沿海地区海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸作用

着重研究全球沿海地区海盐和在气污染物ＳＯ２,ＮＯｘ反应的致酸作用,通过资料分析发现：海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸存在临界浓度,在氏气溶胶浓度的大气中,海盐和大气污染物反应致酸的ＳＯ２的临界浓度为０．００４３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。海盐和大气污染物反应的致酸存在３种类型：火山排放ＳＯ２和海盐反应致酸,降水中过量氯与Ｈ＾＋浓度呈正相关,过量氮对Ｈ＾＋浓度最大贡献可达５０％;外来输送ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ和海盐反应的致酸,     

北京大气PM10中水溶性金属盐的在线观测与浓度特征研究

研究了北京大气可吸入气溶胶(PM10)中水溶性金属盐的变化特征,并对其来源进行了分析.钠盐、钾盐、镁盐和钙盐浓度的变化范围分别为:0.5～1.4、0.5～2.5、0.1～0.5和0.6～5.8 μg/m3,不同水溶性金属盐最高值和最低值出现季节不同.水溶性金属盐没有明显的采暖期和非采暖期的差异,说明冬季采暖不是它们的主要来源.海盐和土壤源是北京大气PM10中Na 的主要来源,K 的主要来源包括秸秆燃烧和生物质排放,土壤源是Mg2 和Ca2 的重要来源.水溶性金属盐的日变化规律不同.降水对Na 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 的清除分别为10%～70%、20%～80%、10%～77%、5%～80%.     

台风对沿海城市细粒子中海盐气溶胶的影响

台风作为发生、发展于海洋的天气系统,其对沿海城市海盐气溶胶的影响究竟如何值得探究.利用2011年第17号强台风"纳沙"影响深圳期间的深圳气象局竹子林大气成分站的MARGA(Monitoring Instrument for Aerosols and Gases)数据,研究了期间台风对深圳PM_(2.5)中海盐气溶胶(以下简称海盐气溶胶)的影响.结果发现,受台风外围下沉气流的影响,各气溶胶成分的浓度均有明显的增加.台风降水前的大风对各种气溶胶(含海盐、非海盐气溶胶)的清除作用非常显著,而台风降水期间PM_(2.5)中的海盐气溶胶浓度呈现快速上升趋势,最大浓度可达4.39μg·m~(-3).台风降水期间的海盐气溶胶也呈现出一定的老化状态,氯损耗平均值为32.20%,海盐气溶胶的老化程度低于台风降水前和台风降水后的老化程度.尽管台风降水时海盐气溶胶的贡献率有显著增加,气溶胶海洋属性加强,但总体而言海盐气溶胶对深圳地区PM_(2.5)化学组分的贡献非常低.     

沙尘气溶胶的跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区大气环境的影响

基于全球大气环流模式CAM3.1对2002—2003年模拟的全球沙尘气溶胶分布及其变化的评估,通过去除东亚沙漠(局地源)的敏感性模拟试验来分析北非、阿拉伯和中亚地区沙漠区(外部源)的沙尘气溶胶跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区大气沙尘气溶胶的贡献.结果表明,受到大气沙尘气溶胶的跨亚欧大陆传输的影响,东亚以外沙尘源对青藏高原大气贡献率最大,对我国北方干旱半干旱地区大气贡献率最小,对中国南方地区和日韩及邻近的西北太平洋地区大气贡献率基本相当.东亚地区秋(冬)季大气受到东亚以外沙尘源的影响最弱(强).我国北方干旱半干旱地区近地层大气沙尘气溶胶的外源贡献率秋季最小(约5%),冬季最大(约30%).青藏高原冬季60%~80%的近地面大气沙尘气溶胶来自东亚以外的沙漠区,而在秋季则只有约20%~60%.外源对东亚大气沙尘气溶胶柱浓度和对近地面大气沙尘气溶胶的影响具有基本一致的季节特征,但对柱浓度的贡献率一般偏大10%~40%.沙尘气溶胶跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区的影响主要集中在2~6 km的自由对流层.随对流层高度的增加东亚各地区外源贡献率均增加.青藏高原地区以年平均对流层沙尘气溶胶外源贡献率62%~81%成为东亚地区最大的影响区域.     

新疆阿克达拉大气背景点气溶胶物质来源研究

文章利用2004年7月~2005年3月间新疆阿克达拉区域大气本底观测站PM10和TSP有机碳、元素碳及水溶性离子的组成数据,分别采用主成分分析法(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和绝对主成分分析法(Absolutely Principal Component Analysis,APCA)对大气气溶胶物质来源进行研究。结果表明PM10中气溶胶来源及贡献率分别为:人为污染源(49.6%)、地壳矿物质粉尘(17.3%)、盐渍化地壳矿物质粉尘(33.1%);TSP中气溶胶来源及贡献率分别为:盐渍化地壳矿物质粉尘(21.3%)、地壳矿物质粉尘及人为污染混合源(50.8%)、人为污染源(27.8%)。由于阿克达拉大气本底观测站位于我国气候上游,该站PM10和TSP中不同来源物质贡献率的源解析结果对于研究中国西北地区大气背景气溶胶的特性及其气候效应具有重要意义,对我国西北边境大气背景区空气污染治理对策的制定有一定的参考价值。     

冬季黄海西部海域气溶胶中主要水溶性离子的化学组成与特性研究

基于2012年初冬采集的黄海西部海域大气总悬浮颗粒物样品（TSP）,分析其中主要水溶性离子（Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、Na+、K+、NH₄+、Mg2+、Ca2+）及甲基磺酸盐（CH₃SO₃-,MSA）的浓度水平及化学特性,并探讨人为活动对近海大气气溶胶组成的影响。分析结果显示,气溶胶中二次离子（非海盐硫酸盐nss-SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+）浓度最高,占到总测定离子浓度的69.4%。同时发现Cl-由于受人为活动的影响表现出一定程度的富集,富集因子平均值为34.6%。气溶胶样品中的MSA浓度水平较低,平均值仅为0.014±0.012 μg/m3。来源分析结果表明,海盐硫酸盐（ss-SO₄2-）对总SO₄2-的贡献率仅为7.3%,生源硫酸盐对nss-SO₄2-的贡献率为5.0%,说明人为活动输入是中国黄海大气气溶胶中SO₄2-的主要来源。另外,气溶胶中NO₃-占无机氮的比例为62.56%～83.03%。     

厦门市2021年大气降水化学组分变化趋势及来源分析

为了解厦门市大气降水化学组分及其变化趋势,对2021年采集的厦门市大气降水进行了分析,监测因子主要包括pH、电导率、降水量及化学组分(硫酸根、硝酸根、铵离子、氟离子、氯离子、钙离子、镁离子、钠离子、钾离子)。分析结果表明,2021年厦门全市降水pH值范围为4.01～6.39,pH加权平均值为4.99,酸雨发生率为75.9%。其中小坪点位pH值范围为4.01～5.94,pH加权平均值为4.87,酸雨发生率为87.0%;洪文点位pH范围为4.61～6.39,pH加权平均值为5.33,酸雨发生率为55.2%。PMF来源解析表明,市区洪文点位降水中离子的主要来源为工业及燃烧源、海盐、机动车尾气、扬尘源,其贡献率分别为20.3%、26.7%、19.6%、33.4%;郊区小坪点位降水中离子的主要来源为生物及农业源、海盐、机动车尾气、工业及燃烧源,其贡献率分别为29.5%、31.5%、26.2%、12.8%。     

珠江三角洲区域大气二次有机气溶胶的数值模拟

二次有机气溶胶是大气颗粒物污染的重要组分之一,确定大气中二次有机气溶胶污染状况及来源是深入了解大气颗粒物污染发生、演变规律及其影响因素的前提.基于珠江三角洲区域的污染源和气象资料,利用耦合了二次有机气溶胶模块的二维空气质量模式对区域尺度上的大气二次有机气溶胶污染状况和来源进行了模拟研究.结果表明,二次有机气溶胶生成具有明显的光化学反应特征,浓度高值出现在14:00左右;源排放较大的广州和东莞的部分地区及其下风向的中山、珠海和江门部分地区SOA浓度较高;几类主要污染源对SOA的贡献率分别为:生物源72.6%,流动源30.7%,点源12%,溶剂、油漆源12%,面源不足5%.     

太平洋上空硫酸盐的分布和来源

我国首次南极考察(1984年11月—1985年3月)在太平洋和南极半岛周围海域收集了31个海洋气溶胶样品。采用离子色谱法分析气溶胶中硫酸盐、火焰原子吸收法分析钠离子,结果表明,太平洋海洋气溶胶中非海盐源硫酸盐含量自北纬向南纬明显降低。在北太平洋主要是由于陆源污染源的硫酸盐在风系作用下经长距离传输而进入海洋上空;而在南太平洋,特别是南极半岛海域大气中非海盐源硫酸盐,可能主要来自海洋生物活动的产物。利用通量计算模式,估算了南极半岛海域生物源输入大气的硫通量为0.065gS/m~2·a。     

夏季青岛大气气溶胶中不同形态磷的浓度、来源及沉降通量

利用2016年6~7月在青岛采集的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,分析了其中不同形态磷的浓度,讨论了夏季气溶胶中总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)的分布特征及来源,并估算了大气P的沉降通量.结果表明,夏季青岛大气气溶胶中TP的浓度为(49.3±30.6)ng·m~(-3),其中DP浓度为(15.5±10.4)ng·m~(-3),对TP的贡献为30.9%±11.0%.DP中以DIP占主导,其贡献平均约为60%.气溶胶中不同形态P的来源分析结果显示,夏季青岛气溶胶中P的来源复杂,受地壳源、人为源、生物质燃烧、农业施肥等多种源的共同影响.其中TP的38%来自土壤源的贡献,农业活动源和工业源的贡献分别为20%左右;DP中DIP主要受到农业活动源及燃烧源的影响,其贡献分别为51%和24%;DOP主要来源于土壤源及农业活动源,其贡献分别为41%和27%.观测期间,大气TP的干沉降通量为(51.7±31.7)μg·(m~2·d)~(-1),其中DP对TP干沉降通量的贡献为23.2%±8.2%.DP中DOP有重要贡献,约为DP干沉降通量的40%.DP的干沉降通量可支持黄海(0.5±0.3)mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)浮游植物碳的生产,对新生产力的贡献约为1%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.