不同港口海域铝合金腐蚀行为研究

目的获得1060铝合金和5083铝合金在不同港口海域的腐蚀规律。方法采用实海试验方法获得材料表面的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀速率,并利用腐蚀图像处理技术分析海生物覆盖状态。结果不同海域铝合金试样表面附着海生物种类不同,青岛海域试样表面主要附着牡蛎,舟山海域试样主要附着藤壶和海藻,三亚海域主要附着藤壶和牡蛎。1060铝合金和5083铝合金在不同海域海水中以点蚀和缝隙腐蚀为主,海生物附着对铝合金腐蚀有明显影响,较严重的腐蚀点出现在牡蛎或藤壶下面及边缘。三海域中两种铝合金在舟山海域的腐蚀速率最大,三亚海域次之,青岛海域最小。不同海域铝合金试样表面海生物覆盖面积不同,三亚海域试样表面海生物覆盖面积百分比最大,青岛海域次之,舟山海域最小。结论由于海水环境不同,青岛、舟山及三亚海域铝合金试样表面海生物种类以及海生物覆盖面积明显不同,海生物的附着在一定程度上减缓了铝合金的腐蚀,另外也使得铝合金更易产生缝隙腐蚀和点蚀。     

两种不锈钢在港口海水环境中的腐蚀行为和规律研究

目的研究304和316L不锈钢在我国不同港口海水全浸区浸泡不同周期后的腐蚀规律。方法进行港口海域实海全浸试验,利用三维视频拍摄、质量损失分析及图像处理等手段,对比分析不锈钢在青岛、舟山、三亚港口海水全浸区的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度和海生物附着面积。结果两种不锈钢表面以点蚀和缝隙腐蚀为主,304不锈钢表面还产生严重的隧道腐蚀。不同港口海水中,304和316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率均较低,316L不锈钢的耐蚀性优于304不锈钢。三港口海域不锈钢表面形貌的差异明显,三亚试样表面海生物附着最多,舟山试样表面附着大量泥沙,三亚港口海域不锈钢的腐蚀速率小于舟山港口海域。结论不同港口海水环境对不锈钢表面海生物种类及附着面积的影响显著,而不锈钢表面状态直接影响其腐蚀形貌。     

10CrNi3MoV船用钢港口环境腐蚀行为对比研究

目的对比研究10CrNi3MoV船用钢在我国黄海、东海和南海海域具有代表性的港口海水环境中的腐蚀行为。方法在青岛、舟山和三亚港口进行10CrNi3MoV船用钢的实海暴露实验,通过腐蚀形貌观察、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度测量,结合各海域环境因素的监测和腐蚀产物成分的XRD分析,研究材料暴露0.5a的腐蚀规律和腐蚀机制。结果 10CrNi3MoV钢在青岛港口主要发生均匀腐蚀,在舟山和三亚港口以点蚀为主要腐蚀形式。10CrNi3MoV钢腐蚀速率受温度、盐度、溶氧量和泥沙冲刷综合作用的影响,随港口纬度的降低,材料腐蚀速率增大。附着海生物是影响10CrNi3MoV钢点蚀的重要因素,材料在附着率高的三亚和舟山港口具有更高的点蚀深度。结论附着区与非附着区形成的电偶效应使阴阳极反应界面分离,具有保护性的α-FeOOH的阴极去极化加快了附着海生物闭塞区的阳极溶解。     

AH36钢在西沙海域不同区带腐蚀行为研究

目的研究AH36钢在西沙海域不同区带的腐蚀行为。方法通过在西沙海域不同区带进行暴露试验,回收后进行腐蚀质量损失、形貌及产物成分分析。结果试样在不同区带的腐蚀质量损失与周期之间遵循幂函数变化规律,飞溅区试样腐蚀速率最快。大气区试样发生较轻的全面腐蚀,飞溅区试样表面可观察到大量明显蚀坑,全浸区试样发生不均匀全面腐蚀。不同区带腐蚀产物均以稳态的α-FeO(OH)以及铁氧化物为主,飞溅区试样腐蚀产物中,稳态物质含量高于大气区,全浸区试样腐蚀产物中含有钙镁沉积物。结论 AH36钢在西沙海域不同区带腐蚀速率快,飞溅区腐蚀最为严重,腐蚀产物生成及转化速度快,腐蚀易趋于稳定。     

不同海域Custom450高强度不锈钢的腐蚀规律研究

目的 研究Custom450钢在青岛、舟山、厦门及三亚等4个海域大气和飞溅环境中的自然腐蚀规律。方法 采用形貌分析、腐蚀速率、点腐蚀深度分析等方法对Custom450钢在上述4个海域大气和飞溅区的腐蚀规律进行研究。结果 Custom450钢在4个海域大气环境的年平均腐蚀速率相当,且未观察到有点蚀现象发生,舟山海域的年平均腐蚀速率最小,为0.001 41 mm/a,三亚海域的年平均腐蚀速率最大,为0.001 54 mm/a。4个海域飞溅区的年平均腐蚀速率范围为0.0021～0.0028mm/a,舟山海域的年平均腐蚀速率为0.002 1 mm/a,平均及最大点腐蚀深度分别为5.7μm和25.99μm,均低于其他3个海域。结论 Custom450钢在4个海域的大气环境暴露1 a后,未发现明显的腐蚀现象,表明该钢短期内在上述4个海域海洋大气环境中具有良好的耐蚀性。在飞溅环境中的腐蚀速率高于大气环境,且有明显的点腐蚀现象发生,钢中未溶的NbC相会促进点腐蚀现象的发生。     

含砂海水对40Cr钢加速冲刷腐蚀性能影响

目的研究40Cr钢在实际海水中的冲刷腐蚀性能。方法采用自制旋转冲刷实验装置,模拟实际海洋环境对40Cr钢进行实验。试验介质为含有质量分数为0.15%、0.3%、1%石英砂(300目左右)的青岛海域天然海水,冲刷流速分别为1、3、5 m/s。用交流阻抗谱和极化曲线测试检测其冲刷腐蚀性能,采用失重法测量冲刷腐蚀速率,并用扫描电镜观察其表面形貌,用XRD、EDS技术检测腐蚀产物成分。结果当流速一定,石英砂的质量分数为0.3%时,腐蚀速率最小,交流阻抗谱和极化曲线结合分析显示,此时最耐腐蚀,腐蚀产物成分为FeO(OH)。当含砂量一定时,随着流速的增加,试样腐蚀速率快速增加,耐蚀性逐渐下降,腐蚀产物主要成分为Fe O(OH)。结论流速对40Cr的冲刷腐蚀速率影响较大,而含砂量对冲刷腐蚀速率的影响较小。     

热带海洋环境中5083铝合金腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究某岛礁不同海洋区带环境中5083铝合金的腐蚀规律。方法 在某岛礁进行海洋多区带腐蚀试验,利用表面微观形貌观测、腐蚀产物分析、质量损失测试及点蚀深度测量等手段,对比分析铝合金在不同海洋区带中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度。结果 5083铝合金在某岛礁海洋全浸区带环境中的腐蚀速率最大,大气区带中的腐蚀速率最小,在潮差区带的腐蚀速率介于二者之间。试样在海洋不同区带主要发生局部腐蚀,大气区试样的最大点蚀深度最大,而潮差区试样的最大点蚀深度最小。在不同海洋区带,铝合金腐蚀产物和附着物的混合物中均含有钙元素,大气区钙元素含量远低于潮差区和全浸区,潮差区和全浸区铝合金表面的腐蚀产物和附着物混合物中主要含有CaCO₃、CaSiO₃和Al₂O₃。结论 不同海洋区带环境中,5083铝合金的腐蚀速率差别较大,潮差区和全浸区材料表面附着大量污损生物和矿物质。     

海工钢在热带海域长尺试验腐蚀行为研究

目的获得A517Q海工钢长尺试样在热带海域的腐蚀行为。方法通过贯穿海洋大气、飞溅、潮差和全浸区的长尺电连接试验进行研究。结果试样在飞溅区的腐蚀速率最高,潮差区高潮位部位的腐蚀速率大于低潮位。全浸区上部的腐蚀速率高于其下部。各区带试样的腐蚀形貌存在显著差异。结论三亚海域的海浪飞溅冲刷作用较大,水温和气温较高,导致A517Q长尺试样的飞溅区腐蚀严重。大量的海生物附着,Cr,Mo,Mn,Ni等合金元素的添加,减缓了全浸区的腐蚀。     

室内与实海环境中B10铜镍合金海水全浸腐蚀研究

目的研究B10铜镍合金在青岛港口海水全浸区的腐蚀规律。方法进行室内模拟海水全浸试验以及港口海域实海全浸试验,利用三维视频拍照、电化学测试和失重分析等手段,对比分析了B10铜镍合金在海水全浸环境中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率以及点蚀深度。结果室内模拟环境中,随着浸泡周期增长,B10铜镍合金点蚀深度有增大趋势;实海环境中B10铜镍合金180 d腐蚀速率和点蚀深度均小于室内模拟环境;室内模拟环境中,B10铜镍合金的主要腐蚀产物为Cu_2O和Cu_2(OH)_3Cl和Cu(OH)_2组成。较高含量的Cu_2O对海生物污损起到抑制作用。结论由于海水环境不同,B10铜镍合金在室内模拟试验与实海试验中腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度均存在明显差异。     

西沙海洋大气环境中典型材料腐蚀形貌识别

目的获得西沙海洋大气环境中典型材料的表面腐蚀形貌参数,分析其腐蚀规律。方法采用室外大气暴露试验,研究5052铝合金、304不锈钢和EH36低合金钢在西沙海洋大气环境中的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀规律,并采用图像数字处理方法识别试样表面腐蚀特征。结果 EH36钢的大气腐蚀形貌以均匀腐蚀和腐蚀坑为主,而5052铝合金以及304不锈钢以点蚀为主,EH36低合金钢的腐蚀速率明显高于5052铝合金和304不锈钢。三种典型材料腐蚀面积百分比与腐蚀坑面积百分比的变化趋势相同,5052铝合金和EH36低合金钢的腐蚀面积百分比和腐蚀坑面积百分比与二者腐蚀速率变化规律一致,而304不锈钢的腐蚀面积百分比和腐蚀坑面积百分比与其腐蚀速率变化规律相反。5052铝合金和EH36低合金钢1年周期试样的腐蚀坑数目均大于2年周期试样,而对于304不锈钢,1年周期试样的腐蚀坑数目与2年周期试样差别不大。结论西沙大气环境中,三种典型材料的腐蚀速率、腐蚀面积百分比、腐蚀坑面积百分比均有明显不同,对同一种材料,其正面的腐蚀面积百分比、腐蚀坑面积百分比、腐蚀坑数与背面也有较大差别。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.