场地土壤稳定化修复材料研究进展

化学还原稳定化修复是工业铬污染土壤修复中应用最为广泛的技术。针对不同污染程度及理化性质的铬污染土壤,选择最为高效、经济、适用的稳定化修复材料是铬污染土壤修复工程最核心问题所在。针对上述问题,重点对现有铬污染土壤修复材料,如铁系、硫系、铁硫系、有机类及微生物菌剂的修复原理、影响因素、实际应用效果及存在问题、修复后环境风险和长期稳定性等多方面进行总结,为实际修复工程中六价铬修复材料的选择及修复实践工作的开展提供重要参考与指导建议。     

我国工业土地再利用的环境风险及对策

工业企业搬迁遗留遗弃场地是近年来我国城市化进程加速的产物。搬迁后绝大多数工业用地将重新开发利用为城市发展用地。但是,长期工业生产排放所积累的污染物导致了大量的污染土壤和地下水。而这些留下的土地,如不经过调查评估以及土壤修复就开发再利用,会对人体和生态产生极大的安全隐患。所以必须加强我国工业土地再利用工作的管理。本文主要阐述了窝工工业废弃场地卡能产生的环境问题,并就如何有效的进行我国工业废弃地的再利用提出了相关的措施。     

某片区关停企业遗留废渣处置与土壤修复工程

文章主要介绍了某片区关停企业遗留废渣处置与土壤修复工程。通过场调和地勘确定了遗留工业废渣、废弃厂房的性质以及土壤污染的因子和程度,同时还确定了修复目标和总工程量。通过现有技术比选,对废渣和废渣沾污废弃建筑物采用无害化处置技术,对废弃建筑物拆除后就地平整,对污染土壤采用固定/稳定化技术修复,确定修复技术路线。通过小试确定土壤修复的固定/稳定化药剂投加比为6%。修复完成后通过第三方检测公司检测,结果显示达到目标修复值。本工程的成功实施可为其他搬迁、关停企业遗留污染场地修复提供借鉴和参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.