柴油机排放黑烟颗粒物的催化燃烧

为降低柴油机排放的黑烟颗粒物,对催化滤烟器的催化剂组成进行了研究.采用差热,热重分析方法,比较了非贵金属盐类及稀土钙钛矿催化剂的活性.指出铜盐系列催化剂对烟炱燃烧有较好的催化活性,其起燃温度比无催化剂时约下降200℃.对DCF-1型过滤器进行了柴油机上排气滤烟的初步试验.     

催化燃烧用稀土催化剂CM系列的研究及应用 Ⅰ.燃烧催化剂性能研究

研究了含铜、锰、过渡金属、稀土混合氧化物燃烧催化剂。着重研究稀土的加入方法、浸渍次数对催化活性的影响。结果表明,稀土以分散在各次浸渍液中浸渍,以二次浸渍为宜;在第二载体中加入Y_2O_3能降低催化剂的起燃温度和提高催化剂的耐热性。     

国内新型柴油机尾气净化催化剂

本文采用挤压成型堇青石蜂窝载体,制成含有铂、钯的催化剂。研究了第二载体活性氧化铝晶形结构、涂载最对载体比表面和催化剂活性的影响;添加稀土元素有利于改进催化剂的耐高温性能。用165型柴油机尾气进行净化试验,说明催化剂对CO和总烃净化效果较好,当空速为36000小时~(-1),在载Pt(2克/升)催化剂上,CO起燃温度180℃,总烃200℃;CO转化率达90％的温度为210℃,总烃为250℃; 250℃下,当空速增加到10万小时~(-1),CO转化率为97％,总烃转化率83％。催化剂的活性与国外同类型催化剂相接近。     

蜂窝陶瓷表面预处理对催化剂性能的影响

应用溶胶－凝胶技术对蜂窝陶瓷载体进行涂层,以ＣＯ氧化作反应模型,考察了浸渍次数、分散剂及Ｌａ,Ｃｅ,Ｚｒ,Ｙ,Ｃｏ等组分对催化剂活性的影响,同时考察了Ｌａ２Ｏ３对催化剂耐热性能的影响．实验表明:两次浸渍的催化剂活性较高,浸渍原液中加入分散剂提高了催化剂对ＣＯ的氧化活性,使最低完全转化温度降低了１３℃左右．在Ｌａ,Ｃｅ,Ｚｒ,Ｙ,Ｃｏ等组分中,Ｃｅ是最有效的活性助剂,当ＣｅＯ２含量占Ａｌ２Ｏ３涂层的１８%时,催化剂的活性最好．而Ｌａ和Ｚｒ的加入对催化剂活性无明显作用,Ｙ和ＣＯ的加入则降低了催化剂的活性．在７００℃下７ｈ的热老化实验表明:Ｌａ２Ｏ３的加入对催化剂热稳定性无明显影响,但是,１０５０℃温度下２４ｈ热老化后的活性评价表明:Ｌａ２Ｏ３的加入对催化剂热稳定性作用显著,与未加Ｌａ２Ｏ３的催化剂相比,最低完全转化温度降低了１５℃左右．     

蜂窝陶瓷表面预处理对催化剂性能的影响^1）

应用溶胶－凝胶技术对蜂窝陶瓷载体进行涂层,以CO氧化反应模型,考察了浸渍次数,分散剂及La,Ce,Zr,Y,Co等组分对催化剂活性的影响,同时考察了La2O3对催化剂耐热性能的影响,实验表明：两次浸渍的催化剂活性较高,浸渍原液中加入分散剂提高了催化剂对CO的氧化活性,使最低完全转化温度降低了13℃左右,在La,Ce,Zr,Y,Co等组分中,Ce是最有效的活性助剂,当CeO2含量占Al2O3涂层的18％时,催化剂的活性最好,而La和Zr的加入对催化剂活性无明显作用,Y和Co的加入则降低了催化剂的活性,在700℃下7h的热老化实验表明：La2O3的加入对催化剂热稳定性无明显影响,但是,1050℃温度下24h热老化后的活性评价表明：La2O3的加入对催化剂热稳定性作用显著,与未加La2O3的催化剂相比,最低完全转化温度降低了15℃左右。     

甲醇燃料汽车排气催化净化研究——催化剂的制备和活性评价

本文研究了以堇青石蜂窝体为载体、贵金属Pd为活性组分的催化剂制备方法,以及该催化剂体系用于净化甲醇汽车(M100)排气的可能性。实验室和台架试验的结果表明,含活性氧化铝涂层的堇青石蜂窝体为载体的Pd催化剂体系(Pd0.75～1.4克/升),具有良好的活性和热稳定性,经1000℃焙烧后活性不下降,排气起燃温度是129—137℃;在空速4—13×10~4小时~(-1)、甲醇浓度4—10万ppm,甲醛50—530ppm及未加二次空气条件下,甲醇净化率～99％,甲醛净化率不稳定。涂层料中加入稀土氧化物有助于改善催化剂的热稳定性,台架试验结果还表明,排气中O_2含量少,不足以把甲醇和CO完全氧化成CO_2。因此,为同时获得甲醇、甲醛和一氧化碳的良好净化效果,需要补充二次空气。     

混合轻稀土燃烧催化剂的研究及其应用

本文研究了稀土氧化物,特别是混合轻稀土氧化物对排气净化催化剂活性的影响。稀土元素氧化物Sm_2O_3添加于Pd/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂中,使催化剂对一氧化碳的氧化活性明显提高,转化温度T_(50％)和T_(90％)分别下降50℃和80℃,并提高了钯催化剂的热稳定性。当混合轻稀土氧化物添加于钯或贱金属氧化物催化剂中,催化剂活性也有所提高。其结果为:添加于钯催化剂中,对一氧化碳的转化温度T_(50％)和T_(100％)分别下降9℃和11℃;添加于贱金属氧化物中,T_(50％)和T_(100％)下降20℃和14℃;添加于钯-贱金属氧化物复合催化剂中,T_(50％)和T_(100％)分别下降14℃和12℃。在此基础上,研制出一种活性高、耐水汽、热稳定性好的混合轻稀土排气净化催化剂,并已用于固定污染源有机废气与汽车尾气的净化。     

负载型分子筛催化剂对甲苯的催化性能

采用不同类型分子筛浸渍负载活性组分Ru制备Ru/M(M=β、MCM-41、Y、ZSM-5)催化剂，考察其对甲苯的催化性能，并通过XRD、BET、SEM、XPS、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD等表征，分析催化剂的孔道结构、酸性位等物化结构对催化活性的影响.结果发现以贵金属Ru为活性组分，Y为载体的催化剂催化性能最优，在300℃左右，甲苯基本完全降解，CO2选择性接近99%，几乎无副产物生成.由此说明，适宜的孔径尺寸、丰富的酸性位、较好的氧化还原性能和较大的比表面积能有效促进分子筛催化剂对甲苯的催化氧化.     

稀土修饰的Co/Hβ催化剂催化分解N_2O

以Hβ分子筛为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列以钴为主活性组分,稀土元素为助剂的CoM/Hβ（M=La、Ce、Pr、Nd）催化剂,考察了在含氧条件下直接催化分解N2O的性能.采用X射线衍射、热重-质谱联用系统、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD等方法对催化剂进行了表征.XRD结果表明,Co物种主要以Co3O4尖晶石形态存在.NH3-TPD结果表明,催化剂活性与催化剂的酸性有关.活性评价结果显示,稀土助剂的添加使催化剂活性得到改善,其中以Pr为助剂的催化剂活性最好,N2O转化率达到95%时的反应温度为398℃.     

钛基燃烧催化剂CO氧化活性的研究

本文用沉淀法制备不同原子比的TiO_2-Al_2O_3载体,然后,用等体积浸溃法负载上非贵金属活性组份,研究了催化剂CO催化氧化活性,以及物相结构,贮氧能力和半导性与活性的关系。结果表明,钛基催化剂的氧化活性明显优于铝基催化剂,载体TiO_2有利于活性组份形成高活性物相,载体中TiO_2的含量越高,催化剂的完全贮氧量越大,导电激活能越高,本征活性亦越高。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).