“奶牛-沼气-牧草”循环型农业系统的能值分析

为探讨“奶牛-沼气-牧草”循环型农业模式（模式I）的结构功能和生态经济效益,应用能值分析方法对其进行研究,并与单一奶牛养殖模式（模式Ⅱ）进行比较。结果表明：模式Ⅰ的净能值产出率（4．06）比模式Ⅱ（4．13）低;模式Ⅰ能值可持续发展指标值为10．27,模式Ⅱ为9．57,模式Ⅰ具有更高的可持续发展能力;模式Ⅰ的环境负载率（0．11）低于模式Ⅱ（0．12）,并且模式Ⅱ能值废弃率为21．72％,模式I为0,因此模式Ⅰ对环境的压力小;模式Ⅰ产出能值反馈率达到30．63％,系统自组织能力强。模式Ⅰ的净效益是模式Ⅱ的1．13倍,但产投比是模式Ⅱ的97．64％。以能值-货币价值计算的生态经济效益分析结果与实际经济效益分析结果基本一致。因此,模式Ⅰ具有环境压力小、自组织能力强、可持续发展能力较强的特征,但仍需进一步优化系统内部结构,提高生产效率。     

农牧渔复合生态养殖系统能值分析

生态养殖是减缓畜禽养殖污染的重要途径。以武汉银河猪场为例,采用能值分析方法,从资源减量化、环境承载压力和系统生产效率3个方面对该猪场生态养殖系统予以评价,并将其与进行生态养殖之前的单一养猪系统进行对比,结果显示该生态养殖系统在这3个方面均有改善。在资源减量化方面,生态养殖系统的能值自给率(1.77%)略高于单一养猪系统(0.27%),购买能值比率(98.09%)略低于单一养猪系统(99.74%),反馈能值比率(5.69%)和废弃物资源化利用率(5.80%)均高于单一养猪系统(0.00%);在环境承载压力方面,生态养殖系统的环境负荷率(85.72%)低于单一生猪养殖系统(116.04%),系统投入可更新率(56.93%)高于单一养猪系统(50.09%);在生产效率方面,生态养殖系统的净能值产出率(2.07)略高于单一养猪系统(1.93)。同时,生态养殖系统的经济效益比单一养猪系统更高。     

深圳市滨海湿地两个观光农业系统的能值整合研究

应用能值研究方法对深圳市海上田园旅游区的芦花湖和农家小院两个观光农业系统进行了生态经济分析.从系统和子系统两个层面,进行了能值产出、环境负载、可持续发展能力的评价与比较;与珠三角另一个观光农业系统(百万葵园)、两个基塘农业系统(菜-鱼、菜-猪-鱼)和一个巴西基塘系统(谷-猪-鱼)进行了横向比较.从货币收益的角度看,农家小院系统的费用使用效率、商品生产获利能力要优于芦花湖系统.但能值整合分析却显示出不一样的结果:两系统内旅游业子系统的能值交换率较高,而二者的农牧业子系统及农家小院系统的水产业子系统的能值交换率均较低,其生产效率仍有待提高.芦花湖系统的环境负载率为7.31,能值可持续发展指标为0.255,分别是农家小院的0.25倍和2.26倍,因而更具长远发展优势.与传统农业相比,观光农业的能值交换率和环境负载率整体偏高,表明其在经济效益创造上优于传统农业,但在自然资源利用和环境压力,以及可持续发展能力等方面与传统农业尚存在差距,在今后的发展中需借鉴传统农业的经验并加以改善,防止观光农业发展中绿色产业褐色化现象的发生.     

规模奶牛场2种粪便处理模式的生命周期评价

以规模奶牛养殖场为研究对象,采用生命周期评价方法比较奶牛粪便多级处理后全量还田(模式Ⅰ)和粪水达标处理(模式Ⅱ)2种粪便处理模式的环境影响潜值.结果表明:以处理1 t奶牛粪便计,与模式Ⅱ相比,模式Ⅰ的CO2、SO2、NOx、CO、CH4、VOC和烟尘可分别减排17.28、0.14、0.09、0.04、0.02、0.00...     

基于GIS和能值分析的黑龙江省农业生态经济格局综合评价

采用能值分析方法和GIS空间分析技术,基于黑龙江省77个县(市、区)的社会经济统计数据,从时空动态视角评价了黑龙江省域及各县域的农业生态经济格局及其综合发展水平。结果表明,1996—2012年间,黑龙江省农业生态经济系统的能值投入与产出均呈明显的增长趋势,林产品产出能值增长幅度较大。1996—2012年研究区的环境承受压力增大,环境负载率由6.61增加到10.21,净能值产出率由5.37减少到4.79,可持续发展指数由7.47下降到5.43,说明该系统的可持续发展性能正在逐年弱化。在空间格局上,黑龙江省南部地区经济发展水平显著优于北部地区,但其农业生态环境水平和系统可持续能力低于北部地区。为了增加黑龙江省农业生态系统的可持续发展能力,未来需进一步调整农业结构,优化资源配置的投入,提高资源利用效率,降低环境负载率,使农业生态经济系统逐渐步入健康可持续发展轨道。     

不同施肥处理对花菜-毛豆轮作系统碳收支的影响

基于蔬菜生长季的时间尺度,从土壤固碳量和净生态系统碳收支(NECB)两个角度,研究等氮条件下,不同施肥模式对花菜-毛豆轮作系统碳收支的影响。试验为大田小区试验,设置单施化肥(H)、商品有机肥配施化肥(HY)、秸秆堆肥配施化肥(HJ)3个施肥处理,旨在探索菜田减排增汇的施肥模式。研究结果显示,(1)有机肥料配施化肥能显著提高土壤固碳量,HJ、HY固碳量分别比H高191.38%和73.10%;土壤固碳量与肥料中有机质的含量有关,HJ固碳量比HY高68.32%。(2)各施肥处理NECB为302~5 135 kg·hm~(-2),均为净碳汇,有机肥配施无机肥能显著提高NECB值,平均较化肥处理(H)NECB高出约16倍。其中,H处理温室气体累积排放量分别比HJ、HY高出10.57%、19.60%,而蔬菜固碳量却较HJ、HY低14.76%、13.87%,表明有机肥配施化肥既可以减排,同时可以提高轮作系统的净碳收支(NECB)。总之,土壤固碳量、系统净碳收支两方面的试验结果均表明:有机肥配施无机肥可以有效提高花菜-毛豆轮作系统净碳汇。综合考虑经济、环保效益,HJ是最佳的施肥模式,不仅可以提高花菜-毛豆轮作系统净碳收支,达到减排增汇的效果,而且可以实现秸秆的资源化利用,降低化肥的施用量,有利于农业的可持续发展。     

京津冀固碳释氧生态服务供-受关系分析

固碳释氧是自然生态系统重要生态服务能力之一,对全球气候变化和人类社会发展都具有重要意义。以京津冀为研究区,利用净初级生产力(NPP)和京津冀碳排放、氧消耗数据,基于ArcGIS平台、供-受生态域理论与方法,研究像元尺度固碳释氧净生态服务能力,并对固碳释氧的生态服务供受关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)京津冀固碳释氧净生态服务能力呈现西北高东南低的趋势。净生态服务能力最强的区域主要分布在承德、张家口东部、北京西北部、秦皇岛北部和保定西北部地区。净生态服务能力负值区主要分布于研究区大部分地级市及其以上行政区的经济发展核心区和人口聚集区。(2)按固碳释氧服务价值量来衡量,净生态服务正值区面积占全区面积的64.32%,负值区面积占35.68%;但正值区单位面积供给能力不足,负值区单位面积需求量大。研究区整体上固碳释氧生态服务不能满足自身需求,京津冀单位面积固碳释氧净生态服务价值量为-0.93元·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。(3)研究区共有64个生态供体县域、33个平衡县域和82个受体县域,固碳释氧净生态服务价值量最高的是承德市丰宁满族自治县,价值量为1.01元·m~(-2)·a~(-1);最低的是天津市和平区,价值量为-339.46元·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。     

基于不同填料的人工湿地环境经济价值核算及可持续性评价

为科学评价人工湿地的环境经济价值及可持续发展潜力,以3种典型的人工湿地(填料分别为砾石、沸石和陶粒)为研究对象,采用能值分析的方法,在人工湿地概念化设计的基础上分别核算3种人工湿地系统的环境经济价值,评价其可持续性。结果表明,3种人工湿地的环境经济价值相差不大,砾石1.30×10~(18) sej·a~(-1)、沸石1.20×10~(18) sej·a~(-1)和陶粒1.21×10~(18) sej·a~(-1),其中资源价值是其主要部分,分别占环境经济价值的81.54%、79.97%、80.20%;3种人工湿地的成本价值分别为砾石1.63×10~(17)sej·a~(-1)、沸石6.53×10~(16) sej·a~(-1)和陶粒7.87×10~(16) sej·a~(-1),其中建设成本价值所占比重最大,分别占成本价值的94.48%、91.27%和91.86%;3种人工湿地系统的经济效益比较接近,砾石(1.137×10~(18) sej·a~(-1))沸石(1.135×1018 sej·a~(-1))陶粒(1.131×1018sej·a~(-1)),而效益/成本比率呈现较明显差异,沸石(17.38∶1)陶粒(14.37∶1)砾石(6.98∶1);3种人工湿地系统的可持续性均较高,可持续性指数依次为沸石(209.29)陶粒(137.11)砾石(36.11)。环境经济价值中,资源价值占绝对优势,这表明中水作为一种可再生资源可以降低系统对环境的压力并发挥中水回收利用的潜力。沸石填料的人工湿地相对于其他两种类型的人工湿地具有环境经济效益最为显著、环境负载率最小和可持续发展水平高等优势,该研究可为人工湿地的填料选择及建设运行提供参考。     

华北平原集约农区种植业生态经济系统的能值分析——以河北沧州为例

从能值的角度出发,以华北平原代表区域——河北省沧州地区2003年统计数据和调查数据为基础,对该地区种植业生态经济系统的能值投入和产出进行首次分析。结果显示:该地区不可更新的工业辅助能占总能值投入的78.5%,可更新的能值投入仅占21.4%(可更新环境资源8.79%、可更新有机12.68%),说明农业生产过渡依赖于外源不可更新辅助能的投入;此外,高系统太阳能值转换率、低净能值产出率和高环境负荷率的特点,表明该地区种植业的科技发展水平比较高,对环境的压力相当大。综合结果说明种植业系统对环境资源的过度利用必然会引起生态环境的破坏。基于此,提出华北平原集约农区种植业生态经济系统可持续发展对策:以优化施肥为基础,合理减少化肥投入为代表,适当降低工业辅助能投入;调整农业增产投入战略,努力解决该地区以水资源短缺为主的作物增产限制因子;改变农业生产中有机能值与无机能值的投入比例,降低系统环境负荷率。     

北京城市生态系统的能值动态分析

采用能值理论与分析方法,对北京市1990~2001年间的能值结构动态进行了分析,并采用人均能值、能值密度、生态功能潜力、人口基本承载力、能值自给率、能值货币比率、环境负载率、输入能值比等重要能值指标对该时期北京市城市生态系统的能值状况作了详细分析。研究表明,北京城市生态系统正处于较高发展水平,已基本跨入发达国家水平的行列;但高强度、快速发展给本市带来了巨大的生态环境压力,未来北京的可持续能力建设已势在必行。文章也提出了北京城市生态系统可持续发展能力建设的基本方向。     

Carrying capacity of an uninhabited island off the southwestern coast of Korea

An emergy evaluation was carried out to assess the carrying capacity of a small, uninhabited island (Woosedo) off the southwestern coast of Korea. The sea area within 1 km from the high tide level of the island was included in the evaluation. The total environmental emergy input to Woosedo was 1.66E19 sej/yr, with the most emergy contribution from the tidal energy. The land and marine ecosystems of Woosedo contributed 4.97 million Em$ (7600 Em$/ha/yr) to the Korean economy annually. If Woosedo was developed to the national average at the emergy investment ratio of 2.86, its carrying capacity was estimated at 1034 people at the current living standard of Korea. With this population, the island system would not be sustainable with a very low emergy sustainability index of 0.36. At the same living standard used in the developed scenario, the carrying capacity of the island would be 370 people for a sustainable development scenario and 270 people if the renewable emergy were the only source to support the population. The emergy contribution of the marine ecosystem of the island was the major source of support in determining the level of carrying capacity of the island.     

烟台市生态经济系统的能值分析

利用能值分析方法分析了2013年烟台市生态经济系统的能值流动状况,并提出了相应的能值利用调控对策。2013年烟台市生态经济系统的能值总用量为2.630×1023 sej,人均能值用量为4.044×10^16 sej,能值自给率为22.6%,能值密度为19.14×10^12sej/m^2,能值货币比率为2.848×10^12sej/,电力能值占能值总用量的比例为5.6%,由可更新资源及其产品支持的人口承载力为16.19×10^4人,由可更新资源及其产品、进口产品及技术共同支持的人口承载量为518.6×10^4人,能值可持续指标值为4.986。将上述计算结果与其它国家和地区进行比较表明：虽然目前烟台市经济较发达,能值利用效率和人民生活水平较高,生态经济系统的能值使用总体上符合区域可持续发展的要求,但系统能值自给率较低,生态环境比较脆弱,经济增长对外部输入的能源和资源依赖性较强。据此,提出了调整产业结构、转变经济增长方式、加强电力资源开发、发展科学教育事业等能值利用的调控对策。     

小城镇复合生态系统能值整合研究

运用能值理论和方法,以湖北省小城镇(大悟县)为案例,对其复合生态系统进行研究,以了解系统的能流结构和特点,为系统持续发展提供科学指导。研究结果表明,该系统能值自给率68.42%,对外界依赖性低,经济安全性高;但人均能值用量和能值密度较低,系统经济不发达。不可更新资源占能值总用量63.51%,属于资源消耗型的经济模式,环境压力较大,不利于区域可持续发展,今后应增加可更新资源的利用,提高不可更新资源的利用效率,增加科技投入,促进该区域可持续发展。     

Evaluating the environmental impacts of an urban wetland park based on emergy accounting and life cycle assessment: A case study in Beijing

In this paper, emergy accounting (EA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are employed to investigate a typical urban wetland park, the Green Lake Urban Wetland Park (GLUWP) of Beijing, in terms of its environmental and capital inputs, ecosystem services and organic matter yields, environmental support, and sustainability. The LCA method is also used to obtain a quantitative estimation of the environmental impact of discharges during the entire life cycle of the GLUWP. Various emergy-based indices, such as emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load ratio (ELR), emergy sustainability index (ESI), net economic benefit (Np), and environmental impacts of process-based LCA, including global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication (EU), nonrenewable resource depletion (RU), energy consumption (EN), acidification potential (AP), photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP), particulate matter (PM) and wastes (W), are calculated. The results show that the GLUWP has higher proportions of renewable resource input, less pressure on the environment, more environmental support and better ecological and economic benefits, which can be considered as an environment-friendly and long-term sustainable ecological practice, compared with another constructed wetland in Beijing. Meanwhile, the dominant environmental impact is induced by POCP with the construction phase contributing the most on the entire life cycle. It is expected that increasing green area, extensively using environment-friendly materials, optimizing construction techniques and reducing power consumption can promote the sustainability of the GLUWP.     

广东省农业现代化科技示范区的能值分析与评价指标研究

为了从生态经济学角度揭示农业现代化示范区园区的生态经济运行质量,探索一条能更客观、更简单地评价农业科技园区的新途径,文章运用能值理论和方法,分析和评价了广东省农业现代化科技示范区的能值投资率、能值产出率、能值密度、人均能值用量、环境负载率、能值生产率、每万元产值消耗能值和基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等指标,并从中筛选出其能值评价的主要指标。主要结果如下,(1)从2000—2004年,广东省农业现代化科技示范区的总投入能值和总产出能值呈现快速增加的趋势,能值密度和环境负载率持续增加,人均能值使用量,能值投资率和能值生产率呈波动增加的趋势,而能值产出率,可持续发展指数和每万元产值消耗能值呈波动下降的趋势。这说明该示范区总体上呈现快速发展的趋势,经济实力和科技竞争力不断增加。(2)本研究运用主成分分析法、因子分析法和实证对比研究法提出评价农业现代化科技示范区的最佳指标是人均能值使用量和环境负载率。     

Emergy analysis of the urban metabolism of Beijing

Cities can be modeled as if they were superorganisms with a range of metabolic processes. Research on this urban metabolism can contribute to solving urban environmental problems by revealing details of the metabolic throughput of the system. A key issue is how to find a common basis for measuring the environmental and economic values. By providing a single unified unit, emergy theory integrates the natural and socioeconomic systems and thoroughly evaluates a system's metabolism. We analyzed Beijing's urban metabolic system using emergy synthesis to evaluate its environmental resources, economy, and environmental and economic relations with the regions outside the city during 14 years of development. We compared Beijing's emergy indices with those of five other Chinese cities and of China as a whole to assess Beijing's relative development status. These indices are the emergy self-support ratio (metabolic dependence), the environmental load ratio (metabolic loading), empower density (metabolic pressure), emergy used per person (metabolic intensity per capita), and the monetary equivalent of emergy (emdollars; metabolic intensity). Based on our emergy analysis, Beijing's socioeconomic system is not self-sufficient, and depends greatly on external environmental resources. Its GDP is supported by a high percentage of emergy purchased from outside the city. During the study period, Beijing's urban system showed an increasing dependence on external resources for its economic development. Beijing's loading and pressure on the ecological environment is continuously increasing, accompanied by continuously increasing human emergy consumption. In the future, it will become increasingly necessary to improve Beijing's metabolic efficiency.     

城市复合生态系统能值整合分析研究方法论

系统阐述了城市复合生态系统能值分析的基本概念原理与方法步骤,总结了城市可持续发展综合能值评价指标体系。在此基础上,从能值转换率的积累和统一、多尺度研究的整合与尺度推绎、城市功能流分析与空间结构分析的整合、能值成本价值论与使用(市场)价值论的整合等方面,讨论了能值研究方法在城市生态系统研究中的应用前景和发展方向。     

Emergy analysis applied to the estimation of the recovery of costs for water services under the European Water Framework Directive

In this paper, the European Union's Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) that is intended to foster protection of water resources is examined, focusing on the improvement of ecological and chemical quality of surface and groundwater. The WFD includes the concept of full cost recovery (FCR) in accordance with the Polluter-Pays Principle, as one of the tools of an adequate and sustainable water resource management system. The WFD defines three different costs associated with water: resource costs (RC), financial costs (FC), and environmental costs (ECs).The FCR of water is examined from a biophysical perspective using emergy evaluation to: (1) establish resource values of water from different sources, (2) establish the full economic costs associated with supplying water, and (3) the societal costs of water that is used incorrectly; from which the resource costs, financial costs, and environmental costs, respectively, can be computed. Financial costs are the costs associated with providing water including energy, materials, labor and infrastructure. The emergy based monetary values vary between 0.15 and 1.73 €/m³ depending on technology. The emergy based, global average resource value (from which resource costs can be computed) is derived from two aspects of water: its chemical potential and its geopotential. The chemical potential monetary value of different sources such as rain, groundwater, and surface water derived from global averages of emergy inputs varies from 0.03 to 0.18 €/m³, depending on source, and the geopotential values vary from 0.03 to 2.40 €/m³, depending on location in the watershed. The environmental costs of water were averaged for the county of Spain and were 1.42 €/m³.Time of year and spatial location within the watershed ultimately influence the resource costs (computed from emergy value of chemical potential and geopotential energy) of water. To demonstrate this spatial and temporal variability, a case study is presented using the Foix watershed in northeastern Spain. Throughout the year, the resource value of water varies from 0.21 to 3.17 €/m³, depending on location within the watershed. It is concluded that FCR would benefit from the evaluation of resource costs using spatially and temporally explicit emergy accounting.