典型油田多环芳烃污染对土壤反硝化微生物群落结构的影响

油田区土壤具有潜在的PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)污染风险,而以硝酸根为电子受体的反硝化作用可能在PAHs的厌氧代谢中起到重要作用.以具有50多年历史的江汉油田区域为对象,从该油田的油井口附近采集了9个土壤样品,编号为JH-1~JH-9,以反硝化相关的nir K(Cu-亚硝酸还原酶基因)和nirS(细胞色素cd1-亚硝酸还原酶基因)为分子标识,通过定量PCR及克隆文库结合T-RFLP(terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism)的方法,研究典型油田区土壤反硝化微生物的群落结构,并探讨其与土壤环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,该油田区土壤中nirK基因的丰度高于nirS基因,PAHs含量最高的土壤样品(JH-4)中反硝化功能基因nir K和nir S的丰度均最低,相关性分析表明,土壤nir K及nirS基因的丰度均与土壤PAHs含量呈显著负相关(nirK:R2=0.54,P0.05;nirS:R~2=0.58,P0.05).克隆文库及T-RFLP的结果则表明,该油田土壤中nirK基因的群落组成在不同样品间的变异较大,且PAHs含量最高的JH-4中该基因的群落组成与其它各样品有明显的不同,RDA(redundancy analysis)的分析结果进一步表明除有效氮、有效磷外,土壤PAHs含量也是影响nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成的重要因子.相较于nirK,该油田区土壤中nirS基因的群落组成在不同样品间的差异较小,但发现nirS型假单胞菌的丰度与土壤PAHs含量呈正相关,表明具备较强有机污染物降解能力的假单胞菌属可能在该区域土壤PAHs的反硝化代谢中起到重要作用.     

稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征

以湖南桃源县一长期种植水稻的酸性土壤为研究对象,在微宇宙培养条件下设置了4个水分梯度处理,分别为田间持水量(water holding capacity,WHC)的30%、60%、90%和淹水2 cm深.考察了水分条件变化对硝化和反硝化作用影响,并结合定量PCR和限制性末端片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究了硝化-反硝化微生物的响应特征.结果表明,30%WHC处理土壤无明显的硝化和反硝化作用发生,硝化作用主要发生于60%WHC和90%WHC处理土壤,90%WHC处理土壤硝化作用明显强于60%WHC,并检测到明显的N2O释放,表明该水分条件可能发生了硝化-反硝化耦合作用.淹水处理土壤氧化还原势Eh显著低于非淹水处理土壤,无明显的硝化作用发生,但能检测到N2O释放且释放量小于90%WHC处理土壤.除培养初期(7 d)外,反硝化功能基因nirS和nirK,以及氨氧化细菌(AOB)amoA基因的丰度先随着水分增加而增加,并在淹水处理中小幅下降,三者之间呈明显的正相关关系,且AOB amoA、nirS和nirK基因丰度均在90%WHC处理中最高,与该处理中硝化和反硝化活性最高相一致.T-RFLP结果表明,培养2周后,nirS基因为代表的反硝化微生物群落组成对水分梯度变化产生明显响应,Eh和含水率Cw是影响其群落组成的主要因子.     

土壤硝化和反硝化微生物群落及活性对大气CO2浓度和温度升高的响应

硝化和反硝化微生物参与土壤氮循环转化过程,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高可能会影响它们的群落结构和活性.本试验依托稻-麦轮作农田系统气候变化平台研究大气CO_2浓度单独升高(CE)、升温(WA)以及两者同时升高(CW)对麦田土壤硝化和反硝化微生物基因丰度、群落结构和活性的影响.结果表明,在小麦分蘖期,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对氨氧化细菌(AOB)和反硝化细菌丰度没有影响,而在抽穗和成熟期,CO_2浓度单独升高显著提高了氨氧化古菌(AOA)和反硝化细菌丰度,升温处理对其没有显著影响.通过对T-RFLP数据分析发现,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对土壤AOA、AOB和反硝化细菌群落结构没有显著影响,但是在一定程度上改变了AOA和反硝化细菌多样性.另外,CO_2浓度单独升高处理显著提高了成熟期的土壤硝化速率,不同气候变化处理对反硝化速率没有显著影响.研究表明大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对不同生育期的微生物群落影响存在差异,而且功能微生物对不同气候变化因子处理的响应也各不相同.     

芘对土壤微生物氮转化功能菌群的影响特征

通过构建好氧降解微环境,分析环境浓度下的芘(12.09mg/kg)对土壤酶活性,氮转化全过程以及相关功能微生物的影响.结果发现,芘仅在降解第1d显著促进了脲酶活性,而在降解最初和后期均显著刺激了脱氢酶活性.从细菌群落结构分析可知,由于氨氧化菌(Nitrososphaeraceae)相对丰度的变化,导致花在处理前期对其介导的好氧氨氧化,硝化功能表现为促进作用,在后期表现为抑制作用,而对于固氮细菌(Bradyrhizobium,Mesorhizobium和Ensifer),尿素分解细菌(Roseomonas)以及硝酸盐还原细菌(Opitutus)则作用相反.与微生物群落结构以及相关功能预测的变化不同,功能基因定量分析表明,芘虽在培养初期对固氮基因nifH表现为抑制作用,但nifH的丰度呈增长趋势.结合土壤氨氧化和反硝化过程中关键酶活性及编码基因的变化,芘在培养前期未促进氨氧化过程,但在15d后明显抑制了土壤氨氧化和反硝化过程,其中对氨氧化过程的抑制作用更为显著.本研究阐明了芘对土壤微生物氮转化过程的影响特征,为了解芘的环境风险提供重要参考价值.     

宛山荡农田土壤氮迁移过程反硝化与厌氧氨氧化

为探究中国南方农田土壤氮迁移过程的反硝化与厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX)速率变化和脱氮贡献本研究采集宛山荡麦稻轮作区农田不同层深土壤及农田、沟道、河岸带和湖泊沉积物等不同土地利用类型土壤样品,分析其理化性质采用Illumina MiSeq测序和实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)技术探究土壤样品的微生物群落组成和功能基因丰度应用同位素培养实验测定各样品的潜在反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率(以N_2计,下同).结果表明,土壤反硝化速率与TOC、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均显著正相关(P0.05),与nirS、nirK及nosZ等功能基因丰度亦呈显著正相关(P 0.05).农田表层土壤反硝化速率为(11.51±1.04) nmol·(g·h)~(-1),显著高于农田其他土壤层以及其他土地利用类型(P 0.05),而农田土壤中厌氧氨氧化速率在20～30 cm层最高,达到(0.48±0.07) nmol·(g·h)~(-1).此外,反硝化作用是农田表层土壤氮损失的主要原因,占91.9%～99.7%,而厌氧氨氧化在深层土壤N_2的产生过程中占有重要地位.     

长期施用有机和无机肥对黑土nirS型反硝化菌种群结构和丰度的影响

利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,Q-PCR)技术,结合反硝化潜势(DEA)和土壤理化性质的测定,探索了长期施用有机和无机肥对公主岭黑土nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构和丰度的影响.试验设不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(OM)、单施无机肥(NPK)以及有机肥和无机肥混施(MNPK)等4个处理.结果表明,长期施用有机肥显著增加了土壤的DEA,其中OM、NPK和MNPK处理分别为CK处理的5.92、1.81和6.03倍,而NPK和CK间无差异.有机肥处理增加了黑土nirS型反硝化细菌的丰度,OM、NPK和MNPK处理中nirS基因的拷贝数分别为CK的2.73、1.30和3.98倍;NPK处理对nirS基因的拷贝数影响不显著.T-RFLP图谱显示施用有机肥改变了nirS反硝化细菌的群落结构;相比于非有机肥处理,有机肥处理中增加了一类79 bp的片段类型,显著降低了84 bp的片段类型,并完全抑制了一类99 bp的片段类型,而有机肥处理间和非有机肥处理间的nirS群落结构分别相似.系统发育分析表明:黑土中nirS型反硝化菌主要由α、β和γ-变形菌纲及一些尚未培养的微生物组成,79 bp的片段类型与γ-变形菌纲的假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)和β-变形菌纲的伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)相似,84 bp片段类型与Burkholderiales和红环菌目(Rhodocyclales)相似.相关性分析表明,pH、全磷(TP)、全氮(TN)、总有机碳(TOC)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)依次与nirS型反硝化细菌的种群丰度(r为0.724～0.922,P<0.05)和DEA(r为0.453～0.938,P<0.01)显著相关,DEA与nirS型反硝化细菌的种群丰度显著线性正相关(r=0.85,P<0.01);冗余度分析表明,除含水量外,TN、TP、pH、TOC、NH4+-N和NO3--N(r为0.440～0.862,P<0.01)依次与nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的变化显著相关,DEA的变化和nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的变化亦显著相关(r=0.863,P<0.01).本研究表明相比于无机肥处理,公主岭黑土中nirS型反硝化菌的群落结构与丰度对有机肥处理有更显著的响应,且其群落结构的改变与种群丰度的增加与DEA的提高显著相关.     

有机质提升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及功能微生物的影响

外源有机物质输入是提升酸性红壤有机质含量的主要方式,氮素是土壤肥力的重要限制因子.有机质提升后土壤生态系统的变化会影响土壤氮循环过程及功能微生物,但目前还未见报道.本研究选择长期施有机肥的酸性旱地红壤及不施肥对照土壤作为研究材料,基于宏基因组测序及氮循环功能基因数据库比对,研究32 a的连续有机物质输入导致的土壤有机质含量上升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及相关功能微生物的影响.结果表明,酸性红壤有机质提升显著增加了土壤总有机碳和总氮含量,缓解了土壤酸化.有机质提升增加了土壤净硝化活性和氨氧化潜势.有机质提升显著增长了编码古菌氨单加氧酶amoA基因和反硝化过程还原酶的功能基因nar、nap、nir、nor和nos的丰度,降低了编码羟胺氧化酶hao基因及执行硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的功能基因nrf的丰度,提升了有机氮代谢功能基因glnA、gdh、glsA、ansB和nao丰度,改变了硝酸盐同化过程功能基因丰度以及硝化过程功能微生物群落组成.有机质提升后土壤酸化的缓解和总有机碳含量的提升是影响氮循环各过程功能基因丰度及功能微生物组成的最主要因子.本研究全面研究了无机氮和有机氮循环功能基因,关联了氨氧化过程的功能基因、功能微生物类群和功能活性,可为把握酸性红壤氮循环特征提供数据依据,也可为酸性土壤改良提供思路.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤功能微生物和柠檬产量及品质的影响

为明确化肥减量配施有机肥处理非根际/根际土壤功能微生物(硝化、反硝化和溶磷微生物)对柠檬产量和品质的影响,以柠檬果实和非根际/根际土壤为研究对象,将传统果实品质测定与分子生物学技术相结合,探究化肥减量配施有机肥处理非根际/根际土壤功能微生物与柠檬产量和品质之间的相互关系.结果表明：(1)70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理显著增加硝化强度和磷酸酶活性,但有效控制反硝化酶活性.(2)化肥减量配施有机肥显著降低硝化微生物和nirS和nirK基因反硝化微生物的丰度.同时,增加nosZ基因反硝化微生物和phoD基因溶磷微生物的丰度.但是,功能微生物群落结构多样性在化肥减量配施有机肥处理没有明确的规律性.(3)相较于化肥和有机肥,70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理柠檬产量最高,果实品质最佳.(4)氮素及其转化的相关微生物通过柠檬内在和外观品质显著影响柠檬产量;而磷素及其转化微生物主要通过柠檬内在品质影响柠檬产量.此外,非根际土和根际土对柠檬内在品质的影响因子存在明显的分异现象.由上可知,70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理显著影响土壤氮、磷功能微生物进而提升柠檬产量和品质.     

浅层地下水升降对菜地土壤剖面硝化/反硝化微生物丰度的影响

为揭示湖泊近岸浅层地下水升降对菜地土壤剖面硝化与反硝化功能微生物基因丰度的影响,以洱海湖滨带菜地土壤剖面为研究对象,通过模拟地下水升降过程,分析了水位升高(S1)、水位降低(S2)及落干(S3)过程中土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度的变化特征,探讨了功能基因与土壤环境因子的耦合关系.结果表明:S3阶段的土壤剖面AOA-amoA和AOB-amoA基因丰度显著高于S1和S2;S1阶段的土壤剖面nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度均显著高于S2和S3.AOA-amoA基因丰度显著高于AOB-amoA基因丰度,nirS基因丰度显著高于nirK、nosZ基因丰度;不同取样时期的土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度均表现为A层B层C层D层.水位升降对土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度有显著影响,且AOA-amoA和nirS基因对水位升降更敏感,分别在硝化与反硝化作用中占主导地位;pH、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)为功能基因AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA的环境驱动因子,而功能基因nirK、nirS、nosZ的环境驱动因子为土壤含水量(W)、铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、TN、SOC、pH.该研究结果可为揭示浅层地下水升降过程中菜地土壤剖面氮素循环的微生物学机制提供科学依据.     

若尔盖花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因丰度垂向分布特征及其环境响应

若尔盖湿地作为中国最大的泥炭沼泽区,是生物地球化学循环的重要场所.本文以若尔盖湿地的花湖为研究对象,采集0～47 cm的沉积物样品,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,探究沉积物中氨氧化(amoA)和反硝化(nirS、nirK、nosZ clade I)功能基因丰度的垂向分布特征,及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明:花湖沉积物中古菌amoA基因丰度在垂向分布上呈下降趋势,而nirS基因丰度呈上升趋势;古菌和细菌的amoA基因丰度相近,nirS基因丰度则远高于nirK基因,且氨氧化功能基因丰度整体上比反硝化功能基因低1～2个数量级.总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO~-_2-N)与古菌amoA基因丰度均呈显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与nirS基因丰度呈显著负相关关系(p0.05).这两种功能基因明显受到花湖沉积物中不同形式氮素浓度的影响与限制.通过研究花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因的垂向分布特征及其对环境的响应,可为深入了解高原湖泊沉积物中的氮循环机理提供参考.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.