Analysis,accumulation and central effects of trihalomethanes. I. bromoform†

The paper presents the results obtained in a study on the effects of organic micropollutants on the central nervous system of the rat, used herein as a suitable model for neurotoxicologic work. Bromoform, a member of the trihalomethane (THM) family, was the pollutant selected since it becomes a characteristic marker in the Barcelona potable water supply.

Analytical data on the GC‐ECD separation of THMs from other volatile halocarbons is presented. A mixed packed column 10% SE‐30/PEG 20M (94:6) at 70°C provides an adequate separation. The distribution of bromoform in rat plasma and tissues showed an accumulation in brain, kidney and fat, increasing in this order and a rapid elimination after 30 min. The effect on the central aminergic metabolism is studied by HPLC. The increased metabolic activity detected could be attributed either to an increased nervous activity, stimulating the metabolism of serotonin, or to its greater degradation.     

Polychlorinated -dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and -dioxin-like biphenyls in eggs of common terns from lime island,St. Mary's river,Michigan, USA

Population collapse of common tern (Sterna hirundo) from Lime Island in the St. Mary's River, Michigan, USA were related to the 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted dioxins, furans, dioxin-like PCBs, and other possible factors using unhatch egg target contaminant analysis. The most toxic congeners, 2,3,7,8-TCDD/DF was found in all samples at noticeable concentrations. Magnitude of sum 2,3,7,8-PCDD/DFs were within the range of 39–93?pg/g wet wt. Dioxin-like PCBs were within the range of 360–1230?ng/g wet wt. Great Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) contributions by 2,3,7,8-TCDF, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, and dioxin-like PCBs such as CB-77, CB-126 and CB-105 are considered greatly due to their influence of poor embryo development and consequent damage of embryos of common terns in egg injection studies. However, other organochlorines, heavy metals, and/or synergistic effects also taken in to account. On the whole, TEQs in the tern eggs were greater than the Lowest-Observable-Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) for bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) embryos observed in British Columbia, Canada. Concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs, dioxins, furans in the St. Mary's River food chain are at levels for concern for nesting colonial waterbirds. Eventually, the possible movements of analyzed chemicals downstream from a man-made flood event are discussed.     

南岳森林土壤的研究-Ⅲ.土壤颗粒组成

本文介绍了南岳森林土壤颗粒组成状况及其与环境间的关系,以及土壤的颗粒组成状况对其理化性质的影响。研究表明,南岳土壤质地主要为粉壤土、面砂土和壤粘土等。土壤质地的差异主要受植被类型、植物生长状况、放牧严重与否的影响,其次是受坡度和气候条件的影响。土壤颗粒组成状况显著地影响土壤的速效磷、速效钾、浸水容重、吸湿率、烧失率、pH值等,对土壤紧实度、有机质、碱解氮也有一定的影响。     

天然有机质-金属离子/氧化物-磷复合物的研究进展

天然有机质-金属离子/氧化物-磷(NOM-Metal-P)复合物作为一种广泛存在于天然水体和土壤环境中的磷素形态,其环境行为对磷素在环境中迁移转化过程发挥着重要作用。鉴于此,在综述NOM-Metal-P复合物的结合方式、测定方法、分子质量大小、生物有效性和稳定性影响因素等相关研究进展的基础上,对NOM-Metal-P复合物研究做出展望。已有研究表明,NOM-Metal-P复合物形态磷可占土壤溶液或天然水体中磷总量的50%,有时甚至达80%;NOM-Metal-P复合物的结合方式主要为NOM和P以Metal作为键桥结合形成;目前多采用截留分子质量为500或1 000 Da的滤膜来分离游离磷酸盐和复合物形态磷;复合物形态磷能抑制磷的固定,增强磷在环境中的迁移能力,其作为磷肥的生物利用效率大于单一磷酸盐磷肥;复合物形态磷的稳定性受紫外光照、pH和共存离子等因素的影响。     

环境固体标准参考物质——81-101河流沉积物,82-201煤飞灰,82-301桃叶研制成功

由于环境科学发展的需要,近年来,美国、日本和欧洲一些国家,制备了若干种环境标准参考物质,并应用到实际工作中。我国从1980年开始,在中国科学院环委会和国务院环保领导小组(现城乡建设环境保护部环保局)领导下,由科学院环化所、长春应化所、上海冶金所、湖南环保所和西北植物所等十八个单位组成环境标样研制协作组,经过三年的共同努力,现已研制成功我国首批环境固体标准参考物质:81-101河流沉积物:82-     

气相色谱-质谱-数据系统(GC/MS/DS)分析鉴定环境水样中有机污染物

本文着重报导了适用于气相色谱分离的复杂环境水样化学衍生化预处理方法,并给出了在实际环境水样中的高效毛细管气相色谱-质谱-数据系统(GC/MS/DS)的应用结果,水样通过氯仿分级萃取,萃取物分为三个馏份:中性馏份(包括水样中的碱性化合物),含酚馏份以及含羧酸馏份,含酚馏份进一步作乙酰化处理而含羧酸馏份进行酯化处理,实测水样用此法鉴定出了36种化合物(不包括中性馏分中的一系列烃类化合物),其中二吡啶甲基醚、甲基吡啶-苯基砜、溴甲硫基-苯基二硫是过去环境水样分析中未曾报导过的,本文对方法及分析结果进行了讨论。     

吹扫-捕集/气相色谱/质谱分析水中挥发性有机化合物

吹扫 捕集与气相色谱 /质谱联用分析水中挥发性有机化合物是使用最为广泛的一种技术 .取 5ml水样 ,大多数目标化合物可在 0 5 μg·l- 1 或更低的浓度被定量 .如果取 2 5ml水样 ,就能得到更高的检测灵敏度 .安捷伦公司吹扫 捕集 /气相色谱 /质谱联用系统以其可靠的性能、高灵敏度和简单易用而在全球范围得到用户的认可 .同时安捷伦公司可提供专为分析环境中挥发性化合物而设计的软件、消耗品及气相色谱柱 ,能够保证任何一间实验室得到高质量、可靠的分析实验数据 .     

Diaphorobacter sp.J5-51降解酚类污染物的特性

为强化酚污染的生物治理,提高酚类污染物的去除效率,采用单因素实验方法研究1株Diaphorobacter细菌(命名为J5-51)降解酚类物质的特性.结果显示,菌株J5-51在pH为6.0-9.0、温度为25-35℃的情况下均能较好地降解对氯酚;添加0.2 mmol/L的Ca~(2+)能够促进、而添加相同浓度的Co~(2+)和Ni~(2+)则抑制对氯酚的降解;菌株降解对氯酚的速度与对氯酚的初始浓度呈负相关关系;除对氯酚外,菌株还能降解吡啶、苯酚、2-甲酚、3-甲酚和4-甲酚.在优化的条件下,菌株可在72 h内完全降解焦化废水中约400 m g/L的苯酚和100 mg/L的甲酚;同时,对菌株J5-51进行固定化有利于其降解酚类化合物.综上认为,菌株J5-51在处理酚类化合物共污染环境的生物修复中具有一定的应用潜力.(图6参13)     

Project tocoen. The fate of selected organic pollutants in the environment—iv. soil,earthworms and vegetation 1988

The samples of soils, earthworms and vegetation (needles, lichens, mosses) were collected for the realization of Project TOCOEN (Toxic Organic Compounds in the ENvironment). The samples were collected from three TOCOEN model areas in Czechoslovakia—one city and two rural areas. The samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated pesticides (C1‐PEST) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).     

高效液相色谱-荧光法测定水中,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐

建立了水样中甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)残留量的柱前衍生高效液相色谱测定方法.水样经乙酸乙酯提取后,运用N-甲基咪唑-乙腈(NMIM-CAN)(1+1)、三氟乙酸酸酐-乙腈(TFAA-CAN)(1+1)在避光条件下进行柱前衍生化反应,反应20min后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器进行测定结果表明,水中甲维盐添加浓度在0.0001-0.O1mg ·l-1范围,方法的回收率为78.4% -115.2%,变异系数为3.0%-11.3%,方法最低定量限为0.0036mg·l-1方法的灵敏度、精密度和准确度完全满足农药残留分析的要求.甲维盐在巢湖水中的残留量低于该方法的检出限,稻田水中的残留量为0.54mg·l(-1).