二氧化碳驱油工艺中油酸咪唑啉对碳钢的缓蚀行为研究

目的 研究CO2驱油工艺中咪唑啉缓蚀剂对油套管P110钢腐蚀的缓蚀机制与规律。方法 模拟长庆油田CO2驱工艺环境为实验条件,采用失重挂片、电化学测试、微观表征等手段,研究油酸咪唑啉缓蚀剂对P110碳钢的腐蚀抑制行为。结果 P110钢的腐蚀速度随着CO2分压的升高而增大,但是增大幅度不明显。当CO2分压为2、6 MPa时,油酸咪唑啉对P110钢腐蚀具有显著的抑制效果,缓蚀效率均超过98%,试片表面基本完整;当CO2分压升高到8 MPa时,油酸咪唑啉的缓蚀性能明显下降,缓蚀效率仅为64.33%,试片表面存在明显的腐蚀特征。结论 CO2分压升高到8 MPa时,P110钢表面携带过剩的正电荷,不利于油酸咪唑啉缓蚀剂的吸附。     

月桂酸在超临界CO2/H2O环境下的缓蚀行为研究

目的 探明超临界CO2/H2O介质环境下缓蚀剂的作用机制,并筛选可靠的缓蚀剂。方法 采用高压电化学测试、动态质量损失测试和表面形貌分析等手段,研究月桂酸对N80碳钢在不同CO2压力条件下的缓蚀行为变化。结果 月桂酸是一种混合型缓蚀剂,能显著抑制碳钢在超临界CO2/H2O环境下的腐蚀。结论 当体系由非超临界CO2状态转变为超临界CO2状态时,月桂酸在碳钢表面覆盖膜更为致密,且具有显著的疏水作用,缓蚀效率得到明显提升。     

纤维素基缓蚀剂的缓释机理与应用进展

简要介绍了纤维素及其衍生物的分类及其特性,综述归纳了纤维素的缓蚀机理,系统概述了植物纤维素及其衍生物,纳米纤维素在缓蚀系统中的多种缓蚀作用,同时以植物纤维素和纳米纤维素的结构特性为依据,讨论了细菌纤维素在金属缓蚀系统中的应用前景。最后提出羧甲基纤维素与羟乙基纤维素及它们各自的衍生物应用范围广,但受温度影响较大。纤维素纳米晶体在金属防护方面有很好的应用前景,也是未来研究的重点。细菌纤维素有望成为一种高效、绿色的新型缓蚀剂,但目前还未引起研究人员足够的重视,对其制备方法和缓释机理还需要进行深入研究。     

一种船舶用钢预膜缓蚀剂的研究

目的研究CP-CI021海水介质预膜缓蚀剂的缓蚀行为及复配工艺。方法主要采用失重法和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究CP-CI021对Q235碳钢在海水介质中的缓蚀行为,并优化出预膜缓蚀剂最佳复配工艺。结果 CP-CI021预膜缓蚀剂具有优异的缓蚀性能,经预膜处理的Q235碳钢测试的EIS阻抗模值增大了2个数量级。结论得到了预膜缓蚀剂的最佳复配工艺,有机膦PHA质量浓度为7.3 g/L,助剂A质量浓度为3 g/L,助剂B质量浓度为5 g/L,缓蚀效率高达98.4%。     

羧甲基壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸阻垢缓蚀性能研究

结垢和腐蚀是工业循环冷却水系统应用中存在的两大重要问题.以一种性能优越且绿色环保的天然高分子材料—壳聚糖为原材,制备了一系列不同接枝率的羧甲基壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸（CMCS-g-PAA）阻垢缓蚀剂.通过静态阻垢法、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、失重法、电化学法、量子计算等详细考察了CMCS-g-PAA聚丙烯酸接枝率（内部结构因素）与药剂投加量、温度等（外部环境因素）对碳酸钙的阻垢及对碳钢的缓蚀性能影响.结果表明,CMCS-g-PAA具有较好的阻垢缓蚀效果,CMCS-g-PAA的阻垢与缓蚀性能均随着接枝率的增加呈先增加后减少的变化趋势.SEM和XRD结果分析表明,CMCS-g-PAA作为阻垢剂对CaCO3的阻垢作用是螯合作用、分散增溶和晶格畸变等多种效应共同作用的结果 .在CMCS-g-PAA缓蚀机制研究中,失重法及电化学法结果大体一致,CMCS-g-PAA是一种混合型缓蚀剂,能同时抑制阴极和阳极反应;抑制机理主要是CMCS-g-PAA上羟基、氨基及羧基等活性功能基团上孤对电子易与Fe外层空轨道有效配位形成单分子层保护膜,从而隔绝腐蚀介质达到对碳钢缓蚀的目的 .与CMCS...     

剩余污泥中活性成分提取及其酸洗缓蚀行为研究

文章采用失重法,考察了从剩余污泥中提取的活性成分对A3碳钢在10%盐酸中的缓蚀作用,然后通过热力学研究了缓蚀剂的吸附行为,研究结果表明,污泥水解时37%盐酸加入量8 mL、水解时间18 h、水解温度(99±0.5)℃可有效地提取污泥中的活性成分,失重法结果表明缓蚀剂的加入可有效抑制钢铁在HCl中的腐蚀,在(30±0.5)℃下缓蚀率可达到88%以上,随着温度升高,缓蚀性能下降。该缓蚀剂在A3碳钢表面的吸附符合校正的Langmuir吸附模型,吸附过程为放热、熵增的自发过程。     

利用环己酮下脚料合成盐酸缓蚀剂

以环己酮下脚料,甲醛和脂肪胺为原料,合成了一种新的盐酸缓蚀剂,用失重法测定了合成物在盐酸中对２０＃碳钢的缓蚀性能,研究了温度和浓度对缓蚀性能的影响,结果表明,在６０℃、２０％盐酸溶液中,添加０．２％合成缓蚀剂,缓蚀效率在９９％以上。     

钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂对海水中碳钢缓蚀性及机理研究

采用失重法、电极化法和X-射线光电子能谱XPS技术对钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂的缓蚀性及缓蚀机理进行了研究。实验结果表明:单一钼酸盐对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率随着钼酸盐使用浓度的增加而增加,但低浓度使用缓蚀率较低。通过失重法确定了与钼酸盐有较好协同效应的缓蚀剂配方-钼酸盐、柠檬酸钠、有机膦酸盐(HEDP)和锌盐,当缓蚀剂各组分浓度分别为10mg/L、40mg/L、10mg/L和4mg/L时,该缓蚀剂对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率超过93%。动电位极化曲线测试结果表明:单一钼酸盐缓蚀剂和钼酸盐复合缓蚀剂均为抑制阳极反应为主的阳极型缓蚀剂;X-射线光电子能谱XPS实验结果表明:添加了缓蚀剂的碳钢表面形成了以氧化铁和有机铁络合物为主要成分,钼与磷也参与成膜的不溶性沉淀膜,有效的抑制了海水对碳钢表面的腐蚀。     

纳米聚丙烯-丙烯酸酯改性材料的制备及其吸油性能研究

以纳米聚丙烯(nano-polypropylene,PP)为基体,丙烯酸丁酯为单体,采用紫外辐射方法制备高吸油性复合材料(butyl acrylate grafted nano-polypropylene,BAPP)。试验确定的最佳制备条件为:辐照时间1 h,单体浓度33.3%,光敏剂浓度0.2%,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对改性前后样品的结构进行了表征,结果表明丙烯酸丁酯被成功接枝到纳米聚丙烯纤维上。考察了接枝率、吸附时间、吸附温度和pH值等对改性纳米聚丙烯材料吸油性能的影响,改性纳米聚丙烯对机油的吸附符合二级动力学模型。实验数据显示,常温下纳米聚丙烯和改性材料对原油的吸油量分别为35.5 g/g和28.5 g/g,改性后的材料吸油性能明显改善。温度对改性纳米聚丙烯纤维的吸油率有明显影响,与油品种类及粘度有关系,随着pH值的升高,改性纳米聚丙烯纤维对机油的吸油率迅速增加。     

一种Cu-MOF缓蚀剂的复配研究

目的 对Cu-MOF进行复配,探究其最佳复配比例,以增强Cu-MOF的缓蚀效果.方法 通过静态失重挂片、电化学测试和表面形貌分析等手段,探究Cu-MOF与硫脲、六亚甲基四胺复配前后对Q235碳钢在1 mol/L HCl介质中缓蚀行为的变化.结果 单独使用50 mg/L的Cu-MOF时,碳钢的腐蚀速率为2.83 g/(m...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.