从富营养化状态中复原：减少对瑞典四大湖磷输入的经验

自20世纪60年代以来,人们一直在研究随着输入的减少韦特恩湖、维纳恩湖、梅拉伦湖以及哈马伦湖中磷(P)和氮(N)的浓度变化.在前两个水更新速度较慢的深水、贫营养湖中,自70年代以来磷输入的急剧减少只是造成较长一段时间内磷浓度的少量减小.同时在水团中出现了非有机氮的积累现象,本文对这一现象的可能原因进行了探讨.在后两个中等营养到高营养的湖中,哈马伦湖中的两个浅盆地由于沉积物释放的氮而显示出恢复较慢.这两个盆地以及梅拉伦湖中的两个盆地有氮缺乏现象,特别是在磷输入减少之前的数年中、而且表明存在固氮现象.在梅拉伦湖的两个盆地中,湖内磷浓度的恢复与用于湖泊从营养物污染中恢复的IMSA模型相比较预期的要好.在其他的5个湖泊/盆地中,20年之后的叶绿素浓度与那些模拟的情况相比类似.     

淀山湖富营养化控制的模型研究

针对淀山湖富营养化严重的问题,应用USEPA的AQUATOX模型对淀山湖水体中营养盐时间变化规律和藻类生长演替进行了研究。在对模型率定、验证的基础上．对水力条件、污染源等富营养控制方案的效果进行模拟。模拟结果显示：该生态模型较好地模拟了常规水质和藻类的动态变化;改善淀山湖的水力条件,能有效控制蓝藻水华的暴发;淀山湖污染负荷主要来自于上游负荷;在控磷和控氮的对比上．蓝藻对于控制磷比较敏感。对于淀山湖富营养化的治理应采取控源与生态修复并举的方式,这样有利于有效稳定水质改善的效果。     

珠三角典型区域农田小区尺度氮、磷、镉、砷输移特征与控制对策

区域氮、磷、镉、砷输移变化是影响农业生产、导致农田面源污染的主要因素。基于土壤表观平衡模型,以珠三角流域佛山市农业科学研究所试验农田为典型研究区域,构建农田小区尺度土壤表观氮、磷、镉、砷平衡模型,对4种元素在土壤中输移结构和平衡进行分析。结果表明：研究区域4种元素的主要输入途径是施肥,而输出的主要形式各有不同。其中,氮、磷主要输出形式是作物富集输出,输出占比分别为57.5%和39.0%;镉、砷主要输出形式分别是地表径流和作物富集输出,输出占比分别为66.7%和10.7%。研究区域4种元素均出现了不同程度土壤富集现象,农田小区尺度氮、磷平衡处于盈余状态,而镉、砷平衡处于亏损状态,4种元素的平衡强度分别为37.40、8.88、-1.35和-20.50 kg/(hm²·a),仅氮、磷未超过当地土壤环境安全阈值。分析试验农田中5类蔬菜各部位镉、砷富集情况发现,砷的富集系数均达到70.0%以上,而镉的富集只在辣椒叶中较为突出,富集系数达到57.5%。研究显示,应重视肥料输入的有效利用,加强农田灌溉水、农作物和地表径流中重金属的监测,以保障区域粮食安全和水环境安全。     

高原山地城市农田氮、磷表观平衡演变特征——以昆明市为例

氮、磷平衡是影响农田污染潜势和农业生产的主要因子.农田化肥过量施用导致的氮、磷大量流失已成为我国非点源污染的重要来源.本研究基于农田氮、磷表观平衡模型,以高原山地城市昆明市为例,评估了1980—2015年农田的氮、磷输入、输出与平衡演变特征.结果表明:①1980—2015年,昆明市农田氮平衡始终处于盈余的状态,盈余量以4070 t·a~(-1)的速度上升,而农田磷从1981年开始转变为盈余状态,盈余量以590 t·a~(-1)的速度上升,农田氮盈余量增长速度高于磷盈余量增长速度,未来农田氮污染潜势可能高于磷;②化肥和有机肥是昆明市农田氮、磷输入的主要来源,自1995年化肥取代有机肥成为氮输入的主要来源,自1983年起化肥成为农田磷的最大输入项;③氮、磷输出量均呈现逐年增长趋势,其中,氮输出量增长速度为3430 t·a~(-1),磷输出量增长速度为100 t·a~(-1),农田氮、磷输出量远低于输入量;④昆明市农田氮、磷平衡特征在不同海拔区域呈现显著异质性,1980—2015年海拔2400 m以下的农田氮、磷表观平衡情况变化最为明显,平均增长了12.48倍,2400 m农田变化次之,2400 m以下农田变化较小.     

污水处理过程中氮、磷去除技术研究与应用

随着城市化和工业化的快速发展,水环境污染日益严重,氮、磷污染已成为全球关注的焦点。本文介绍了氮、磷污染的来源和环境效应,强调了富营养化现象对水生态系统的危害;探讨了不同水体类型中氮、磷含量的差异,突显了不同环境背景下污染物去除的复杂性;阐述了氮、磷去除技术的研究进展,包括生物法、物理化学法以及联合工艺等。通过市区污水处理厂、农村地区污水治理以及工业废水治理等实际应用案例,展示了氮、磷去除技术在不同场景下的实际应用效果,进而有助于促进氮、磷去除水平的不断提高。     

外源氮输入对生长季黄河口碱蓬-土壤系统磷分布规律的影响

为研究氮负荷不断增强情况下黄河口湿地磷的生物循环状况,选择黄河入海口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮（N）输入模拟试验,研究不同氮输入梯度[N0（对照处理）,6.0 g/（m2·a）;N1（低氮处理）,9.0 g/（m2·a）;N2（中氮处理）,12.0 g/（m2·a）;N3（高氮处理）,18.0 g/（m2·a）]下生长季碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统中w（TP）分布特征的差异.结果表明:外源氮输入对湿地表层（0~10 cm）土壤中w（TP）变化的影响较为明显,N2和N3处理下w（TP）整体高于N0和N1处理.不同氮处理下植物各器官的w（TP）生长初期表现为根>叶>茎,生长旺期和末期表现为叶>根>茎,说明叶是磷的主要累积器官.外源氮输入改变了碱蓬湿地的养分限制状况,随着氮输入量的增加,土壤和植物-土壤系统磷储量、氮供给的增幅远低于植物亚系统,说明氮、磷之间的养分供给存在不同步性.研究显示,在未来黄河口氮养分负荷不断增加的情况下,碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统极有可能通过加速磷的生物循环来缓解日益加剧的磷养分限制状况,进而使得氮、磷养分之间可能形成正反馈机制,而这将有利于维持湿地系统的稳定与健康.      

水位变化对湖泊沉积物营养释放的影响

水位波动可有效调节湖泊生态系统的结构与功能,干湿交替过程引起的沉积物生物地球化学循环途径的改变是其重要机制之一。大量研究结果表明,干湿交替将加速沉积物有机碳的分解,强化沉积物硝化与硝化作用的偶联,促进沉积物磷的酶促水解和厌氧解离,从而增加再度淹没之后水中溶解有机碳和生物可利用性磷的浓度,并减少溶解无机态氮的浓度。有机质的分解是上述过程的关键步骤。因此,必须系统描述湖泊水陆界面土壤和沉积物基本理化性状与水生生物特征,分析干旱过程中沉积物生物地球化学循环途径的变化,了解淹没过程中水柱营养状态与浮游生物群落对沉积物营养释放的响应,从而揭示水位波动调控富营养化过程的机制,即诱发营养脉冲或维系其持续补给,改变营养阈值,进而导致稳态转换。     

SBR-SBHBR工艺结合活性污泥外循环技术优化城市污水除磷脱氮

分析常规生物除磷脱氮工艺缺欠的基础上,提出了SBR-SBHBR工艺结合活性污泥外循环技术的生物除磷脱氮运行模式,旨在将除磷脱氮这两个相互矛盾的生物处理过程分别控制在两级反应器中高效完成.叙述了该工艺系统的操作过程、高效除磷脱氮的可行性和工艺的特点.采用该工艺可望解决常规生物除磷脱氮工艺中的泥龄问题、生物释磷与反硝化之间的碳源竞争问题和厌氧区的硝酸盐问题等,使功能不同的微生物在各自有利的条件下生长,从而提高系统除磷脱氮的效果和稳定性;该工艺也可望解决常规生物除磷系统处理大量富磷污泥的难题.     

气相臭氧深度氧化协同湿法吸收脱硝工艺的氮平衡研究:以某钢铁公司300 m2烧结烟气脱硫脱硝系统为例

目前,气相臭氧深度氧化协同湿法吸收脱硝技术已成功应用于多套大型烧结烟气超低排放治理工程。然而,有关氧化产物通过吸收系统时能否从气相高效传递至液相,能否实现氮平衡等问题尚未形成共识。为此,针对某钢铁公司300 m2烧结烟气气相臭氧深度氧化协同湿法吸收脱硫脱硝系统,建立了具有清晰的氮平衡边界和明确的氮输入、输出和累积项,并且尽可能减少动态变化参数的氮平衡研究方法。在此基础上开展了氮平衡研究,结果表明:脱硫脱硝系统的氮转化率为96.4%,表明烟气中的NO_x经臭氧深度氧化后可高效吸收。随着烟气进入和排出脱硫脱硝系统的气态NO_x,随着冲洗水进入和随着石膏排出脱硫脱硝系统的NO₃-,以及吸收塔、缓冲池中累积的NO₃-是最主要的氮输入、输出和累积项,也是针对实际工程开展氮平衡研究应重点考虑的氮组分项。     

滇池北岸居民-农田混合区土壤磷输入输出特征及表观平衡

以滇池北岸大清河下游典型农区韭菜田与花卉地为对象,通过野外采样观测与室内化学分析,研究了居民农田混合区土壤磷输入输出特征及表观平衡。结果表明:调查区总面积46.7hm~2,磷主要输入途径为化肥施用、附近居民生活污水排放、养殖废水排放、乡镇企业污水排放、韭菜原位腐解。磷输入以化肥施用为主,每年输入436.83kg/hm~2,占磷输入总量的89.51%。韭黄收获每年输出25.69kg/hm~2。调查区磷输入总量22.79t,输出总量1.21t,磷的表观平衡21.58t。在滇池流域化肥施用是混合区农田磷的主要来源,磷的表观平衡为462.1kg/hm~2。土壤磷易发生淋失,对附近水体构成威胁。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.