锌基复合絮凝剂处理焦化废水的研究

以锌盐和聚丙烯酰胺为主要原料制备了1种新型复合絮凝剂.利用该絮凝剂进行了处理焦化厂二沉池出水的试验,研究考察了pH值,絮凝剂用量、温度以及搅拌速度对去除污染物的影响。结果表明.当絮凝pH为10.絮凝剂投加量为1.2mL/L,慢搅拌速度为75 r/min时,COD_(Cr),和浊度的去除率最高,分别为76.02%和98.1%.而温度对絮凝效果影响甚微。研究还进行了聚合硫酸铁和聚合氯化铝絮凝剂的类比试验,相比而言,锌基复合絮凝剂处理焦化废水的效果明显更优。     

混凝控制条件的正交优化研究

混凝处理法是一种重要的污水处理技术,控制条件很多,包括混凝剂的种类、混凝剂的投加量、搅拌时间、沉降时间、水温、pH值等。以生活污水为例,利用正交实验法对污水混凝处理的最佳实验条件进行了研究,结果表明混凝剂的投加量是影响混凝效果的最重要因素,当混凝剂硫酸铝的投加量为0.4 mg/L,搅拌强度为250 r/min,反应时间为25 min,沉降时间为40 min时对生活污水的处理效果最好,此时浊度和CODcr的平均去除率分别达到了83.397%和80.0%。     

PAFC/CTS/红粘土复合絮凝剂对天然胶乳废水的处理

采用聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)与壳聚糖(CTS)、红粘土复合,制备三元复合絮凝剂,并对胶乳废水进行处理。分别考察了絮凝剂各组分配比、絮凝剂投加量、絮凝搅拌强度对天然胶乳废水的浊度去除率和COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明,当以300 r/min搅拌2min,80¹00 r/min搅拌5 min,15100 r/min搅拌5 min,15²5 r/min搅拌10 min,聚合氯化铝铁/壳聚糖复合絮凝剂组分质量比为PAFC:CTS=1:0.16,投加量为6 mL/L,红粘土投加量0.09 g/L时,静置沉降10 min时对废水浊度去除率和24 h COD去除率分别达98%和80%以上。比单独使用PAFC絮凝剂减少了约一半的投料量。此外,通过扫描电镜观察絮体形貌,初步探讨了絮凝机理,可能是在絮凝体系中引入壳聚糖后,不仅能够保持PAFC絮凝过程中的电中和性能,还能发挥壳聚糖大分子链的吸附架桥性能,从而大大提高复合絮凝剂的絮凝能力。     

稀土/壳聚糖包覆活性炭颗粒处理生活废水

利用壳聚糖包覆活性炭颗粒(Chitosan Wrapping Acticarbon,简称CWC)对生活废水进行处理,研究了CWC原料配方比、pH值、搅拌速度和搅拌时间、处理时间等因素对处理效果的影响。经过实验条件的优化,用CWC处理生活废水的最佳pH值为6,最佳CWC投加量为1g/L,最佳搅拌条件为先快速(900r/min)搅拌2min再慢速(100r/min)搅拌1min,而最佳处理时间为8h。在上述优化条件下,CWC对生活废水的浊度去除率为98.41%,COD去除率为74.12%,氨氮去除率为53.14%。加入稀土元素后CWC对生活废水的去浊率达到99%,COD和氨氮去除率可达90%,BOD去除率达95%。     

磁性絮凝剂处理景观生态水的实验条件探讨

研究了利用粉煤灰制成的磁性絮凝剂处理景观生态水的各种单因素实验,并且用正交实验的方法对该磁性絮凝剂处理景观生态水的实验条件进行了优化选择,研究了该磁性絮凝剂处理景观生态水的一般规律。实验结果表明,当操作条件为：投加量为200mg/L,搅拌时间为1min,搅拌速度为300r/min和磁吸附时间为1.5min时,取得最佳处理效果。在此实验条件下,景观生态水的COD、总P及氨氮的去除率分别可达76.15%、59.54%与53.36%。     

一种降低太阳池老卤水浊度及叶绿素含量的方法

对新近合成的淀粉改性聚合硫酸铝絮凝剂POA降低太阳池中老卤水浊度的条件进行了优化。在老卤液盐度为402‰、pH为6.4、温度为18℃条件下,投加POA为3%(V/V)、400r/min下搅拌1min、200r/min下搅拌10min、70r/min下搅拌10min、沉降时间为90min时,絮凝剂对老卤液的降浊率可达97.8%,浊度降至1～2NTU。与常规的聚合氯化铝和聚合硫酸铝絮凝剂相比,POA对老卤水具有更优良的絮凝降浊能力,降浊率分别提高了62.2%和48.3%。POA处理后的老卤液能在太阳池中稳定运行60d,之后池中不同盐层浊度和叶绿素含量均有一定程度的升高,表明有藻类滋生。     

改性膨润土处理造纸废水的研究

以钠基膨润土为原料,合成了镍锫—无机柱撑、镍锆—有机柱撑系列改性膨润土,比较了不同改性膨润土对造纸废水的处理效果,并确定了各改性膨润土处理废水的投加量、pH值、搅拌时间等最佳条件。结果表明;有机柱撑膨润土对造纸废水的处理效果最好,当搅拌时间为20min,pH值为12,改性土用量为0.8g/L时,其COD的去除率可达77.8％,同时其色度、浊度去除率分别为94％和97.4％。     

强化混凝技术处理生活污水的试验研究

通过烧杯搅拌试验,以聚合氯化铝(PAC)和FeC13为混凝剂对华东交通大学排放口生活污水进行混凝处理研究,考察在不同混凝条件、混凝剂投加量、pH下浊度、COD、TP的去除率.研究表明:在最佳混凝条件下PAC投加量为105mg/L时浊度、COD、TP的去除率分别为96.2%、67.4%、94.8%;FeCl3最佳投加量为...     

聚合氯化铝絮凝剂的性能研究生活污水中的应用

聚合氯化铝（PAC）是一种新型、高效的无机高分子絮凝剂,具有形成絮体速度快、矾花大、除浊效果好等优点。PAC对生活污水具有良好的去浊、除色效果。研究内容包括：最佳投药量、PH值影响和搅拌速度的影响以及高分子絮凝剂作用机理的研究,通过正交实验确定了pH值和聚合氯化铝投加量与CODcr、浊度去除率之间的关系。实验表明：PAC的最佳投药量为750mg/l,pH适宜范围在7.0-9.0之间;在最佳条件下,PAC对生活污水的浊度去除率为98.75%,CODcr的去除率为83.67%。     

PAC与PDMDAAC复合混凝剂去除高浊度水中有机氯

以聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为原料制备复合混凝剂,采用强化混凝的处理方法,对高浊度水体中有机氯(OCPs)以及浊度去除效果进行研究.考察了PAC-PDMDAAC复合比例、复合混凝剂投加量、水样初始浊度、慢速搅拌时间、pH值等因素对浊度和OCPs去除效果的影响,结合絮体分形维数和Zeta电位对去除效果进行验证.结果表明,复合比例对处理高浊水体中的OCPs以及浊度效果影响较大,PAC与PDMDAAC复合比例为5:1,投药量为1mL/L,慢速搅拌时间为15min时,OCPs和浊度去除率达到最佳;随着初始浊度的升高,水体中OCPs的去除率也随之增加,表明PAC-PDMDAAC复合混凝剂更适用于高浊度水中OCPs和浊度的去除;复合混凝剂与其他混凝剂相比,其最佳pH值范围较广,当pH值为4时,OCPs和浊度去除率达到最佳.利用絮体分形维数和Zeta电位两种表征手段对混凝效果进行进一步探讨,说明了实验结果的正确性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.