基于接受美学视角的实用英语翻译研究

实用英语翻译活动是由原文、译者、译文和读者组成的翻译-作品-接受的一系列过程,其起点和指向都是读者的接受,其目的的实现主要依赖读者对译文的反应和理解。"读者中心论"和"期待视野"是接受美学理论的核心概念,影响着读者对文本的诠释。     

从“语篇意识”的角度看短篇小说的翻译——以英语短篇小说《她心中有一颗明星》汉译为例

通过对英语短篇小说《她心中有一颗明星》的汉语译文所做的分析研究表明,译者在翻译过程中树立了很强的语篇意识,跳出了源语言层面的束缚,并利用"增译,缩句,换序"等翻译手段使译文"忠实,通顺,自然流畅"。     

忠实 连贯 地道——合同翻译标准新探

从中外翻译标准演变和批评来看,每一个翻译标准都有其局限性,没有一种翻译标准能"放之四海而皆准",这说明翻译标准是相对的。文本类型不同,翻译标准也应不同。合同文本可归为商务文本,人们对商务文本翻译标准研究得多,但对具体的合同文本翻译标准研究得少。合同文本有别于其他商务文本,它应有自己的翻译标准。合同翻译的目的是帮助合同文本实现其最主要功能——交际功能,"忠实、连贯、地道"的译文将能最大化地实现该功能。     

浅析网络外宣媒体的跨文化传播

网络媒体的发展开辟了一种全新的传播方式,给各国、各民族之间的交流带来了前所未有的便利。我国政府应重视互联网作为跨文化传播媒介的作用,努力体会以西方国家为代表的文化背景、思维习惯,在传播内容、报道方式及网站布局等方面对网络外宣媒体的现状做出改善,提高网络外宣媒体的跨文化传播效果,对外塑造出更好的国家形象。     

从语篇功能分析唐诗《泊秦淮》的英译

从系统功能语言学视角对唐诗及其英译文进行分析是研究诗歌鉴赏问题的新方法。《泊秦淮》是唐代诗人杜牧的一首著名的七言绝句。依据韩礼德系统功能语言学语篇功能理论,可以从主位结构和衔接手段两个方面对该诗及其英译进行分析,说明从语篇功能鉴赏唐诗及英译文是一种新的视角。     

简论语境在科技英语翻译中的作用

近几年来随着对外交流活动的日益频繁和科学技术的飞速发展,针对科学技术领域的翻译活动日益增加,然而目前科技英语翻译仍然存在许多质量问题,如误译、漏译、句意模糊、翻译文本可读性差等。针对这些问题,本文在科技英语翻译中引入了语境的概念,结合科技英语的特点,简要论述了语境在科技英语翻译中的作用。     

致读者

经国家新闻出版总署批准,2005年5月我刊主办单位由中国环境科学出版社变更为国家环保总局宣传教育中心。从本期开始,我们在栏目设置上做了较大调整,文章风格和版式设计也有所改变,力求能为广大读者提供更加权威和及时的观点和信息。为使杂志更具可读性,更好地满足读者的要求和为读者服务,我们设计了以下问卷,希望大家积极反     

征稿启事

<正>《图书情报研究》系由江苏大学主办的图书馆学、情报学、档案学学术刊物,热忱欢迎广大作者投稿。本刊以广大图书、情报、档案工作者和图书馆学、情报学、档案学专业师生为主要读者对象,坚持"百花齐放,百家争鸣"的方针,注重理论性与实践性相结合、微观性与宏观性相结合、探索性与指导性相结合、学术性与可读性相结合、普及性与提高性相结合,致力于     

如何研读文本,提高朗读能力

<正>在新课程理念指导下的课堂教学中,教师和学生如何研读文本(即教材),教师对学生如何进行朗读能力的培养,结合本人的教学实践,在此与大家共同交流学习,以达到互相促进,互相提高的目的。一、研读文本,先要整体把握在新课标的修改稿中,加入"必须引导学生钻研文本",也就是说,教师不仅要钻研文本,还要引导学生钻研文本。钻研文本首先要做到整体把握文本,每个文本都有其内在的文本意义,即内在的价值取向,读者无论融入多少个人的经验,还是以特殊的言语形式     

欢迎订阅2010年《资源再生》

资源循环利用与节约型社会的建设是我国的一项基本国策。中国《资源再生》（月刊）是国内外公开发行的综合性科技期刊,以推动资源再生利用产业科技进步,加快全国循环经济建设的信息传播为宗旨,重点宣传中国资源再生利用产业的方针政策,介绍和推广国内外资源再生领域的新技术、新工艺、新设备和新材料,介绍期货知识,促进资源再生利用行业的产业化和现代化。贴近企业、贴近读者、可读性强。     

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of the fragile X syndrome by use of linked polymorphic markers

Fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of familial mental retardation. The most common mutation is expansion of a triplet (CGG)_n repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene on Xq27.3. The expansion is refractory to PCR due to preferential amplification of the smaller allele in heterozygous cells and the high GC content of the repeat and surrounding sequences. Direct detection of the normal parental alleles in preimplantation embryos has been used for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of this disorder. However, this approach is only suitable for approximately 63% of couples due to the heterozygosity of the repeat in the normal population. As an alternative we investigated the use of polymorphic markers flanking the mutation to track the normal and premutation carrying maternal chromosomes in preimplantation embryos. Using a panel of 11 polymorphisms, six (CA)_n repeats and five single nucleotide polymorphisms, diagnosis was developed for 90% of referred couples. Multiplex amplification of informative markers was tested in 300 single buccal cells from interested couples with efficiency and allele drop out (ADO) rates ranging from 69% to 96% and 6% to 18%, respectively. Use of this approach is accurate and applicable to a larger number of patients at risk of transmitting fragile X to their offspring. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pilot study for the neonatal screening of fragile X syndrome

An Erratum has been published for this article in Prenatal Diagnosis 23 (9), 2003, 771. Fragile X syndrome (SFX) is the commonest form of inherited mental retardation. Due to the highly variable phenotype clinical diagnosis is complicated. In nearly all cases, the disorder is caused by expansion of a CGG-repeat in the 5′-untranslated region of the FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation-1) gene. We have evaluated the feasibility, efficiency and costs of two methodologies in order to develop a simple test to screen large populations: PCR and fragile X mental retardation-1 protein (FMRP) immunodetection. We studied 100 newborn males using PCR and immunodetection (26.91 Euro). All but one amplified the CGG repeat of the FMR1 gene within the normal size range. The sample that failed to amplify showed only 28% of FMRP expression by immunodetection study; both results indicated an affected male. A further 100 males were studied only by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (7.8 Euro); all of them amplified within the normal size range. Both methodologies, PCR and immunodetection, are feasible for screening large populations, PCR being the most suitable, economical and less time-consuming. However, it is advisable to keep slides for immunodetection when PCR fails or the external control shows no amplification. Early detection of SFX-affected individuals would represent a great benefit for their maximum social integration, due to appropriate treatment and early stimulation and would permit a cascade screening in their pedigree. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal diagnosis of fragile x syndrome: (cgg)n expansion and methylation of chorionic villus samples

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation, due to an expansion of the (CGG)_n trinucleotide repeat in the FMR-1 gene and hypermethylation of its 5′ upstream CpG island. Two major problems remain to be resolved for fragile X prenatal diagnosis: the abnormal methylation patterns of chorionic villus samples (CVS) and the inability to predict the mental status of females with the full mutation. We present here the results of ten prenatal diagnoses of fragile X syndrome using Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and the analysis of 50 further CVS to test the methylation status of the CpG island of the FMR-1 gene. In the ten ‘at-risk’ CVS, eight normal (five males and three females) and two affected male fetuses were detected. Absence of methylation in the CVS was observed in two cases, which was not found upon subsequent examination of the newborn or of fetal tissues. In the 50 CVS not ‘at risk’ for fragile X syndrome, abnormal fragment patterns for probe StB12.3 were detected in 32 per cent for female and 24 per cent for male fetuses. This abnormal pattern could be due to absent or partial methylation of the CpG island of the FMR-1 gene in chorionic villus tissues.     

The results of aneuploidy screening in 276 couples undergoing assisted reproductive techniques

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening (PGD-AS) using sequential in situ hybridization was applied for aneuploidy testing in 276 couples with 282 ART cycles. Patients with advanced maternal age (AMA, n = 147), recurrent implantation failure (RIF, n = 48), repeated early spontaneous abortion (RSA, n = 32) and abnormal gamete cell morphology (AGCM, n = 55) including macrocephal sperm forms or cytoplasmic granular oocytes were included. Embryo biopsy was performed on day 3 in a calcium–magnesium–free medium by using a noncontact diode laser system. After fixation and enzymatic treatment, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out on 1147 blastomeres with specific probes for chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21 and 22 for AMA group, 13, 18, 21, X and Y for AGCM group and 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, X and Y for RIF and RSA groups respectively. The overall chromosomal abnormality rate in analyzed embryos was 40.9%, with no significant difference between AMA, RIF and RSA groups (p > 0.05). However, AGCM group presented a higher rate of chromosomal aneuploidies (57.4%) than the other three groups (p < 0.01). A total of 84% biopsied embryos presented cleavage in 24 h and embryo transfer was realized in 278 cycles. In four cycles, no chromosomally normal embryo was found for embryo transfer. A total of 88 pregnancies (31.6%) were achieved, 19.3% resulted in abortion and 63 healthy births were obtained, with a total of 93 babies born. Aneuploidy testing in couples with poor prognosis undergoing ART cycles is a useful tool to increase the chance of ART success. Furthermore, abnormal gamete cell morphology should be considered one of the major indications for PGD in ART programs as high aneuploidy rates were observed in this group. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preimplantation diagnosis

Research towards preimplantation diagnosis of genetic disease was initiated in the UK. in the mid 1980s with the aim of helping those couples who would prefer selection to occur at this stage rather than during pregnancy. Following in vitro fertilisation, (IVF), biopsy and removal of 1 or 2 of the totipotent cells from the cleavage stage 3 day old embryo provides the material for molecular genetic diagnosis without interfering with development. Earliest applications were in the avoidance of X-linked disease by sexing embryos and selecting females for transfer to the mother. Initially, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA from the biopsied blastomeres was performed using primers specific for sequences derived from the Y chromosome and this led to the birth of several normal girls. To reduce the risk of misdiagnosis due to amplification failure, PCR based methods for sexing the embryo now employ both X and Y specific sequences, but the preferred method is currently considered to be fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) with fluorochrome labelled DNA probes to the embryonic nuclei that have been fixed and spread on slides. Dual FISH with probes from X and Y chromosomes allows unequivocal diagnosis of sex and determination of chromosome copy number, avoiding transfer of embryos with abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes, including those with only the maternal X that would be at 50% risk for the X-linked disease. The application of FISH for preimplantation diagnosis has also led to the realisation that chromosomal mosaicism is common at the cleavage stage of development, a finding that has important implications for diagnosis of both dominant single gene disorders and trisomies, as well as for our understanding of early human development. Cloning and sequencing of the relevant genes has enabled the development of methods for the diagnosis of certain recessive single gene disorders in cleavage stage embryos. PCR based methods have to be developed for each condition, sometimes for each family if there is heterogeneity. Preimplantation diagnosis has been successful so far for cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Worldwide, 32 pregnancies have been established following all types of preimplantation diagnosis and with 29 babies born, there is no evidence for any adverse effect on development.     

Prenatal investigation of a 45,X/46,X,r(?) karyotype in amniocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with an X-centromeric probe

The karyotype of cultured amniotic fluid cells obtained on the indication of advanced maternal age was shown to be a mosaic 45,X/46,X,r(?). The small size and banding pattern made it difficult to determine whether the ring was derived from and X or a Y chromosome, or even from an autosome. By using an X-centromeric probe and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we demonstrated the ring to have an X centromere. Thus, a more complete genetic counselling was possible. This confirms the usefulness of FISH in identifying and characterizing this and other chromosome rearrangements in prenatal diagnosis.     

Prenatal diagnosis of fragile X in a heterozygous female fetus and postnatal follow-up

An apparently normal female infant was born after the prenatal diagnosis of fragile Xq27×28 present in about 4 per cent of amniocytes. The mildly retarded mother had been found in early pregnancy to be heterozygous for fragile X. The child, now 9 months old. showed about the same level of fragile X expression as her mother. Variations in the proportion of cells with fragile X appeared to be related to cell type and laboratory techniques. The infant's growth and development have been normal. Different techniques to induce or increase the expression of fragile X are discussed.     

Prenatal diagnosis of X-linked mental retardation with fragile (X) using fetoscopy and fetal blood sampling

Pure fetal blood, (uncontaminated with maternal blood), was obtained from two male fetuses at risk for X-linked mental retardation with fragile(X) at Xq27–28 by direct vision fetoscopy and fetal blood sampling. Both were shown to have this fragile site on the X chromosome while nine other fetal blood samples from pregnancies at risk for other X-linked diseases, or haemoglobinopathies did not show fragile sites at Xq27–28, and a blood sample from an abortus showed only 1 fragile site in 95 mitoses. Both pregnancies were terminated, cultures established from fetal tissues, and the diagnosis confirmed in each case. The problems of demonstrating the fragile site in tissues other than fetal blood in these pregnancies (such as amniotic fluid cells or fibroblasts from fetal tissues) are discussed.     

Strategies for prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis in Marfan syndrome (MFS)

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with a prevalence of 2–3 per 10 000 individuals. Symptoms range from skeletal overgrowth, cutaneous striae to ectopia lentis and aortic dilatation leading to dissection. Prenatal diagnosis was until recently mainly performed in familial cases by linkage analysis. However, mutation detection has become available with thorough screening methods. The phenotypic variability observed in MFS makes reproductive options difficult, as molecular diagnosis cannot predict clinical severity of the disease. Data are presented on 15 prenatal and/or preimplantation genetic diagnoses (PGD) in nine families, originating from Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and France. In four families data from linkage analysis were used, whereas in five other families the causative FBN1 mutation was characterised. Four PGD cycles in two couples led to one ongoing pregnancy. In addition, two amniocenteses and nine chorionic villus (CV) samplings were performed. In five pregnancies an affected fetus was diagnosed. In one of them, the couple chose to continue the pregnancy and an affected child was born, whereas the other four couples decided to terminate the pregnancy. It is expected that the greater availability of mutation testing of the FBN1 gene will increase requests for prenatal diagnosis. PGD appears to be an acceptable alternative for couples facing ethical reproductive dilemmas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low or absent unconjugated estriol in pregnancy: an indicator for steroid sulfatase deficiency detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization and biochemical analysis

It has been previously reported that a low or absent maternal serum unconjugated estriol (uE3) level is associated with placental steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency. Here we report a correlation between patients who present with a very low or absent maternal serum uE3 and a deletion of the STS gene as assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We studied nine prenatal cases that presented to the clinical laboratory with an abnormal triple screen, specifically low or absent maternal serum uE3 and a 46,XY karyotype. FISH analysis showed complete deletion of a probe containing the STS gene in six cases and one case had a partial deletion (reduced but not absent signal). The remaining two cases were not deleted for the STS probe. All mothers tested whose fetus showed a deletion were shown to be STS deletion carriers using FISH. Biochemical analysis was performed on 7/9 prenatal specimens. All fetuses deleted for the STS probe were also found to be deficient for STS by biochemical analysis of cultured amniotic fluid (5/5). Of the two fetuses not deleted for the STS probe, one was deficient for STS activity, while the other had a normal result. The abnormal result of enzyme deficiency by biochemical analysis in a non-deletion case likely represents a mutation in the STS gene, not detectable by this FISH assay. Postnatal FISH confirmation of the STS deletion was performed in 1/7 cases. Clinical follow-up was available for 4/9 cases following birth. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.