用于环境适应性分析的航电产品应力仿真技术

热和振动是引起航空电子产品环境适应性问题的2个主要应力,因而在设计过程中应当开展产品的热和振动应力分析.介绍了用于环境适应性分析的航空电子产品数字样机及其建模方法;讨论了基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术的航空电子产品热应力仿真分析方法,以及基于有限元(FEM)技术的振动应力仿真分析方法,并给出了分析案例.     

电子产品常用有机涂层防霉特性研究

对于电子产品中不防霉的材料和零部件,为防止其长霉影响整个产品,采用防霉涂层和喷涂保护剂是最经济有效的措施.通过对1280件电子产品(或主要组成材料和工艺试片)霉菌试验结果的统计分析,总结出各种电子产品常用材料,特别是几种常用有机涂层的防霉特性.     

上海市电子废物处理企业的环境管理实践

电子产品和家用电器的更新换代使得废弃电子电器成为城市新的污染源,危害着城市环境和人体健康。本文介绍了电子废弃物的定义、环境危害、回收利用价值及增长趋势,重点阐述了上海市废旧家电拆解企业的现状,并针对企业具体情况提出相应的管理对策。依法加强电子废物的环境管理,对促进循环经济的发展具有重要意义。     

PBDEs的来源特征、环境分布及污染控制

多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)生产应用、环境分布与生态风险之间的关系将如何影响我国的未来,具体涉及到工业、环境、健康、人类繁衍等的社会问题.由于PBDEs阻燃效率高,热稳定性好,价格便宜,作为添加剂被广泛应用在电子、电器、化工、交通、建材、纺织、石油等领域的阻燃产品中.PBDEs进入环境后迁移扩散并富集于沉积物和生物体内,进入人体后引起肝脏毒性、内分泌干扰、神经毒性和生育能力下降等而危害人类的健康.基于此,从生产应用、品种生产量、分子的物理化学特性以及毒性等的文献数据分析了PBDEs的来源特征与环境危害,分析这些性质对环境分布与污染控制的基础支持关系;从沉积物、水体、大气、水生生物、人体5个方面考察了PBDEs的环境本底浓度变化、分配关系、迁移规律、时间效应,分析了生产、应用与扩散的多因素影响关系,发现全球性PBDEs污染物蔓延的现象,沉积物是主要的归趋场所,室内空气中的浓度远高于室外,水中浓度较低,水生生物和人体均能富集PBDEs,通过饮食、母乳和呼吸摄入,可实现代际传播,污染的分布呈现介质与区域的不同特征;污染控制需要考虑点源技术与面源修复的联合,结合PBDEs的物理性质、分子结构及其化学特性,统计分析了微生物法、光化学降解法和零价铁还原法的原理及其有效性,根据PBDEs在产品中存在与分布的特点,提出收集-分离-富集-超临界催化还原和氧化毁毒的工艺,针对实际环境(以电子垃圾塑料和流域水体及沉积物为对象)中的PBDEs进行回收或处理,结合材料如催化剂的应用,从动力学和热力学方面提高PBDEs无害化的效率.最后,从生产管理、环境监测、风险评价、技术集成等方面提出了未来的努力方向.     

电子元件行业环保验收监测技术难点研究

根据建设项目竣工环境保护验收规范要求及当前电子元件行业的发展情况,结合工作实践,探讨新形势下电子元件行业项目竣工环境保护验收监测工作中的技术难点,针对电子元件行业工艺分析及特征污染因子的确定、危险废物核查、验收监测标准执行等技术难点提出了具体解决建议,为电子元件行业项目竣工环境保护验收监测提供参考。     

Developing country experience with eco-industrial parks: a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area in China

To address the pollution that accompanies rapid industrial growth in China, a National Eco-industrial Park Demonstration Program was launched in 2000. This article provides a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA). The emergence of an environmental institution in TEDA is used as a backdrop to assess how TEDA has transformed itself into one of the top three national eco-industrial parks in China. Following two years of field research, a network of 81 inter-firm symbiotic relationships formed in TEDA during the past 16 years were identified involving the utility, automobile, electronics, biotechnology, food and beverage, and resource recovery clusters. The article assesses the environmental benefits of the key symbiotic exchanges in TEDA and summarizes some unique characteristics of EIP progress in a developing country.     

Environmental evaluation of new technology: printed electronics case study

The environmental evaluation of new technology faces many challenges, but at the same time it is an opportunity to take proactive measures to prevent possible negative effects on the environment. Examination of environmental issues using the life cycle approach should form an integrated part of comprehensive technology and product development. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental issues related to a rising technology, printed electronics. Printing is an additive process, having no need for extra material and corrosive chemicals. On the basis of an evaluation made for a prototype product, i.e. a wristband, it was observed that more information on the new materials and further optimization of the process are required before electronics printing can be claimed to be environmentally friendly.     

微生物降解多溴联苯醚研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)广泛用于电子电器设备、自动控制设备、建筑材料和纺织品等商品化产品中。作为工业阻燃剂,它是一类环境中广泛存在的全球性有机污染物。由于其结构稳定,难以降解,具有环境持久性、迁移性、生物富集性及对生物和人体具有毒害效应等特性,对其微生物降解的研究已成为当前生命科学的新兴热点。文章详细地探讨了国内国外微生物厌氧,有氧降解PBDEs以及其降解基因的最新研究进展,并针对目前的研究状况对今后PBDEs的微生物降解研究方向进行了展望。     

电子鼻在环境监测中的应用与进展

电子鼻是一种模拟生物嗅觉工作原理的新形仿生检测系统,通常由交叉敏感的气体传感器阵列和适当的模式识别算法组成,可用于检测、分析和鉴别简单或复杂气味.作为新近发展的检测方法,它具有通用、快速、多功能、使用简单、低成本、便携、可自动化和在线监测等优势,在食品加工、环境临测、公共安全和医学诊断等诸多领域得到广泛的应用.随着在线...     

后勤保障电子装备地下环境适应性研究

电子设备地下环境适应性分析是后勤保障装备研究的重要内容。在分析总结地下环境特性及电子装备材料与结构特点的基础上,研究了电子装备的各类环境效应,得出其环境适应性特点。结合后勤保障电子装备在地下环境实际应用中存在的问题,提出了几项改进措施,为下一代后勤保障电子装备地下环境适应性设计给出指导性意见。     

武器装备典型故障和环境效应统计分析

目的 针对武器装备典型故障环境效应进行统计并分析.方法 以收集到的208个试验故障为研究对象,统计分析近10年来武器装备进行环境试验后产生的各种环境效应,以及环境效应的分类、分布及失效原因等,获取武器装备环境试验失效的统计数据.结果 环境效应引起的故障主要集中在电子元器件和机械件的失效上,且电子元器件的失效所占比例在所...     

Supply chain collaboration to achieve toxics use reduction

The use of lead poses significant hazardous occupational exposure to workers in the electronics industry, and also causes environmental challenges at the end of product life. For the past decade, there has been a global effort in the electronics industry to initiate a move towards using lead-free materials for the production of printed circuit boards. However, there are technical and economic challenges, such as long term reliability and rework capability, that remain to hinder the universal implementation of lead-free materials. As a result, many electronics products are still currently manufactured and assembled using materials containing lead.The costs for investigating and evaluating the various lead-free electronics materials and manufacturing processes can be cost prohibitive for an individual company to undertake alone. Consequently, the New England Lead-free Electronics Consortium was formed as a collaborative effort of New England companies spanning the electronics supply chain to help move the industry towards lead-free electronics. The Consortium is a working collaboration of industry, government, and academia. For the past several years, the Consortium has conducted research and testing for using various lead-free materials for the manufacture of printed circuit boards. The Consortium has been successful in identifying lead-free materials and processes to address the challenges of assembly and rework. The Consortium is currently conducting research to address the long-term reliability challenge of lead-free electronics.     

地下工程后勤保障电子设备环境适应性评估

地下工程后勤保障电子设备环境适应性评估是后勤保障设备研究的重要内容。在总结地下环境特性及电子设备材料特性的基础上,介绍了地下工程后勤保障电子设备单环境因素评价方法。利用模糊综合方法构造了多因素环境适应性综合评判模型,为下一代后勤保障电子设备地下环境适应性设计给出了指导意见。     

建设项目环评审批中的“带图运行”初探

本文在分析环评审批管理中对图件的运用需求基础上,提出“带图运行”的基本含义,结合建设项目环评审批流程,以地理信息系统和流程审批系统为基础,讨论了环评审批中“带图运行”运用的基本思路,并针对存在的问题提出相关建议。     

Survey and analysis of public environmental awareness and performance in Ningbo, China: a case study on household electrical and electronic equipment

Based upon a survey on household electronic and electrical equipment, this paper provides information on the public's perception of the local environmental quality, environmental awareness and environmental performance, and of their willingness to pay for improving environmental quality and making green purchases. The results indicate that Ningbo residents are not satisfied with the local environmental quality, and they would like very much to share environmental responsibility. About 64% of the respondents are aware of Chinese environmental labeling. Nearly 70% and 80% of the respondents are willing to pay for environmental improvement and to purchase environmentally friendly products, respectively. The amount of household electrical and electronic equipment has increased dramatically and most of them are phased out within their product lifetimes. Of all the respondents, 61% chose to reuse and recycle waste electrical and electronic equipment.     

载人航天器关键电子产品综合环境应力试验

载人航天器电子产品在轨经历多种环境应力的综合作用,为提高载人航天器电子产品的可靠性,针对其综合应力环境考核需要,制定了载人航天器电子产品综合环境应力试验方案,并设计了试验程序,明确了各单项应力环境试验条件。经筛选,9艘载人航天器共136台电子产品参加了综合环境应力试验。试验结果表明,综合环境应力试验可以有效地暴露载人航天器电子产品设计和制造缺陷。     

基于灰色理论的电子装备环境适应性评判模型

环境适应性是电子装备综合性能的一项重要指标。根据环境因素对电子装备的影响,构建电子装备环境适应性评价指标体系,在此基础上,运用灰色理论,建立电子装备环境适应性灰色综合评判模型,并结合实例,验证了模型的合理性和可行性。     

电子鼻检测污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的适用性研究

开发了一套以光离子化传感器（PID）为核心的电子鼻系统,用于污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的快速检测.用气相色谱（GC）分析评价了预处理管对苯系物等干扰物质的去除效果;用标准气体发生装置发生不同浓度的四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体,比较评价了电子鼻与GC检测结果的吻合程度及测试重现性.在此基础上,选取我国长三角地区三类典型水稻土进行模拟污染土壤的通风净化实验,评价了电子鼻系统用于实时监测挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤修复进程的可行性.结果表明：①采用RAE-SEP卤代烃分离管进行预处理,甲苯、乙苯等苯系干扰物的去除率可达80%～97%,而四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯等挥发性氯代烃的选择性透过率高于90%;②电子鼻对不同浓度四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体的定量检测结果与GC结果相近,线性拟合斜率为1.012,相关系数R2〉0.99;③电子鼻对三类典型土壤通气脱附过程中污染物浓度的变化趋势的实时监测结果与GC检测结果基本一致,判定系数R2〉0.99（n=47）.因此,该电子鼻系统有望用于挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤的快速检测,提高污染场地的风险评估和修复效率.     

浅析中国的电子垃圾治理

本文分析了电子垃圾的成分、特征、危害以及中国电子垃圾现状,并在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,进一步探讨了中国电子垃圾污染现状的原因和如何规范并合理地处理和回收电子垃圾,通过从法律、市场、企业和政府等多方面分析,提出了防治电子垃圾污染的建议和措施,同时呼吁社会各界共同关注电子垃圾对我们生存环境的影响,提高资源化废弃物和循环经济理念,提高全社会的环境保护意识,鼓励公众参与,这对促进中国经济的可持续发展和构建和谐社会具有重大意义。