表面活性剂的筛选与废纸脱墨剂配方的优化

以ONP/OMG混合废纸为脱墨对象,研究了常见的几种表面活性剂的脱墨效果,确定了在碱性条件下OP-10与FMEE单独脱墨时表现出较好的脱墨性能,并讨论了油酸钠作为油墨捕集剂以及尼诺尔6501作为泡沫稳定剂对脱墨效果的影响,最终确定了OP-10、FMEE、油酸钠与6501在45∶45∶5∶5的配比下具有最佳的协同增效作用,以该比例获得脱墨剂具有综合的乳化、分散、捕集、泡沫稳定性特点,适用于纸浆的浮选脱墨工艺.     

专利资讯

专利名称：一种原纸切割机废纸回收系统;专利名称：废旧报纸一废旧书刊纸中性脱墨剂、制备方法与脱墨方法;专利名称：一种利用造纸污泥和废纸生产箱板纸的装置及其方法     

中和—二氧化氯氧化—吸附法处理旧报纸脱墨废水

河北省保定市满城一带现有大量以回收旧报纸为原料的小型造纸厂。这些小造纸厂所采用的工艺是 :首先将废报纸用质量分数为 15 .0 %左右的氢氧化钠溶液在 80～ 90℃的条件下浸泡 3～ 4ｈ(不定时补充氢氧化钠 ,以维持浸泡液的浓度 ) ,然后将脱墨的纸汲压、漂洗后 ,再进行研浆、消毒、造纸。当浸泡液的颜色变得很黑时 ,将其排放掉 ,重新换浸泡液。此脱墨废水含ＮａＯＨ 5 .0 %、染料 7.0 %、碳黑 3.5 %、木质素 4 .5 % (均为质量分数 ) ,ＣＯＤ达 30 0 0 0ｍｇ/Ｌ以上 ,如不加处理 ,会对环境造成严重的污染。本研究的目的 ,就是寻找一种最佳处…     

阳离子乳液型清水剂的制备及其在油田污水处理中的应用

以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为阳离子单体,苯乙烯、丙烯酸丁酯为疏水单体,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和聚氧乙烯辛基苯酚醚-10(OP-10)为乳化剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用乳液聚合法制备乳液型清水剂。优化了制备清水剂的工艺条件,考察了清水剂对油田污水的处理效果。实验结果表明:在x(DMDAAC)小于20%、n(苯乙烯)∶n(丙烯酸丁酯)为2∶1、乳化剂占单体质量分数为5%、引发剂占单体质量分数为0.5%的优化条件下可制备形成稳定的阳离子乳液清水剂;分子量越大、x(DMDAAC)越大,清水剂的除油效果越好;在x(DMDAAC)为20%、其他最优条件不变的情况下制备的Q20清水剂使用浓度为30 mg/L时可使油田污水含油量从295 mg/L降至13 mg/L。自制清水剂的除油效果好于市售清水剂。     

用含油污泥制备油田调剖剂

采用油田含油污泥研制了油田调剖剂（含油污泥调剖剂）,对其性能进行了评价,并进行了现场应用。综合考虑性能成本等因素,含油污泥调剖剂的最佳配方为（w）：聚丙烯酰胺0.20%,交联剂A 0.30%,稳定剂B 0.15%,含油污泥10%~20%。含油污泥调剖剂对岩心的封堵率比常规调剖剂高3.5%,且二者对岩心的封堵率均大于90%。含油污泥调剖剂现场应用5井次,累计处理含油污泥1 880 t,注水压力平均上升2 MPa,累计增油160 t,减水6 500 m3,经济创效583 000元,投入产出比为1∶1.5。     

复合淋洗剂对熔炼厂遗留场地土壤Pb、Cd的浸提效果

以某熔炼厂遗留场地重金属污染土壤作为研究对象,选取柠檬酸(CA)、复合聚天冬氨酸(PASP)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为淋洗剂,采用振荡淋洗法研究了不同浓度和配比的单一淋洗剂和复合淋洗剂对污染土壤Pb和Cd的去除效果。实验结果表明:CA、PASP、SDBS单独使用时对Pb和Cd的浸提率均随淋洗剂浓度提高而增大,CA对Pb、PASP对Pb、SDBS对Cd的最高浸提率分别为45.71%、63.69%和39.04%;CA-PASP复合淋洗剂淋洗Pb时有拮抗作用,单独使用PASP淋洗Pb效果更好,CA-PASP复合淋洗剂对Cd的浸提率较低;CASDBS复合淋洗剂效果最佳,对Pb和Cd的最高浸提率分别为55.22%和73.90%。     

用于脱除水中氨氮的 NaA-1 型离子交换剂的研究

通过对失去干燥性能的分子筛废弃物进行再生改性，开发出了一种新型的用于脱除水中氨氮的离子交换剂。研究了水中共存阳离子对氨氮去除率的影响，测定了交换容量，研究了交换时间、温度及再生方法等条件与氨氮去除率的关系，并对交换剂的性能与结构进行了关联，优化了该交换剂用于处理氨氮废水的操作条件。     

用改性海泡石处理含磷废水

以海泡石为原料,经盐酸活化、水热活化,再加入氯化镁、氯化铁复合制得除磷剂原粉;再用聚氯乙烯将除磷剂原粉黏合成粒状除磷剂。用粒状除磷剂对废水中的磷（PO4^3-）进行吸附、洗脱,考察除磷剂的循环使用性能。实验结果表明：除磷剂对废水中磷的吸附容量可达92m g/g以上;以碳酸钠为洗脱剂,磷的洗脱率可达90%以上;除磷剂可重复使用,且性能优良。     

基于N-羧甲基壳聚糖的抑尘剂制备及性能研究

为解决矿区道路扬尘污染问题,制备一种以N-羧甲基壳聚糖为主体的新型环保抑尘剂。利用化学接枝改性制备了N-羧甲基壳聚糖,通过测定不同条件下N-羧甲基壳聚糖的取代度,确定了最佳反应条件。通过将N-羧甲基壳聚糖,羟乙基纤维素（HEC）和椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱（CAB-97）进行复配,制备了新型抑尘剂。对抑尘剂性能进行了测试,结果表明,抑尘剂对道路扬尘能够很好的润湿,具有良好的抗风蚀性,具有优异的抗冻融特性和可降解性。     

重金属离子天然吸附剂的解吸与再生

总结了重金属离子的天然吸附剂的解吸与再生的研究进展.着重论述了各类解吸剂的解吸原理、解吸特点和解吸性能.指出无机酸解吸剂是价廉高效的理想解吸剂,其中盐酸可在低浓度下达到较高的解吸率,且对吸附剂性能没有损害,而强碱溶液是以阴离子基团形式存在的Cr~(6+)的专有解吸剂.在解吸过程中采用超声波或微波有助于提高解吸率.多数天然吸附剂都具有良好的再生能力,经5次吸附-解吸循环操作仍能保持原有的吸附性能.     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 °C was higher than that registered at 15 °C and 35 °C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 °C was higher than at 15 °C and 25 °C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 °C was higher than that available at 15 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108 h. The release of potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 °C) may significantly hasten the release of K⁺ from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K⁺ in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 °C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na⁺ in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na⁺ from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

Effect of depth of landfill on the characteristics of soil-like material of aged waste: a case study of Bhalswa dumpsite,India

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This study characterizes the municipal solid waste (MSW) accumulated for more than 25 years at Bhalswa dumpsite, Delhi, India. 50...     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％;靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.