渤海湾淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局分析

以景观多样性,景观破碎度和景观分离作为评价指标,分析渤海淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局以及人类活动对景观结构的影响。将研究区域分为耕地、荒地、村镇、盐田、虾池、滩涂、库塘以及河流沟渠８个景观要素。     

基于MODIS遥感的江苏省景观格局

景观格局是由自然或人为因素形成的一系列大小、形状各异、排列不同的景观要素共同作用的结果。本文利用2005年3月份MODIS卫星数据,经过一系列处理后得到江苏省景观图,利用决策数分类法将研究区分为5种景观类型:耕地、城镇用地、水体、自然植被、其它用地;选取斑块数、斑块密度、破碎度、斑块分维数、多样性指数、优势度、均匀度、聚集度、分离度等景观指数,从斑块、斑块类型和景观3个层次上对研究区景观格局进行定量分析。结果表明:江苏省景观斑块共57030块,总面积为1018,4275万km2;在5种景观类型中,耕地和城镇用地是主要景观类型,占全省总面积的68.6451%;江苏省景观多样性程度不高,且斑块空间形状较简单。     

四川盆地丘陵区不同类型自然沟渠植被分布特征

植被是沟渠系统的重要组成部分,对沟渠生态功能的发挥具有重要作用。为促进长江上游沟渠植物物种多样性保护,以四川盆地中部丘陵区不同类型自然沟渠为研究对象,通过野外实地调查,分析了不同类型沟渠内植物种类、物种多样性指数、植被盖度和地上部生物量,探讨了周边土地利用方式对沟渠植被分布的影响。结果表明:(1)四川盆地中部丘陵区自然沟渠植被状况不容乐观。尽管自然沟渠内植物种类众多,调查样方内植物共有16科20种,但优势种较少,且仅以危害性大的过江草(Phyla nodiflora)和水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)为主,出现的频度分别为46.09%和38.26%。(2)物种多样性指数结果表明,居民区沟渠植物种类较为单一,优势种明显,群落结构较为简单。旱地沟渠植物种类较为丰富,群落结构较为复杂。水田沟渠和荒地沟渠植物分布较为均匀。(3)不同类型沟渠中植被的盖度和生物量差异显著。其中,植被盖度平均值大小顺序为水田沟渠居民区沟渠旱地沟渠荒地沟渠,植物地上部平均生物量大小顺序表现为居民区沟渠水田沟渠旱地沟渠荒地沟渠。     

基于景观格局的辽河三角洲湿地生态安全分析

以1990年和2005年遥感影像为基本信息源,在GIS技术支持下,在对辽河三角洲湿地景观格局分析的基础上,采用破碎度、分离度、优势度等景观格局指数和景观类型脆弱度为评价指标研究辽河三角洲湿地景观生态安全。20世纪90年代以来大规模的资源开发,加剧了辽河三角洲湿地景观的破碎化程度,使景观优势度增高,多样性下降。从1990-2005年,研究区主要湿地景观类型水稻田、苇田、滩涂的干扰程度有所增加,生态安全度均有所下降,表明人类对自然湿地生态系统的干扰越来越明显。总体来说,15年来研究区整体景观生态安全度呈现下降趋势。以往湿地生态安全的研究主要集中在环境脆弱性和保护策略方面,研究层次着重在生态系统层面,而从景观格局角度对湿地景观生态安全的研究涉及较少,文章涉及的是景观生态学可持续发展研究的一个新领域,所提出的内容实质上是景观生态安全定量表征的方法探讨。应用景观生态学方法研究生态安全,揭示景观结构与功能关系并进一步分析区域生态环境的变化趋势及其内在因素,不但为辽河三角洲湿地及其生物多样性的保护和资源开发提供了科学依据,而且丰富和发展了我国生态安全研究的理论与方法。     

广东丰溪省级自然保护区景观格局变化及其驱动力研究

探究景观格局变化及其驱动力是自然保护区景观格局优化、生态保护和建设管理的重要基础。基于广东省丰溪省级保护区2010、2015、2020年的遥感影像数据,借助Arc GIS、ENVI和FRAGSTATS等软件,通过分析动态度、转移矩阵、景观格局指数等探究景观格局的演变规律,并对其驱动力进行探讨。结果表明,1)保护区土地利用类型以林地为主,约占区域总面积的61.9%;2010-2020年间,林地和水域持续减少,耕地和建设用地持续增多,土地利用综合动态度由1.87%减少至1.75%,整体呈减少趋势,景观格局变化趋于平稳。保护区林地的转出量最大,转出面积有2.03×10³ hm²;草地的转入量最大,转入面积有1.28×10³ hm²;耕地的转入面积约为转出面积的3.3倍,整体增加约800 hm²。2)林地是保护区的主体景观,其斑块优势度最大,破碎度最小,景观连通性较好。2010-2020年间,耕地、建筑用地和水域的破碎度降低,连通度升高;草地的破碎度最大,连通性能减低。2020年,景观...     

唐家河自然保护区植被景观梯度变化及其成因

以ETM 影像数据为基础,利用景观分析软件Fragstats对唐家河自然保护区植被景观分别从东西、南北、西北至东南3个方向进行空间梯度分析.结果表明,沿东西方向,景观多样性呈现"升-降-升"的波动变化趋势,破碎化程度与复杂度降低;沿北南方向,景观多样性、复杂度以及连接度逐渐下降,但破碎度增加,形状趋于复杂;沿西北至东南方向,景观多样性与复杂度均表现出"降-升-降-升"的波动变化趋势;在西北部至中部斑块邻近度相对较高,变化较为明显;而东南部相对较低,变化幅度小.唐家河自然保护区所处的自然条件是其景观格局梯度变化形成的主要原因和先决条件,植物群落的空间格局明显受水文地貌特征的控制.     

基于CA-Markov模型土地利用对景观格局影响辨识

采用CA-Markov模型方法,研究挠力河流域不同时段土地利用对湿地景观格局干扰强度的差异性.结果表明:(1)流域湿地景观格局变化显著.1967-2000年,挠力河流域湿地类型景观最大斑块指数逐渐减小,耕地和水域斑块的面积周长分维数逐渐减小,而沼泽和居民地的散布与并列指数变大,草甸和耕地聚集度指数增大;湿地景观破碎化程度增加;湿地景观空间分布逐渐由流域周围高地势区向中心河流廊道退缩.(2)流域土地利用变化明显.耕地和居民用地数量迅速增加,耕地趋于集中连片分布,土地利用呈由自然湿地逐渐转化为耕地的变化过程,耕地成为主导的土地利用类型.(3)流域土地利用强度存在阶段差异.1967-2000年,流域内人类活动对湿地景观的干扰强度逐渐加剧,人为景观面积比例由1967年的26.5%上升至2000年的67.8%.土地利用影响强度指数由1967年的1.690上升至2000年的2.394.2000年模拟的流域土地利用影响强度比2000年实际土地利用影响强度小,由此可以识别1983-2000年人类对湿地景观的干扰强度比1967-1983年有所增大;利用居民地和沼泽面积的变化可以识别流域人口增长和排水活动对土地利用影响的时段差异性.     

厦门环同安湾海岸带景观空间格局动态变化分析

利用遥感和地理信息技术,运用平均斑块面积与分离度指数、多样性指数、破碎度指数、优势度指数和分维数等景观格局指数,以厦门环同安湾区1989年、1997年和2007年3个时期遥感影像解译数据作为基本信息源,对过去18年间环同安湾海岸带的景观格局的时空变化过程和演变趋势进行了研究。结果表明：1989—2007年,农田面积大量...     

城市河岸带土地利用和景观格局演变研究

河岸带是水陆生态系统之间的过渡带,对保护水体和改善生态环境质量具有重要作用。研究河岸带的土地利用和景观格局演变规律,对于维持城市河流生态系统健康、改善城市河流污染具有重要意义。以云南省高原湖泊城市昆明为研究对象,基于1996年、2007年和2015年3期Landsat TM遥感影像,在ArcGIS软件支持下,以城市河流两侧500 m范围作为研究区域,提取土地利用信息,借助土地利用类型特征参数、景观格局指数等对河岸带的土地利用和景观格局演变进行分析,结果表明:(1)从时间变化来看,20年来河岸带的土地利用类型发生了明显的改变,耕地的减少和建设用地的增加是主要的变化趋势,尤其自2007年以来,建设用地的动态度由前一阶段的4.66增长为5.53,表明建设用地呈现越来越快的增长趋势;(2)从空间变化来看,1996年耕地是河岸带各缓冲区的主要用地类型,至2007年,建设用地在各缓冲区的占比已跃居首位,到2015年,建设用地持续快速增长,占比达到各缓冲区的60%左右,成为各缓冲区的景观基质,河岸带的景观结构发生明显改变;(3)从景观类型水平的指数分析来看,20年间,耕地的最大斑块指数(LPI)快速减少且分离度指数(SPLIT)急剧增长,表明其分布呈现破碎化发展;绿地斑块的完整性有所提高,建设用地面积快速增加并呈大面积连片分布的趋势,这与土地利用变化分析结果一致。基于对不同缓冲区景观格局指数的分析,得出昆明市河流生态廊道功能的影响范围为距离河道200 m宽的缓冲区范围,200 m以外的区域景观连接度降低,破碎化程度加剧。     

高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区景观变化及其驱动力

基于3S技术,应用Fragstats软件对高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区1990、2000和2007年3期TM解译图进行分析,研究保护区景观格局变化动态及其驱动力。结果表明,退化沼泽为若尔盖国家级自然保护区的景观基底,2007年达保护区总面积的48.05%。保护区建立前后的10 a间(1990—2000年),湖泊、河流、沼泽面积萎缩,主要演变为退化沼泽和草甸,退化沼泽、草甸和灌丛面积分别增加1 978.60、2 559.09和824.27 hm2,斑块数减少,景观破碎度和异质性降低,聚合度和优势度增加;建立国家级自然保护区后(2000—2007年),河流面积小幅恢复,但湿地退化仍是主要趋势,湖泊和沼泽面积持续减小,草场面积持续增加,沙地面积增加1 929.00 hm2,斑块数增加,聚合度和优势度下降,景观破碎度和异质性回升。气候变暖等自然因素和人为排水疏干、过度放牧、无序旅游、基础建设等干扰影响是湿地退化的主要驱动力。     

Efficacy of Land-Cover Models in Predicting Isolation of Marbled Salamander Populations in a Fragmented Landscape

Abstract:  Amphibians worldwide are facing rapid declines due to habitat loss and fragmentation, disease, and other causes. Where habitat alteration is implicated, there is a need for spatially explicit conservation plans. Models built with geographic information systems (GIS) are frequently used to inform such planning. We explored the potential for using GIS models of functional landscape connectivity as a reliable proxy for genetically derived measures of population isolation. We used genetic assignment tests to characterize isolation of marbled salamander populations and evaluated whether the relative amount of modified habitat around breeding ponds was a reliable indicator of population isolation. Using a resampling analysis, we determined whether certain land-cover variables consistently described population isolation. We randomly drew half the data for model building and tested the performance of the best models on the other half 100 times. Deciduous forest was consistently associated with lower levels of population isolation, whereas salamander populations in regions of agriculture and anthropogenic development were more isolated. Models that included these variables and pond size explained 65–70% of variation in genetically inferred isolation across sites. The resampling analysis confirmed that these habitat variables were consistently good predictors of isolation. Used judiciously, simple GIS models with key land-cover variables can be used to estimate population isolation if field sampling and genetic analysis are not possible.     

Detecting general plant functional type responses in fragmented landscapes using spatially-explicit simulations

Habitat loss and increasing landscape fragmentation are known to be key forces driving the ongoing loss of plant species diversity. While the combined effects of increasing isolation and decreasing population size have been studied intensively; it is less understood how plant population performance in heterogeneous landscapes is affected by changes in fragmentation alone.     

人工湿地循环处理的养殖水体中浮游动物动态变化

2004年3月～11月对人工湿地循环处理的养殖水体中浮游动物的动态变化进行了研究,探讨不同的处理方式和放养类型对水体中浮游动物的影响及生物多样性指数的变化.结果表明,养殖水体经人工湿地处理后,水质改善,对浮游动物去除率在60%以上,几乎没有影响到浮游动物的群落结构,循环水量最大的1号塘浮游甲壳动物隆腺溞占优势,密度较其他塘低,而生物量则高;放养类型相同的循环塘3号塘和静态塘4号塘,浮游动物种类基本相同,但种类数3号塘明显多于4号塘;辛普森多样性指数显示:1号塘>2号塘>3号塘>4号塘,说明循环塘水质好于静态塘.图4表5参21     

快速城市化地区塘的消减过程研究--以广州市天河区为例

塘是我国南方地区常见的、分布广泛的景观类型,也是相对独立的水生生态系统,在生态系统服务和人类经济文化活动中扮演着非常重要的角色。国际学者对其在保护生物多样性、防涝排水、提升景观及改善人居环境等方面的生态功能研究较多,但国内对塘的形成、消减过程、生态环境功能效应等科学问题一直认识不足,在人口和土地的快速城市化胁迫下,为了增加建设用地使用面积而将水塘填埋的行为广泛存在。文章以广州市天河区为研究区,以1996、2000、2004、2007、2011年5期遥感影像为数据,通过目视解译获取研究区的土地利用特征,提取水塘信息,依据塘的主要功能对塘进行分类,通过缓冲区分析、主成份分析和转移矩阵分析探索快速城市化地区水塘消减过程的数量和空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）研究区内水塘景观在15 a间显著消减,数量由109个减至20个,面积由36.30 hm2降至13.18 hm2,个体减少率为81.65%,面积减少率为63.69%;（2）不同时段、不同功能类型的水塘消减过程存在明显差异,养殖塘、风水塘、山塘和灌溉塘面积急剧减少,景观塘面积先降后增;（3）各时段的塘转换主要去向为居住用地、商业及工矿用地等,周边土地利用格局有交通用地、荒草地的塘更易于被转换成建设用地等其他土地利用类型;（4）在城市人居环境建设中,水塘具有保持生物多样性、调节气温、改善气候、防旱排涝、改善人居环境等生态价值,又具有历史文化、景观美化等人文价值,但水塘已成为快速城市化地区居住、商业、工矿用地的主要侵占对象。作为冷岛的水塘生态系统,在城市化进程和各项规划中都应受到重视与保护。     

Evaluating Effects of Habitat Loss and Land-Use Continuity on Ant Species Richness in Seminatural Grassland Remnants

Abstract:  Seminatural grasslands in Europe are susceptible to habitat destruction and fragmentation that result in negative effects on biodiversity because of increased isolation and area effects on extinction rate. However, even small habitat patches of seminatural grasslands might be of value for conservation and restoration of species richness in a landscape with a long history of management, which has been argued to lead to high species richness. We tested whether ant communities have been negatively affected by habitat loss and increased isolation of seminatural grasslands during the twentieth century. We examined species richness and community composition in seminatural grasslands of different size in a mosaic landscape in Central Sweden. Grasslands managed continuously over centuries harbored species-rich and ecologically diverse ant communities. Grassland remnant size had no effect on ant species richness. Small grassland remnants did not harbor a nested subset of the ant species of larger habitats. Community composition of ants was mainly affected by habitat conditions. Our results suggest that the abandonment of traditional land use and the encroachment of trees, rather than the effects of fragmentation, are important for species composition in seminatural grasslands. Our results highlight the importance of considering land-use continuity and dispersal ability of the focal organisms when examining the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity. Landscape history should be considered in conservation programs focusing on effects of land-use change.     

Habitat Matrix Effects on Pond Occupancy in Newts

Abstract: In farmlands, the population viability of many amphibians is suspected to depend on the resistance the matrix of crop fields presents to movements between ponds and terrestrial sites and movements among ponds. Over recent decades the increase in cereal growing at the expense of cattle breeding has caused a drastic change in habitat matrix in many European regions. We investigated the effect of such change on populations of three newt species (   Triturus helveticus , T. alpestris , and T. cristatus ) by comparing their abundances in sites that varied in amount of cultivated ground. A multivariate regression analysis of the relationship of newt abundance to both pond and landscape variables demonstrated the negative influence of cultivated ground on abundance. The width of the uncultivated sector linking the pond to the forest was a good predictor of abundance after the influences of both pond area and fish presence were removed. Moreover, newt presence was positively related to the number of ponds within that 50-ha surrounding area, highlighting the role of metapopulation functioning in newt occupancy of ponds. The relationship between newt abundance and width of uncultivated sectors agrees with present knowledge of the orientation mechanisms that underlie migration movements in urodeles. Such a relationship between connectedness and sector width shows that narrow, linear corridors such as hedgerows may not be useful in newt conservation. Our study also highlights the need to incorporate a behavioral component of habitat use into models of connectivity in conservation biology.     

A distance dependent contagion function for vector-based data

Landscape pattern is of primary interest to landscape ecologists and landscape metrics are used to quantify landscape pattern. Metrics are commonly defined and calculated on raster-based land cover maps. One metric is the contagion, existing in several versions, e.g., unconditional and conditional, used as a measure of fragmentation. However, mapped data is sometimes in vector-based format or there may be no mapped data but only a point sample. In this study a definition of contagion for such cases is investigated. The metric is an extension of the usual contagion, based on pairs of points at varying distances and gives a function of the distance. In this study the extended contagion is calculated for vector-based delineated real landscapes and for simulated ones. Both unconditional and conditional contagions are studied using two classification systems. The unconditional contagion function was decreasing and convex, with upper and lower limits highly correlated to the Shannon diversity index, thus carrying only area proportion information. The spatial information lies in the speed by which the function converges to the lower limit; using a proxy function this can be expressed by a single parameter b, with high values for fragmented landscapes. No proxy function was found for the conditional contagion, for which only qualitative information was found. The extended contagion is applicable both in patch mosaic models of landscapes and in gradient-based models, where landscape characteristics change continuously without distinct borders between patches. The extended contagion can be useful in sample based surveys where there no map of the entire landscape is available.     

珠江三角洲地区高速公路沿线景观格局变化研究

根据1995年和2005年土地利用数据,借助地理信息系统软件和景观生态学方法研究珠江三角洲区域发展轴线——广深高速公路和广珠高速公路运营前后沿线区域的土地利用和景观格局变化,并进一步对比分析相同功能等级道路的生态效应差异。结果表明：（1）高速公路运营后,沿线区域建设用地增加迅速,耕地大量流失且迅速向建设用地转化;（2）公路的建设运营使得沿线区域人工干扰强度加大,景观斑块密度增加、面积减少、斑块形状趋向复杂,景观破碎化加剧;（3）道路途径区域的社会经济条件以及原有的景观格局特征是导致道路生态破碎效应差异的重要原因;（4）公路对自然景观的影响效应远大于其对人工景观的影响效应。     

Urban forest landscape patterns in Ma'anshan City,China

The landscape pattern of Ma'anshan City was analyzed based on theories and methodologies of landscape ecology, remote sensing, global positioning, and a geographic information system (GIS). The study area encompassed the entire built-up area of 63.88 km²; a north–south transect 3-km wide and 13-km long was established along the long axis of the city. Five major landscape elements were assessed: urban land, urban forest, agriculture, water, and grass. Urban land was the dominant land cover type, and occupied 67% of total land area; while patches of urban forest occupied 16%, with a landscape element dominance of 0.42. Urban forest was classified according to land-use category and location into six types: scenic forest, yard forest, recreational forest, roadside forest, shelter forest, and nurseries. There were 2464 urban forest patches, the largest being 185.1 ha, with an average of 0.43 ha. The low nearest neighbor index and high patch density indicated that urban forest patches tend to be aggregated and have a high degree of fragmentation. This study also demonstrated that the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using a combination of landscape metrics and gradient analysis. Urban forest has distinct spatial characters that are dependent on specific landscape metrics along the urbanization gradient.