Thermal strain in fire fighters while wearing task-fitted versus en 469:2005 protective clothing during a prolonged rescue drill.

Fire fighters are normally overprotected during their working hours because of the tendency to keep the personal protection level sufficiently high in case of the worst possible scenarios. This study investigated the effects of task-fitted protective clothing on thermal strain in fire fighters as compared to EN 469:2005 protective clothing during a prolonged (2 1/2 hrs) job-related rescue drill under neutral and hot climates. The subjects were 23 healthy, physically fit professional male fire fighters aged 26-44 years. Measurements included cardiovascular and thermal responses and subjective assessments. Wearing task-fitted clothing during rescue tasks in a neutral climate considerably reduced total thermal and cardiovascular strain in prolonged rescue work. The fire fighters also perceived physical work as significantly harder on average, and reported more intense subjective discomfort while wearing EN 469:2005 as compared to task-fitted clothing.     

Thermal Strain in Fire Fighters While Wearing Task-Fitted Versus EN 469:2005 Protective Clothing During a Prolonged Rescue Drill

Fire fighters are normally overprotected during their working hours because of the tendency to keep the personal protection level sufficiently high in case of the worst possible scenarios. This study investigated the effects of task-fitted protective clothing on thermal strain in fire fighters as compared to EN 469:2005 protective clothing during a prolonged (2 1/2 hrs) job-related rescue drill under neutral and hot climates. The subjects were 23 healthy, physically fit professional male fire fighters aged 26–44 years. Measurements included cardiovascular and thermal responses and subjective assessments. Wearing task-fitted clothing during rescue tasks in a neutral climate considerably reduced total thermal and cardiovascular strain in prolonged rescue work. The fire fighters also perceived physical work as significantly harder on average, and reported more intense subjective discomfort while wearing EN 469:2005 as compared to task-fitted clothing.     

Factors related to injury of shiftworking fire fighters in the Northeastern United States

Fire fighters, who provide society with an essential and life-saving service, are subjected to the effects of shiftwork and to the demands (physical and mental) and dangers of their profession, all of which can contribute to injuries. To identify factors involved in injuries to fire fighters, the timing, frequency, types, and places of occurrence of injuries sustained by fire fighters in three different municipal fire departments were examined. Data was obtained from analysis of Workers' Compensation forms. The most frequent injuries involved inhalation of hazardous materials and lacerations. Ninety-two percent of the injuries occurred at the fire scene, and their causes were related to fire fighting duties, such as rescue, extinguishment and overhaul. Although only 54% of fire alarms nationwide occurred from 12:00 to 16:00 and from 18:00 to 24:00 (42% of a 24 hour day), 68% of the injuries sustained by the fire fighters studied occurred during these time periods. Per alarm, at meal time or on the night shift fire fighters were more likely to be injured. Serious injuries were more prevalent at standardly accepted meal-times. The timing of the highest frequencies of injuries suggests that, due to the shiftwork nature of firefighting, both disruption of eating patterns and fatigue increase the risk of work-related injury to fire fighters. By understanding the contribution of factors, especially human ones, such as altered metabolism (due to disruption) and fatigue (due to time elapsed since awakening, alteration/disruption of sleep-wake pattern, or hypoglycaemia), interventions can be developed, which should decrease the incidence of injuries to fire fighters.     

双盲消防灭火救援演练模式构建

为了构建双盲消防灭火救援演练模式,提高消防指战员的临机决策能力。通过分析医学双盲实验的要点和优势,总结双盲消防演练的关键要素,并根据演练的一般环节和双盲的特点构建演练框架,将演练模式分为演练计划、演练准备、演练实施3个阶段。演练中按照时间梯度向演练者发布信息流、建立信息不对称性,演练者根据获得的信息分析、判断初始情景的危险程度,预判灾情的发展趋势,进而开展救援行动;评判者对演练者的处置过程和结果进行客观评价,依据设计评价指标,利用灰色关联度综合评估演练过程的方法。研究结果表明:通过双盲演练模型可以最大程度地避免演练评判者的主观影响,训练和检验消防指挥员信息获取、临机决策等能力,从而提高消防救援队伍的应急水平。     

高层建筑火灾救援力量研究

随着我国城市建设的快速发展,建筑正不断地向高空发展,城市高层、超高层建筑的数量日益增多。然而,高层建筑在朝向现代化、大型化和多功能化发展的同时,也由于楼层高、功能复杂、设备繁多,在火灾发生时不能像一般建筑从外部灭火,给扑救工作和人员疏散带来了困难。本文作者对火灾进行了分类分级,建立了火灾蔓延模型,依据高层建筑火灾发生发展的一般特点和基层中队进行灭火救援的基本要求,针对不同过火面积等不同情况,提出了高层建筑火灾第一救援力量调派方案,建立了增援力量模型,有利于快速生成救援力量方案,为消防队有效调度和科学利用消防资源,以最小的代价、最大限度的减轻人民生命财产损失和实现快速灭火提供了有力帮助。     

基于层次分析法的消防中队灭火救援能力评估

火灾风险评价是认识和控制建筑(区域)火灾的基本手段.目前对建筑(区域)火灾风险的评价方法很多,但是这些方法很少系统地考虑消防力量对建筑风险的影响.本文在调查研究和专家打分的基础上,构建了消防力量中的灭火救援基本单位--消防中队灭火救援能力评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定各指标的权重.该体系为消防中队灭火救援能力评价研究提供一种新的尝试,也为以后的建筑风险综合评价中如何确定消防力量对风险因子的影响提供可靠的基础数据.     

Validation of Methods for Determination of Metabolic Rate in the Edholm Scale and ISO 8996

The aim of this study was to validate the Edholm scale (Edholm, 1966) and the ISO 8996 standard (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 1990) by comparing the metabolic rates estimated for both methods with the actual measured metabolic rate (M_Meas) in 6 manual material handling tasks simulated under laboratory conditions. The metabolic rate was calculated from oxygen consumption VO₂ (19 participants) according to Standard No. ISO 8996 (ISO, 1990). Additionally, the participants estimated perceived exertion using the Borg scale. The metabolic rates derived from the Edholm scale (M_Edh) overestimated 5 of 6 activities by 34-50% (α = .05). The metabolic rates derived from ISO 8996 (M_ISO) overestimated all activities by 7-38% (α =.05).     

公安消防部队应急救援能力评价方法研究

我国的自然灾害和人为灾害较为严重,各类灾害事故频繁发生,公安消防部队职能进一步拓宽,应急救援和灭火任务日益繁重.笔者在分析当前应急救援现状的基础上,提出了公安消防部队应急救援能力的概念,并根据基层公安消防部队的实际情况,以合理建设消防部队应急救援能力为目标,提出了一套消防部队应急救援能力评价体系.该体系为应急救援能力评价研究提供一种新的尝试,可为消防部队应急救援能力的科学评价和管理决策提供依据.     

山地林火特征与扑救的若干问题

根据火灾科学、流体力学、气象学和地理科学中的一些基本理论以及实际火场经验,分析了山地条件下：（１）坡度对火行为的直接影响;（２）简单地形中局地风特征和火行为特征;（３）典型山地地形—流系地形中的局地风和林火行为特征,提出了扑救山地林火应注意的若干问题     

铁路隧道救援站火灾模拟实验平台设计及细水雾系统抑制车厢火灾的模拟实验研究

按照1：1尺度设计了实验平台,包括模拟隧道、模拟列车、排烟系统、火灾监控系统、火灾扑救系统以及火灾参数测量系统,是国内第一个专门对铁路隧道救援站的火灾安全性进行系统研究的全尺寸实验平台。实验平台可实现温度场、燃烧成分、火源热辐射等关键参数的测量;可研究不同工况条件下,火灾监控、火灾扑救技术和烟气控制技术的有效性,为发现火灾特征参数的演变规律和掌握有效的火灾控制技术提供了一整套解决方案,具有广阔的应用前景和重要的实际指导意义。本文建立并利用这样一个全尺寸实验平台进行了细水雾灭火系统抑制车厢火灾的模拟实验研究,获取温度、有毒有害气体浓度、热辐射等火场重要参数,发现细水雾灭火系统可有效的抑制车厢火灾,并验证了此实验平台用于铁路隧道内列车火灾实验研究的可行性和有效性。     

地铁火灾应急疏散路线规划与对策

为有效控制地铁内灾难发生、避免重大伤亡和损失,预先对地铁火灾进行模拟并制定相应疏散方案是必要的。首先,通过大量地铁案例分析,得出火灾发生概率、类型和部位。其次,对研究对象的数据进行收集,测绘形成图纸,并建立模型。最后,以北京地铁西直门站为例,在确定火灾情景后,利用PyroSim模拟地铁火灾,分析火灾发生时地铁内的环境温度、烟气浓度及可见度等因素对疏散的影响;根据测量所得人员参数,利用Pathfinder模拟疏散情况,分析疏散过程中的时间点、拥挤度和疏散瓶颈等不利因素;在火灾和疏散结果对比和分析中,提出地铁火灾疏散路线的规划及对策,建立多套消防救援方案,分析合理的救援路线,并对地铁内部的应急防控能力提出建议。     

虚拟现实技术与火灾时人员应急疏散行为研究

分析人员疏散行为的目标规则、约束规则和运动规则 ,以及三者之间的相互关系 ;研究了人员疏散的行为规律 ;提出了建立建筑物火灾事故的虚拟现实环境 ;建立并完善人员应急疏散行为数据库 ;进行了人员应急疏散行为的模拟和建筑物安全疏散性状的概率危险性评价。其研究成果可用以直观、具体地指导建筑物安全疏散设计和火灾安全管理 ,并且可作为应急决策和消防演习的一种非常有价值的参考工具     

协作网络在跨区域灭火应急救援中的应用研究

为有效解决跨区域灭火应急救援工作中统一指挥难、行动协调难、资源调配难和协同效应难等问题,基于网络在跨区域管理工作中的重要性以及协同原理理论,提出跨区域灭火应急救援协作网络的概念,并分析跨区域灭火应急救援协作网络在跨区域灭火应急救援工作中的功能与作用,最后提出了跨区域灭火应急救援协作网络的结构框架及运行机制。结果表明:协作网络与跨区域灭火应急救援工作相结合具有重要意义,今后的工作重点应是研究构建跨区域灭火应急救援协作网络的影响因素、可行性、实用性以及相关配套设施和宏观运行环境等。     

基层公安消防部队应急救援能力构成要素研究

近年来,我国公安消防部队主动拓展职能,承担了灭火之外的,以抢救人民生命为主的应急救援任务,已成为了我国常态下应急救援的主力军。本文根据新时期、新形势下应急救援工作建设的实际需要,系统的研究了应急救援能力的概念和构成要素,并从人员、装备、组织管理指挥体系和社会救援资源四个方面对基层公安消防部队的应急救援能力进行了分析,对各要素及各要素之间的关系分别进行了研究,分别提出了各要素的衡量方法,可对基层公安消防部队应急救援能力的科学评价和管理决策提供参考。     

Effectiveness of a light-weight ice-vest for body cooling while wearing fire fighter's protective clothing in the heat.

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of wearing an ice-vest (ca 1 kg) on physiological and subjective responses in fire fighters. The experiments were carried out on a treadmill in a hot-dry environment. The physical cooling effect of the ice-vest was measured with a thermal manikin. The ice-vest effectively reduced skin temperatures under the vest. On average, heart rate was 10 beats/min lower, the amount of sweating was reduced by 13%, and subjective sensations of effort and warmth were lower during work with the ice-vest compared to work without it. Thermal manikin tests indicated that the useful energy available from the vest for body cooling was rather high (58%). In conclusion, the ice-vest reduces physiological and subjective strain responses during heavy work in the heat, and may promote efficient work time by 10%.     

我国抢险救援装备技术现状及未来发展方向和政策建议

概述了目前我国抢险救援器材产品和技术进步的基本情况。分析了抢险救援器材产品生产的基本格局和抢险救援器材产品企业的自主创新能力和技术进步情况。分析研究了抢险救援器材产品生产中存在的主要问题,并对抢险救援器材产品的市场情况进行了简要分析。阐述了抢险器材产品生产和技术的基本情况和趋势、我国消防抢险器材产品技术的世界地位、经济社会的发展对消防抢险器材产品技术创新的要求。最后提出了我国抢险器材产品技术的未来发展方向,并对促进消防员抢险器材产品技术及产业的发展提出了思路和政策建议     

Effects of carrying handles,postures, materials and distances on carrying capability

This study recruited 14 industrial workers to examine the effects of carrying handles, postures, materials and distances on maximum acceptable weights of carrying (MAWC), and resulting heart rate and body rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for a 20 min intensive carrying task. This study showed that MAWC of carrying with bar handles, carrying with hands-and-body posture, solid materials and 4?m distance were significantly higher than that of carrying with groove handles, carrying with hands posture, liquid materials and 8?m distance, respectively. The resulting heart rates while carrying MAWCs of groove handles, hands-and-body carrying posture, solid materials and 4?m distance were lower than the resulting heart rates while carrying MAWCs of bar handles, hands carrying posture, liquid materials and 8?m distance, respectively. Most pair levels of independent variables resulted in similar body's RPEs except for the pair levels of carrying distance.     

广东省重特大火灾事故统计分析及预防控制

通过收集整理1991 - 2010年广东省重特大火灾事故数据,从广东省重特大火灾事故概况人手,归纳重特大火灾事故发生发展趋势、伤亡情况以及与经济增长的关系,并主要从直接原因、空间分布和时间分布等为分类依据对广东省重特大火灾事故进行深入分析.研究表明:广东省重特大火灾事故主要发生在凌晨和午后时段及夏季和季节转换期,主要分布于生产场所和普通仓库；广东省重特大火灾是管理疏忽、意识淡薄、设备陈旧、可燃物管理不善、自救能力弱等多因素综合的结果.本文从安全管理、安全技术以及安全法律法规等方面,提出火灾预防和控制对策,如针对性的安全检查、提高监控能力、合理制定应急预案及定期演练计划、强化初期火灾处理能力等,综合各方之力,保障消防安全.     

航空器场内失事应急演练评估指标体系与评估方法研究

针对目前我国民用运输机场航空器场内失事应急救援综合演练缺乏有效评估体系的现状，通过对演练过程进行系统分析，构建航空器场内失事应急救援演练评估指标体系，涵盖消防、医疗、公安、媒体应对、运行指挥中心、地服、飞行区7个组织部门的2级指标。结合航空器场内失事救援的业务特点以及指标体系内在逻辑，设计相应的评估方法，对开展的航空器场内失事应急演练进行评估；最后，以国内2个机场的相关应急演练过程为典型示例，进行应用分析。研究结果表明:构建的演练评估指标体系及评估方法能较好地应用于实际应急演练过程，进而在演练评估结果和建议的基础上，实现应急演练的持续改进。     

消防灭火系统中人的因素的定量研究

基于人机工程学研究思路,把消防灭火系统中人的因素分解为可用度、可信度和固有能力,筛选出温度和工作时间作为影响因子,利用层次分析法和线性回归法确定了消防灭火人力系统的可信度和固有能力,结合某消防支队训练统计数据对此研究方法进行了实例分析.结果表明,温度和工作时间对人力系统存在明显影响,相比之下,工作时间的影响较大,但消防灭火系统人的因素的决定因子是人力系统的固有能力,即灭火人员的业务能力、身体素质、心理素质和火场作风.此方法的提出对于消防灭火战斗效能评估、灭火力量组织和配置有着重要意义.