水中内分泌干扰物-壬基酚的去除研究进展

壬基酚是一种内分泌干扰物,主要来源于NPEO,能通过生物富集作用进入生物体内并造成危害。当前检测水样中壬基酚的主要方法是采用GC—MS,预处理采用固相萃取。研究表明自来水厂的常规处理工艺对于壬基酚的去除有限;而活性炭、有机蒙脱土吸附等物理方法,超声声化、电化学氧化、光分解等化学方法可有效降解水中的壬基酚。     

干旱区环境内分泌干扰物污染研究的探讨

简要介绍了环境内分泌干扰物的来源、分类及危害,新疆干旱气候条件,生态环境的特征和现状。论述了在新疆特殊的地域环境下对内分泌干扰物研究的方法,弄清它进入环境的途径,这对减缓干旱区生态环境少受内分泌干扰物的侵扰具有一定的现实意义。保护好环境,也就等于保护了我们人类自己。     

纳滤膜去除内分泌干扰物/医药化合物研究进展

如何有效去除水中内分泌干扰物、医药活性化合物等有机微污染物的研究逐渐增加,其中,纳滤膜由于其较高的去除率得到了广泛关注。但由于纳滤膜去除这些物质的分离机理较为复杂,有时并不明确,给实验带来较大困难。文章总结了纳滤膜去除水中内分泌干扰物/医药活性化合物的典型应用及其三种分离机理——筛分作用、电荷作用、吸附作用,并对去除过程中所产生的问题和解决方案加以总结。为今后纳滤膜去除内分泌干扰物/医药活性化合物的研究提供参考依据。     

超声强化技术在水处理中的应用研究进展

作为高级氧化技术,超声空化产生元选择性的强氧化性自由基,具有较大优势,但由于超声空化机理的特点使得有机物的完全矿化受到限制,而提高超声效率的常见方法有：优化频率、声强,与其他技术组合等。文章主要从超声波参数,添加剂,超声-高级氧化技术、超声-活性炭、超声-微生物处理、超声-石墨、超声-气浮、超声-膜处理、超声-混凝、超声-消毒技术等方面综述了超声强化技术原理及其在水处理中的应用研究进展。其中研究较少的方法有间歇超声、多频超声、充入多种气体以及超声与各工艺组合,如超声与活性炭、等离子体技术等组合,这些强化技术都-定程度的强化了超声效果。有些组合暂时未用于水处理,但经过完善也将大大催进水处理事业的发展。虽然超声波具有较大优势,但是由于其成本高,反应器生产技术限制。超声波大规模用于实际生产还需要较长-段时间。     

深度氧化技术处理有机废水的研究进展

利用深度氧化技术处理有机废水是目前国内外废水处理的新技术,在美国和欧洲等发达国家,该技术已应用于各种废水和饮用水处理过程。针对我国石油、石化企业在外排废水中所含有毒有害有机物质大多难以降解的特点,经过调研,详细介绍了深度氧化技术处理有机废水的研究进展,并着重探讨了在光催化氧化技术、超声降解技术、超临界水氧化技术、湿式氧化技术等方面所做的工作及深度氧化过程除去水中有机污染物的原理。     

Nitrogen mineralization from organic residues: research opportunities

Research on nitrogen (N) mineralization from organic residues is important to understand N cycling in soils. Here we review research on factors controlling net N mineralization as well as research on laboratory and field modeling efforts, with the objective of highlighting areas with opportunities for additional research. Among the factors controlling net N mineralization are organic composition of the residue, soil temperature and water content, drying and rewetting events, and soil characteristics. Because C to N ratio of the residue cannot explain all the variability observed in N mineralization among residues, considerable effort has been dedicated to the identification of specific compounds that play critical roles in N mineralization. Spectroscopic techniques are promising tools to further identify these compounds. Many studies have evaluated the effect of temperature and soil water content on N mineralization, but most have concentrated on mineralization from soil organic matter, not from organic residues. Additional work should be conducted with different organic residues, paying particular attention to the interaction between soil temperature and water content. One- and two-pool exponential models have been used to model N mineralization under laboratory conditions, but some drawbacks make it difficult to identify definite pools of mineralizable N. Fixing rate constants has been used as a way to eliminate some of these drawbacks when modeling N mineralization from soil organic matter, and may be useful for modeling N mineralization from organic residues. Additional work with more complex simulation models is needed to simulate both gross N mineralization and immobilization to better estimate net N mineralized from organic residues.     

饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA控制技术研究进展

N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）作为一种新发现的饮用水消毒副产物,由于其具有高致癌风险,已逐渐成为水环境化学研究领域的一个热点。本文介绍了饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA的相关背景,分析了光降解、生物降解、臭氧氧化、高级氧化技术、吸附法、反渗透膜法及金属催化等各种NDMA去除工艺,探讨了各种工艺的特点以及对NDMA的去除性能。     

Costs of the electrochemical oxidation of wastewaters: a comparison with ozonation and Fenton oxidation processes

In the work described here the technical and economic feasibilities of three Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been studied: Conductive-Diamond Electrochemical Oxidation (CDEO), Ozonation and Fenton oxidation. The comparison was made by assessing the three technologies with synthetic wastewaters polluted with different types of organic compounds and also with actual wastes (from olive oil mills and from a fine-chemical manufacturing plant). All three technologies were able to treat the wastes, but very different results were obtained in terms of efficiency and mineralization. Only CDEO could achieve complete mineralization of the pollutants for all the wastes. However, the efficiencies were found to depend on the concentration of pollutant (mass transfer control of the oxidation rate). Results obtained in the oxidation with ozone (at pH 12) or by Fenton's reagent were found to depend on the nature of the pollutants, and significant concentrations of oxidation-refractory compounds were usually accumulated during the treatment. Within the discharge limits that all of the technologies can reach, the economic analysis shows that the operating cost of Fenton oxidation is lower than either CDEO or ozonation, although CD\EO can compete satisfactorily with the Fenton process in the treatment of several kinds of wastes. Likewise, the investment cost for the ozonation process seems to be higher than either CDEO or Fenton oxidation, regardless of the pollutant treated.     

高级氧化技术在油田水处理中的应用

概述了高级氧化技术的基本原理和发展历程,介绍了臭氧氧化、二氧化氯氧化及光催化氧化等典型的高级氧化技术及其在水处理中的应用进展情况。结合目前油田水处理中出现的新问题,如硫酸盐还原菌含量高、有机物浓度高、微生物易于繁殖以及结垢严重等现象,对高级氧化技术在油田水处理中的应用前景进行了论述。同时提出应进一步加强对油田采出污水杀菌、油田水的灭藻和除泥、油田地面水体油污染控制等方面的研究。     

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUND WATER FROM RURAL PRIVATE WELLS, 1986 TO 19991

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected or compiled data on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in samples of untreated ground water from 1,926 rural private wells during 1986 to 1999. At least one VOC was detected in 12 percent of samples from rural private wells. Individual VOCs were not commonly detected with the seven most frequently detected compounds found in only 1 to 5 percent of samples at or above a concentration of 0.2 microgram per liter (μg/l). An assessment level of 0.2 μg/l was selected so that comparisons of detection frequencies between VOCs could be made. The seven most frequently detected VOCs were: trichloromethane, methyl tert‐butyl ether, tetrachloroethene, dichlorodifluoromethane, methylbenzene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, and 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane. Solvents and trihalomethanes were the most frequently detected VOC groups in private wells. The distributions of detections of gasoline oxygenates and fumigants seemed to be related to the use patterns of compounds in these groups. Mixtures were a common mode of occurrence of VOCs with one‐quarter of all samples with detections including two or more VOCs. The concentrations of most detected VOCs were relatively small and only 1.4 percent of samples had one or more VOC concentrations that exceeded a federally established drinking water standard or health criterion.     

超临界水氧化中设备腐蚀的研究现状

超临界水氧化（SCWO）技术是近年发展起来的处理有机难溶废物的安全高效的新技术。在阐述超临界水的物理、化学性质的基础上,介绍了SCWO反应的工作原理和流程,分析总结了世界范围内开展的SCWO环境中设备腐蚀及监测技术等方面的研究动态,提出了我国SCWO技术研究的未来发展方向。     

A Critical Review of Environmental Impact Statements in Sri Lanka with Particular Reference to Ecological Impact Assessment

This article critically reviews environmental assessment (EA) practices in Sri Lanka, with a particular focus on ecology. An overview is provided of the domestic and international influences which have shaped the administrative process which is currently a two-tiered scheme. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) provides a preliminary screening tool, prior to the requirement for a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). A comprehensive survey of Sri Lankan national archives showed that 463 EAs were completed in the period 1981–2005, with the bulk of these in the more populated Western and North Western Provinces. Two-thirds were IEE surveys, while the remaining third advanced to full EIA. A representative sample of 130 EAs (both IEEs and full EIAs) spanning a broad range of project types, scales, and environmental settings was selected to evaluate the quality of the ecological investigations within the published environmental impact statements (EISs). These were assigned into five classes of “explanatory power”, on the basis of their scientific content in relation to survey, analysis, and reporting of ecological interests. Within most EISs, the ecological impact assessment (EcIA) was restricted to the lowest two categories of ecological assessment, i.e., tokenistic presentation of reconnaissance-level species lists without further analysis of the development implications for individual organisms or communities. None of the assessments reviewed provided statistically rigorous analysis, which would be required if ecological impact studies are to include quantitative and testable predictions of impact, which could then be followed up by appropriate post-impact monitoring programs. Attention to key local issues such as biodiversity or ecosystem services, which also have strong social dimensions in the developing world, was also notably underrepresented. It was thus concluded that despite the existence of a sound legislative framework in Sri Lanka, the analysis contained within EISs generally fails to convey meaningful information to the relevant stakeholders and decision makers involved in protecting ecological interests and promoting sustainable development. The introduction of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is considered an important tool to strengthen the institutional capacity of Sri Lankan government to implement current regulations and, in particular, to combat the cumulative effects of incremental development.     

Comparison of Diuron degradation by direct UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes

The rates of Diuron elimination by some advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as Fe(III)/UV, Ferrioxalate/UV, Fe(III)/H(2)O(2)/UV, Ferrioxalate/UV/H(2)O(2) and Fe(III)/H(2)O(2) have been compared. Experiments have been conducted at pH=2.3+/-0.1 with a batch reactor equipped with a low-pressure mercury lamp emitting mainly at 253.7nm. Data obtained under the following experimental conditions ([H(2)O(2)](0)=10(-3)M, [Diuron](0)=5x10(-5)M and [Fe(III)](0)=10(-3)M) have shown that rates of Diuron oxidation were higher with the systems Fe(III)/H(2)O(2)/UV and Ferrioxalate/UV/H(2)O(2) than with Fe(III)/UV and Fe(III)/H(2)O(2). On the other hand, Fe(III)/UV was found to be very efficient in mineralization of Diuron solution in comparison to direct UV photolysis. The experimental results showed that radical ()OH is the major pathway in the process of Diuron degradation.     

川北高台原区废弃煤矿枯水期矿井涌水水化学特征及成因分析

对废弃煤矿矿井涌水的水化学特征及成因进行分析,可为保护矿区地下水环境提供理论支撑.基于地质背景,通过对比枯水季节川北高台原区废弃煤矿矿井涌水与背景泉点水化学指标,并采用聚类分析方法对矿井涌水中离子指标进行统计,进而对其特征及成因进行了研究.结果表明:地层中黄铁矿中硫元素氧化是矿井涌水水化学特征变化的开端,受研究区矿井涌...     

"钼酸铵显色-离心分离光度法"测高悬浮物地表水中总磷的方法探讨

本文对高悬浮物地表水中总磷测定方法进行了探讨,提出了用“钼酸铵显色-离心分离法”解决由于高悬浮物所带来的分析误差。通过实验室大量样品分析实验,证明此方法的可行性。     

炼油厂高含硫恶臭污水化学法处理研究

通过对国内外恶臭治理技术的研究,结合炼油厂污水处理场物化段的实际运行工况,根据高级氧化技术原理,研究出一种新型高级氧化除臭剂(XHY)对炼油产生的高含硫恶臭污水进行化学法处理。高含硫恶臭污水经处理后,恶臭污染消除效果明显,进一步处理后污水水质满足进生化处理要求。     

臭氧氧化水中有机污染物作用规律及动力学研究方法

本文对臭氧氧化水中有机污染物的作用规律及氧化动力学研究方法进行了综述。臭氧是一种强氧化剂,它能通过臭氧直接反应或产生羟基自由基进行间接反应以及两者的结合对有机和无机化合物进行氧化。臭氧有选择性地氧化有机污染物,主要与双键、活性芳香系统和未被质子化的胺类发生反应,而羟基自由基则可以和水中绝大多数化合物无选择性地快速反应,臭氧动力学的研究也涉及到臭氧和羟基自由基的问题,其反应速率常数的测定多采用溶质消耗法和竞争动力学法。     

A comparison of in situ methods for measuring net nitrogen mineralization rates of organic soil amendments

In situ incubation methods may help provide site-specific estimates of N mineralization from land-applied wastes. However, there are concerns about the reliability of the data generated by the various methods due to containment artifacts. We amended a sandy soil with either poultry manure, biosolids, or yard-waste compost and incubated the mixtures using four in situ methods (buried bags, covered cylinders, standard resin traps, and "new" soil-resin traps) and a conventional laboratory technique in plastic bags. Each incubation device was destructively sampled at 45-d intervals for 180 d and net N mineralization was determined by measuring the amount of inorganic N that accumulated in the soil or soil plus resin traps. Containment effects were evaluated by comparing water content of the containerized soil to a field-reference soil column. In situ incubation methods provided reasonable estimates of short-term (< 45 d) N mineralization, but long-term (> 45 d) mineralization data were not accurate due to a variety of problems specific to each technique. Buried bags and covered cylinders did not retain mineralized N due to water movement into and out of the containers. Neither resin method captured all of the mineralized N that leached through the soil columns, but the new soil-resin trap method tracked field soil water content better than all other in situ methods evaluated. With further refinement and validation, the new soil-resin trap method may be a useful in situ incubation technique for measuring net N mineralization rates of organic soil amendments.     

Multiple pollutant discharge permit markets,a challenge for wastewater treatment plants

This study focuses on the challenge of using a multiple pollutant transferable discharge permit market for operating wastewater treatment plants. It uses an analytical case of Sefidrud River in Iran with two checkpoints. It shows that the operating limitations for simultaneous biochemical oxidation demand (BOD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal may convert the economically optimal waste load allocation (WLA) to a framework with lack of incentives. Therefore, water quality trading (WQT) may lose its economical advantages. In this case, a third parameter, such as dissolved oxygen is recommended as an index for assigning market interactions. In spite of economical and practical success, this approach made WLA become a more complicated and uncertain policy. It was totally concluded that using single parameter WQT is only recommended for areas with small agricultural activities or lakes. Otherwise, the integrated discharged permit and reclaimed water market is proposed instead for simultaneous BOD and TN management.     

Oxidation of organic impurities in the recycle and reclaim loops of ultra-pure water plants

 The oxidation of trace organic impurities in ultrapure water by ultraviolet light (UV), ozone, and the combination of UV/ozone is investigated. The emphasis is on the development of a global model to simulate the process that take place in the typical oxidation reactors used in ultrapure water plants. The study also focuses on reaction mechanism for oxidation of multi-component organic impurities. Eighteen organic model compounds are chosen as representative contaminants. The results demonstrate and confirm a significant synergistic effect between UV and ozone oxidation. A mechanism for the synergistic oxidation of organic impurities is proposed and validated with experimental data. The combination of the reaction and the reactor models is used to determine the fundamental kinetic parameters involved in the three oxidation processes. Received: 3 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 September 1998