阴极pH控制对电动去除电镀污泥重金属的影响

采用电动修复装置,选用电镀污泥作为试验材料,试验设计了3个不同pH值的阴极缓冲液处理,施加直流电压32 V,运行7 d,研究了不同pH值阴极缓冲液对电镀污泥电动修复过程的影响.结果表明,阴极缓冲液pH值的变化,影响了电动过程中电流大小,pH较低时,电流较大;pH较高时,电流较小.电动修复后,各处理电镀污泥重金属的电动修复效果不同,其中,pH值控制为3时,Ni、Cu、Zn和Cr的去除率分别达到70%、59%、30%和29%,而Pb的去除率在pH值控制为5时去除率达46%.各处理截面重金属浓度较实验前都有不同程度的降低,其中Cu、Pb和Ni在不同污泥截面分布较均匀,而Cr和Zn在各截面分布波动较大.电动修复对各种形态的重金属都有不同程度的去除,对可交换态和铁锰氧化物态的去除效果较差,对碳酸盐结合态和残渣态有明显去除,有机硫化物态去除效果一般.     

论清末的官制改革

1906年的清末官制改革是以慈禧为首的清朝统治者为摆脱内外交困的状况,挽救濒临灭亡的封建专制的政治统治,在“大权统一于朝廷”的前提下进行了一次官僚机构的改革.由于清朝统治者不肯放松手中的权力,其机构的设置与官员的任用都紧紧围绕着加固皇权进行,改革未触及实质,失败势所必然,引人深思.     

预应力锚杆在107国道边坡治理中的应用

本文介绍了预应力锚杆在衡阳市107国道K8 451～641段边坡加固治理中的应用，其成功地控制了已滑动的山体，避免了滑坡的发展，取得了良好的工程效果．     

泡沫混凝土屋面节能研究与经济性分析

借助De ST-h能耗模拟软件,采用倒置式平屋面形式,以武汉某居民住宅为例,模拟共29组不同厚度的聚苯乙烯泡沫保温板(EPS)与泡沫混凝土作为保温材料的屋面的住宅能耗,通过计算并比较其经济指标,评估其节能潜力.模拟结果得出,相较于EPS保温屋面,泡沫混凝土保温屋面在投资成本更低的情况下,其产生的节能效益更好,净现值更高,保温优势明显.其次,以普通钢筋混凝土屋面为基准,比较泡沫混凝土屋面的几组不同厚度的能耗,验证其节能效果;同样以净现值为评价指标,借助Minitab16软件对其进行曲线拟合,通过计算分析得出了泡沫混凝土屋面的最佳经济厚度,为泡沫混凝土作为建筑节能屋面材料的进一步发展提供有力的依据.     

可降解聚合物PCL、PBS在低有机污染水中固相反硝化脱氮效果比较

为了解决低有机污染高氮素水中由于低碳氮比而造成的后续脱氮问题,通过设反应填充床,外加固相碳源,对比了2种可降解聚合物PBS和PCL的反硝化效果。结果表明,（1）在进水TN质量浓度维持在14.33～18.31 mg.L-1,HRT为15.6 min时,PBS填充床平均TN去除率为94.93%,高于PCL填充床。（2）PBS填充床平均反硝化速率为13.55 mg.L-1.h-1（以N计）,高于PCL填充床的9.07 mg.L-1.h-（1以N计）。（3）PBS填充床NO3-N、NO2-N、NH3-N的出水质量浓度分别维持在0.37～0.87、0～0.20、0.01～0.07 mg.L-1,优于PCL填充床。（4）PBS和PCL颗粒表面附着的微生物以杆菌为主,伴有少量的弧菌。该研究为日后新型固相碳源的开发提供了科学依据。     

可降解聚合物PCL、PBS在低有机污染水中固相反硝化脱氮效果比较

为了解决低有机污染高氮素水中由于低碳氮比而造成的后续脱氮问题,通过设反应填充床,外加固相碳源,对比了2种可降解聚合物PBS和PCL的反硝化效果。结果表明,(1)在进水TN质量浓度维持在14.33～18.31 mg.L-1,HRT为15.6 min时,PBS填充床平均TN去除率为94.93%,高于PCL填充床。(2)PBS填充床平均反硝化速率为13.55 mg.L-1.h-1(以N计),高于PCL填充床的9.07 mg.L-1.h-(1以N计)。(3)PBS填充床NO3-N、NO2-N、NH3-N的出水质量浓度分别维持在0.37～0.87、0～0.20、0.01～0.07 mg.L-1,优于PCL填充床。(4)PBS和PCL颗粒表面附着的微生物以杆菌为主,伴有少量的弧菌。该研究为日后新型固相碳源的开发提供了科学依据。     

结构方程模型在城市环境管理中的应用

针对城市经济增长与环境污染负荷之间的耦合关系,选取45个样本城市,采用2004年的截面数据,开发了结构方程模型研究环境污染负荷、环境基础设施、土地利用、工业化程度和经济发展5个结构因子之间的关系。结果表明:环境污染负荷与经济发展和环境基础设施建设直接相关,而与土地利用没有明显相关,建议城市管理者应当重点调控环境基础设施、工业化发展等结构因子,以实现城市环境污染负荷的削减目标。     

小球藻和活性污泥共培养体系处理养殖废水

为提高藻菌共培养体系对养殖废水的处理效果,优选最佳的共培养方式和处理时间,研究普通小球藻(UTEX2714)和活性污泥在5种共培养体系中对污染物的去除效率[游离小球藻和游离活性污泥(Sc+Sa),游离小球藻和固定化活性污泥(Sc+Ia),游离活性污泥和固定化小球藻(Sa+Ic),固定化小球藻和固定化活性污泥(Ic+Ia),藻菌共固定[I(c+a)](藻菌:小球藻和活性污泥),考察体系的稳定性和胶球的可重复利用性.结果显示:游离活性污泥和固定化小球藻共培养体系在48 h对养殖废水的处理效果最佳,对氨氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除率分别为93.89%、91.95%、97.53%、93.41%;细胞比增长速率0.214/h,均大于其他4组共培养体系.稳定性试验中胶球在使用一个周期(48 h)后用CaCl2再次加固可提高系统的稳定性,可稳定运行8个周期,NH4+-N、TP的去除率分别在81.59%-93.69%、84.23%-98.74%.本研究表明Sa+Ic共培养体系运行48 h能有效处理养殖废水;稳定性试验中,加固方法能有效保证系统稳定运行;结果可为藻菌共培养体系处理水产养殖废水的实际应用提供基础数据.(图6表3参38附图2附表1)     

北京某环路两侧土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了解北京市某环路两侧土壤重金属污染现状,对其22处采样截面的44个样品中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb总量进行测定,并用改进的BCR法对重金属形态进行分步提取和测定.结果表明,Cr、Pb和Cd的总量分别是北京地区土壤背景值的7.48、6.65和5.13倍;从提取形态来看,6种重金属主要以活性较低的还原态、氧化态和残渣态存在.采用4种评价方法从不同角度对研究区域土壤中重金属的污染风险进行了评价.基于总量的地累积评价结果显示,Cr、Pb和Cd污染级别最高,Ni、Cu和Zn次之;潜在生态风险指数法评价结果为Cd>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cu>Zn;基于形态学的评价方法 RAC风险评价法得到生物可利用性顺序为Zn>Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr;而次生相与原生相比值法的结论是生物潜在可利用性依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr.     

电场强度对Fe(Ⅲ)强化电动修复Zn污染土壤效果的影响

在土壤修复技术中,电动力学修复技术具有处理效果好,没有二次污染,适用性广等特点。利用铁盐作为阴极电解液,柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠作为阳极电解液,结合阳离子膜研究不同电场强度(1.0 V·cm~(-1)、0.6 V·cm~(-1)、0.2 V·cm~(-1))对电动修复Zn污染土壤的影响,以期为电动修复技术的推广和应用提供理论基础。结果表明:在利用铁盐溶液作为阴极电解液时,Fe(Ш)可以消耗OH-,加快电解,有效维持土壤p H值,修复后土壤各截面的p H范围在3.1~9.8之间;随着电场强度的增大,电流逐渐增大,促进了土壤中Zn的解析,去除效率逐渐提高。随着电场强度的递减,相对应土壤截面Zn的最大去除率分别为86.47%、58.36%、41.72%;当电场强度为1 V·cm~(-1),修复400 h后土壤中Zn的总去除率达到54.1%。     

Suspended particulate organic matter in a Mediterranean submarine cave

Submarine caves display a paucity of benthic density and biomass that may be related to low trophic resources. Analysis of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, carbohydrate, protein and lipid content of suspended particulate matter was made during the period July 1985–July 1987 in a Mediterranean cave (Marseille, France) in order to determine any differences in the particulate organic matter composition along an horizontal transect. Particulate organic matter content clearly declined from the entrance of the cave to the dark inner area. This impoverishment could not be explained by a simple decrease in a few organic compounds, but appeared to be related to the combination of a decrease in both the amount and the composition of the suspended particles. Three progressive levels of impoverishment were identified towards the dark inner area of the cave: (i) decreasing amounts of seston; (ii) decreasing organic content of particles; (iii) increasing proportions of the geopolymeric (i.e., humic) components in the remaining organic matter, indicating increased degradation. The cave appeared to be sharply divided into two distinct sections — a twilight outer section whose waters contained slightly lower amounts of particulate organic matter than the open sea, and a dark inner section, 8 to 10 m higher, separated from the outer section by a steep rise and with waters of low organic matter content. The water in the twilight section appeared to be in thermal equilibrium with the open sea, and that in the dark inner section displayed thermal stratification. These differences indicated the presence of two distinct water bodies with contrasting average residence times, estimated as 1 d in the outer twilight section and 8 d in the dark inner section. The joint action of sedimentation and degradation resulted in an abrupt depletion of particulate organic matter in the dark inner section accompanied by a decrease in the benthic fauna. The decline in benthic heterotroph populations is probably related to the abrupt transition to oligotrophic conditions.     

三叶鬼针草对蚕豆根尖遗传毒性的研究

化感作用是外来植物成功入侵和快速扩散的机制之一,为了探讨入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)的化感作用机制,运用蚕豆根尖微核技术和植物切片技术,研究了不同质量浓度的三叶鬼针草水浸提液对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)根尖细胞的遗传损伤和对根生长的影响。结果表明,三叶鬼针草水浸提液对蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂及生长产生不同程度的抑制和损伤,具有明显的遗传毒性。水浸提液对蚕豆根尖的影响存在显著的时间效应和质量浓度效应。经切片测量统计,水浸提液促进了成熟区细胞平周分裂,使根尖细胞层数增加;同时显著地抑制了细胞伸长,使根尖缩短,整体表现为使根尖加粗变短。三叶鬼针草水浸提液抑制了细胞有丝分裂的正常进行,并随着水浸提液质量分数的升高,分裂期细胞数目下降,微核率逐渐升高。本研究结果表明三叶鬼针草水溶性化感物质对植物的遗传稳定性及细胞形态结构具有一定的影响,三叶鬼针草的化感作用可能是其成功入侵的机制之一。     

Test for independence between marks and points of marked point processes: a subsampling approach

Ecological data often involve measurements taken at irregularly spaced locations (e.g., the heights of trees in a forest). A useful approach for modeling such data is via a marked point process, where the marks (i.e., measurements) and points (i.e., locations) are often assumed to be independent. Although this is a convenient assumption, it may not hold in practice. Schlather et al. (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Services B, 66, 79–93, 2004) proposed a simulation-based approach to test this assumption. This paper presents a new method for testing the assumption of independence between the marks and the points. Instead of considering a simulation approach, we derive analytical results that allow the test to be implemented via a conventional χ² statistic. We illustrate the use of our approach by applying it to an example involving desert plant data.     

Evaluation of wind environment around a residential complex using a PIV velocity field measurement technique

Wind-tunnel simulations were employed to evaluate the wind environment around a tested residential area located near industrial complexes. The scaled-down geomorphological model of the test area was placed in the test section of a boundary layer wind tunnel. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were made in five vertical planes and one horizontal plane around the test area for two prevailing wind directions. The results showed that the wind speed decreased in the near surface layer and the velocity fluctuations increased in the upper region due to the presence of hills and high-rise buildings around the test area. Regions of flow separation and low-speed flow were found inside the test area for both the wind directions. The result suggests that the high-rise buildings should be well arranged with respect to the main wind directions to increase the natural ventilation inside the residential complex at the initial design stage.     

Density-dependent kinetics models for a simple description of complex phenomena in macroscopic mass-balance modeling of bioreactors

From experiments originally proposed by Ardity et al. [Arditi, R., Perrin, N., Saïah, H., 1991. Functional responses and heterogeneities: an experimental test with cladocerans. Oikos 60, 69–75] in the field of fundamental ecology, this paper derives conditions under which mass balance ratio-dependent kinetics models are more appropriate (in a sense to be specified in the sequel) than substrate-dependent kinetics models to macroscopically describe bioprocesses with attached biomass. From literature results, it is also suggested that the use of Contois growth functions should be preferred to substrate-dependent kinetics when macroscopically modeling an immobilized-biomass bioreactor. The “robustness” of this result, rather based on a qualitative reasoning, is investigated in simulation and a number of fundamental properties of ratio-dependent models are highlighted. Furthermore, it is shown that ratio-dependent models are well suited to describe macroscopically bioreactors where the diffusion phenomenon is obviously one of the most important limiting factor.     

不同密度五种植物对薇甘菊幼苗的竞争效应

以入侵植物薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K）和多年生植物高羊茅（Festuca elata Keng ex E.Alexeev）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、黄花蒿（Artemisia annua L.）、杂三叶（Alsike clover.）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为试验材料,温室条件下采用密度添加系列设计,研究了5种植物在不同密度下对薇甘菊幼苗的竞争效应,为薇甘菊生物替代提供理论依据。结果表明,（1）5种受试植物及其不同种植密度对薇甘菊幼苗的生物量、株高和分枝数具有极显著影响（P〈0.001）,但两者互作除对薇甘菊幼苗的株高显著影响外,对其幼苗的生物量和分枝数均无显著影响。（2）同等密度条件下,供试5种植物中的黑麦草和黄花蒿对薇甘菊幼苗的生物量、株高和分枝数的抑制作用最强,高羊茅次之,杂三叶和紫花苜蓿对薇甘菊幼苗的生长抑制作用最弱。（3）5种植物与薇甘菊混种组合中薇甘菊的相对产量（RY）均显著小于1,说明供试5种植物对薇甘菊的种间竞争作用强于其种内竞争;不同密度的黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅与薇甘菊混种,3种竞争植物的竞争平衡指数（CB）均显著大于0;而杂三叶和紫花苜蓿仅在其与薇甘菊的混种密度分别大于200和300株/m2时,其竞争平衡指数（CB）大于0,而低密度时均小于0;说明供试5种植物中,黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅的竞争能力强于薇甘菊幼苗,而杂三叶和紫花苜蓿在低密度条件下的竞争能力较薇甘菊幼苗弱。可见黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅有望被作为替代竞争植物用来对薇甘菊进替代控制。     

鄂尔多斯不同地形下土壤养分的空间变异

通过野外调查采样与室内土壤理化分析相结合,对鄂尔多斯荒漠区不同地貌类型下的土壤养分分布特征进行了初步分析,研究表明:鄂尔多斯沙地土壤养分含量普遍较低,两断面表层有效钾的均值在６４．７３－７０．９５ｍｇ/ｋｇ之间,有机质含量在０．４９３%－０．５０８%之间,ｐＨ值在８．０左右。在地形部位较高的硬梁、丘顶处土壤养分含量最低,软梁次之,而在地势较低的滩地、丘间地土壤养分含量较高。硬梁、软梁、滩地表层土壤有机质和有效钾含量分别为０．１８%、０,５０%、１．１６%和 ３５．２９ｍｇ/ｋｇ、６０、６７ｍｇ/ｋｇ、９８．３２ ｍｇ/ｋｇ,丘顶、丘间、农田表层土壤有机质和有效钾的含量分别为０．０９%、１．０９%、０．８４%和２３．９１ ｍｇ/ｋｇ、６０．３４ｍｇ/ｋｇ、７７．４２ ｍｇ/ｋｇ。在多数土壤剖面上,土壤养分从上到下递减。通过对两地形断面上土壤有机质和有效钾的一维半方差函数均表现出明显的空间结构性,并且各种养分的独立较大,在艾碱壕断面上土壤有效钾和有机质的独立间距为７０．８９ｍ和６９．１５ｍ,在深海沟断面上土壤有效钾和有机质的独立间距为１２．４８ｍ和３５．９８ ｍ,说明在调查区域内土壤养分存在一定的相关关系。     

利用微核试验和彗星电泳试验评价黄河兰州段水质致遗传毒性作用

利用微核和彗星电泳试验对黄河兰州段鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)红细胞大小及其DNA损伤(微核、核异常、单链断裂和遇碱不稳定点、双链断裂)进行了研究,并以刘家峡水库为对照.结果显示,黄河兰州段采得的鲤鱼其红细胞微核率显著增加(P<0.05),DNA单链断裂和遇碱不稳定点损伤比例和程度加重,但两样点差异不显著(P>0.05),这表明兰州段黄河水质有明显的致遗传毒性作用.同时两种检测结果显示,不同的遗传毒性检测手段具有不同的检测终点和机制,建议在监测环境污染致遗传毒性作用时考虑检测方法的统一和标准化,从而得到更可靠、全面的结果.图4表3参15     

A new ecotoxicological test method for genetically modified plants and other stressors in soil with the black fungus gnat <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bradysia impatiens</Emphasis> (Diptera): current status of test development and dietary effects of azadirachtin on larval development and emergence rate

Background

Few suitable and standardized test methods are currently available to test the effects of genetically modified plants (GMP) on non-target organisms. To fill this gap and improve ecotoxicological testing for GMP, we developed a new soil ecotoxicological test method using sciarid larvae as test organisms.

Results

Bradysia impatiens was identified as a candidate species. Species of the genus Bradysia occur in high numbers in European agroecosystems and B. impatiens can be reared in the laboratory in continuous culture. A functional basic test design was successfully developed. Newly hatched larvae were used as the initial life stage to cover most of the life cycle of the species during the test. Azadirachtin was identified as a suitable reference substance. In several tests, the effects of this substance on development time and emergence rate varied for different temperatures and test substrates. The toxicity was higher at 25 °C compared to 20 °C and in tropical artificial soil compared to coconut fiber substrate.

Conclusions and outlook

Results suggest that the developed test system is suitable to enter a full standardization process, e.g., via the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Such a standardization would not only assist the risk assessment of GMP, but could include other stressors such as systemic pesticides or veterinary pharmaceuticals reaching the soil, e.g., via spreading manure. The use of sciarid flies as test organisms supports recommendations of EFSA, which stressed the ecological role of flies and encouraged including Diptera into test batteries.

     

Significance tables for the exact variance test for the Poisson distribution with alternative underdispersion

Fisher (1950) introduced the variance or dispersion index test statistic to test deviations of the Poisson distribution. For this test approximate critical values exist for large sample sizes. If the number of observations is small this approximation can lead to a wrong conclusion. For small samples, the exact critical values can only be derived by enumeration of all possibilities. Tables of critical values for overdispersion already exist (e.g., Rao and Chakravarti, 1956) However, in many biological situations underdispersion, a more-regular-than-Poisson distribution, is a common phenomenon. Therefore, we have tabulated in this paper the one-tailed critical values for a small number of observations under the null hypothesis (H₀) that the random variable is Poisson distributed against the alternative hypothesis of underdispersion. With the help of this table, the hypothesis that the observations in a data set are Poisson distributed, can be tested easily with the variance test. The tables are illustrated with examples from the literature and some observations from our own research. In general, the ² approximation gives a smaller significance level than the exact variance test.