铁碳微电解处理制药废水的初探

采用铁碳微电解法预处理制药废水,研究影响微电解预处理废水的各种因素.实验探讨了铁碳比、pH值及反应时间对废水COD(化学需氧量)去除率的影响,以确定最佳工艺条件.研究结果表明:微电解法处理制药废水时,当原水的pH值为4,Fe/C比为2∶1,反应时间80min,COD去除率为68.0％.     

铁碳微电解法处理霜脲氰废水的实验研究

为了解决霜脲氰农药废水难以直接生化降解的难题,采用铁碳微电解法对霜脲氰农药废水进行预处理,实验结果表明,废水初始pH值、铁碳比、铁碳填料投加量和反应时间对实验结果均产生直接影响.霜脲氰废水的最佳处理条件为:pH值为2,铁碳比为3∶1,投加量为1L废水280 g,反应时间80 min.COD去除率为47.95％,CN-去除率为39.75％,ρ(B)/ρ(C)达到0.20 ～ 0.25间,大大提高了霜脲氰废水的可生化性,表明铁碳微电解法可作为霜脲氰废水的预处理方法,为霜脲氰废水的预处理工艺提供新思路.     

铁碳微电解工艺预处理制药废水实验研究

制药废水中含有大量难生物降解的化学物质,其BOD5/COD值很低,可生化性差。故一般仅采用生化处理很难将其COD降低到排放标准,现采用铁碳微电解法并串联Fenton工艺对某制药厂废水进行预处理。以废水COD为指标并通过正交试验确定达到最佳处理效果的各因素的最佳组合条件为:前端的铁碳微电解反应时间为2.5 h,pH值为5,铁碳质量比1:2,Fe粉的投加量为120 g/L;后续Fenton反应投加30%H2O23 mL/L,FeSO.47H2O(100 g/L)400 mg/L,调节pH值为2,反应时间2.5 h,总去除率大于70%,为工业化应用做出铺垫。     

甲苯硝化废水的微电解-Fenton氧化预处理

采用铁碳微电解-Fenton氧化联合工艺处理甲苯硝化废水,探讨了溶液pH值、铁炭投加量、铁炭比例、H2O2投加量和反应时间等因素对微电解-Fenton氧化处理硝化废水的影响规律,获得微电解-Fenton氧化处理硝化废水的最佳工艺条件:废水pH在3左右,铁炭投加量为0.6 g/L,Fe/C质量比为4∶1,反应时间为1.5h,微电解后H2O2投加量为20 ml/L,反应时间为1 h。硝化废水经微电解-Fenton氧化处理后,COD由29 146mg/L降至6 477 mg/L,COD去除率达77.8%,BOD5/COD由0提高到0.37左右,废水可生化性显著增强。     

铁炭微电解预处理聚酯树脂废水的试验研究

采用铁炭微电解法预处理聚酯树脂废水研究,先进行正交试验,考察铁屑投加量、铁炭比和废水初始pH值对微电解效果的影响,接着在正交试验的基础上进行单因素试验,确定铁炭微电解法的最优工艺参数。试验结果表明:废水初始pH值对微电解处理聚酯树脂废水的影响最大,其次是铁屑投加量和铁炭比,最适工艺条件为:室温,废水初始pH值为2.0,铁屑投加量为100 g/L,铁炭质量比为1:1,曝气搅拌反应时间2.0 h。在此工艺条件下,BOD5/CODcr从0.17增加到0.33;此外,废水的CODcr去除率也可达到50.91%,这大大降低了后续生化处理的有机负荷。     

电Fenton法处理染料废水的研究

采用电Fenton法预处理染料废水,对影响COD及色度去除率的各种因素,包括内电解反应的初始pH值、铁的投加量、铁炭投加比,Fenton试剂氧化处理过程中初始pH值、H2O2的投加量及投加方式、反应时间等进行了研究。结果表明,内电解反应的最佳条件为：pH值为3.0,铁的投加量为25g/L,Fe/C为1：1.3;Fenton试剂氧化处理染料废水的最佳条件为：H2O2投加量为30mmol/L,pH值为内电解出水pH值（pH值为4.0左右）,反应时间为50min。COD去除率可达58%,色度去除率可达95%以上。     

铁碳微电解法预处理聚氯乙烯(PVC)离心母液废水

采用铁碳微电解法对聚氯乙烯(PVC)离心母液废水进行预处理。分别考察反应时间、铁粉投加量、Fe/C(质量比)、pH值及曝气速率对母液废水中的COD和聚乙烯醇(PVA)去除率的影响,并在此基础上通过正交实验确定了废水COD的最佳处理条件。结果表明,最佳处理条件为:反应时间为4 h、铁粉投加量为30 g/L、Fe/C为1:2、pH值为2、曝气速率为0.8 L/min。在该条件下,废水中COD、PVA和TOC的平均去除率分别为(67%±2)%、(98%±1)%和(55%±3)%,废水的BOD/COD值从0.3提高到0.5,可生化性得到了显著提高。同时,废水中的NH3-N、浊度也在很大程度上得到了去除,出水中总铁含量也很低。     

微电解-Fenton联合工艺处理酸化压裂废水

采用微电解-Fenton氧化法对酸化压裂模拟废水进行处理,有效地降低了废水的COD,试验中考察了微电解反应进水pH值、铁碳质量比、反应时间以及联合Fenton工艺中废水的pH值、H2O2加入量、反应时间对COD去除率的影响。结果表明,微电解法工艺的优化条件:pH2.5左右,反应停留时间120min,铁碳质量比5∶1;Fenton反应的优化条件:微电解出水调pH4.0左右,反应时间75min,H2O(2质量分数为10%)加入量7.5ml/L,最终处理的出水COD去除率达64.8%,联合工艺的COD去除率比单一的微电解法提高了26.3%,为后续的处理创造了有利的条件。     

含铜黄连素废水的铁碳微电解预处理及铜回收研究

利用铁碳微电解技术对含铜黄连素制药废水进行预处理,通过单因素试验确定了反应时间,铁粉和废碳投加量,pH等因素对处理效果的影响,并设计了回收金属铜的工艺流程.结果表明:采用铁碳微电解工艺处理初始Cu2+浓度约为20000mg/L,黄连素浓度为1 700～1 900mg/L的含铜黄连素制药废水,当废水pH为2.0～3.0,...     

铁碳微电解法处理聚四氢呋喃废水试验研究

采用铁碳微电解法处理聚四氢呋喃生产废水。分别研究了铁碳投入量、pH值、反应时间等因素对废水处理效果的影响。试验结果表明:Fe-C投加量分别30g,在pH值为3,反应时间为120min的条件下,COD去除率达75%以上,废水可生化性大幅度提高,为后续生物处理奠定了基础。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.