Fenton氧化/混凝沉淀协同处理腈纶聚合废水

采用Fenton法处理湿法腈纶聚合废水,考察了H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、p H和反应时间等因素对氧化和混凝作用去除废水污染物的影响,并分析了废水可生化性和特征污染物的变化。结果表明,Fenton法可以有效去除废水中有机污染物,在初始p H为3.0,Fe2+投加量为15.0 mmol/L,H2O2投加量为90.0 mmol/L的条件下,反应120 min后废水COD去除率可以达到56.8%,其中氧化和混凝作用对应的去除率分别为43.3%和13.5%;处理后废水的BOD5/COD由0.24升高至0.43;处理后废水中丙烯腈以及其他多数有机污染物能被有效去除。     

UV-Fenton催化氧化法对采油废水中多环芳烃的处理效果

针对采油废水中含有多环芳烃种类多且较难去除的特点,采用UV-Fenton技术对采油废水中多环芳烃的处理效果进行了研究,通过正交实验和单因素实验,研究了在254 nm波长紫外光照射下,Fe2+投加量、H2O2投加量、pH值和光照时间对水样中多环芳烃中的菲和芴处理效果的影响。实验结果显示,处理初始浓度为1 000μg/L的菲、芴时,反应的最佳工艺条件为:Fe2+浓度为1.8 mmol/L、H2O2投加量为0.15 mmol/L、pH值为4、光照时间1.25 h。在此条件下,菲和芴的去除率可达71.9%。     

强化UV/Fenton法降解水中苯酚的研究

研究了UV/Fenton法处理含苯酚废水时H2 O2 和FeSO4 加入量及苯酚初始浓度对酚去除效果的影响及C2 O2 -4 对UV/Fenton法的增强效果。 [H2 O2 ]=2 0mmol/L ,[FeSO4 ]=5mmol/L ,反应 2 0min ,苯酚初始浓度为 5 0mg/L时 ,酚去除率达 99%。UV/Fenton体系中引入C2 O2 -4 后可有效提高对紫外和可见光的利用率 ,进而提高了对高浓度苯酚废水去除效果     

可用于去除高盐废水中有机污染物的混凝-Fenton氧化联合工艺

以某环氧树脂生产厂产生的高盐有机废水为对象,对比研究了Fenton、Fenton-混凝、混凝-Fenton等工艺去除废水中有机污染物的效能。考察了Fenton反应中Fe2+、H2O_2投加比、初始pH、反应时间以及混凝反应中混凝剂种类、投加量等参数对处理效果的影响。结果表明:Fenton工艺的最佳条件为亚铁和过氧化氢投加比1∶20,投加量分别为25 mmol·L~(-1)和500 mmol·L~(-1),初始pH 3,反应时间120 min,TOC去除率为62.50%;混凝工艺选择Fe SO_4混凝剂,投加量为300 mg·L~(-1),TOC去除率为23.78%;废水经过Fenton-无混凝剂混凝、Fenton-混凝剂混凝、混凝-一级Fenton氧化和混凝-二级Fenton氧化工艺处理,TOC去除率分别为68.32%、71.51%、80.69%和89.27%。     

Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理油田采油废水的研究

采用Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理生物难降解的采油废水的研究结果表明，Fenton氧化技术不但对采油废水中有机质有较好的去除率，而且大大地改善了废水的可生化性，在H2O2的投加浓度和Fe^2 与H2O2的摩尔比分别为10mmol／L和0．1的条件下，经过30min氧化后可使废水BOD值由原来的5mg／L上升至40mg／L；同时随着氧化时间的延长，废水中残余的有机物分子量逐渐降低。30min氧化后的废水经过生物处理，其出水COD值为102mg／L，可以满足国家综合污水外排标准，经济分析结果表明，该技术处理采油废水的运行成本为1．47元／t。这一技术在解决石油行业采油废水的外排达标方面具有很好的应用前景。     

Fenton试剂处理腐殖酸废水影响特性和降解动力学模型

研究了Fenton试剂降解腐殖酸废水的影响特性,并在理论分析反应过程的基础上建立动力学方程,同时根据实验进行动力学方程参数估算。研究表明,Fenton试剂通过氧化和混凝共同作用有效去除腐殖酸。在初始pH=4,40mmol/L FeSO4和160 mmol/L H2O2投量下,腐殖酸60 min氧化去除率、混凝去除率分别达到78.6%和11.5%,其初始氧化速率达到最大59.6 mg/(L.min)。腐殖酸的氧化降解动力学模型值与实验值吻合良好,说明采用该动力学模型能较好预测腐殖酸废水的氧化降解情况,且Fenton氧化降解腐殖酸的机理符合自由基的理论和实践。     

Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理油田采油废水的研究

采用Fenton氧化与生化组合技术处理生物难降解的采油废水的研究结果表明 ,Fenton氧化技术不但对采油废水中有机质有较好的去除率 ,而且大大地改善了废水的可生化性 ,在H2 O2 的投加浓度和Fe2 + 与H2 O2 的摩尔比分别为10mmol/L和 0 .1的条件下 ,经过 30min氧化后可使废水BOD值由原来的 5mg/L上升至 4 0mg/L ;同时随着氧化时间的延长 ,废水中残余的有机物分子量逐渐降低。 30min氧化后的废水经过生物处理 ,其出水COD值为 10 2mg/L ,可以满足国家综合污水外排标准 ,经济分析结果表明 ,该技术处理采油废水的运行成本为 1 4 7元 /t。这一技术在解决石油行业采油废水的外排达标方面具有很好的应用前景。     

混凝沉淀—Fenton处理染料废水的实验研究

采用混凝沉淀—Fenton氧化法对酸性红4-BE染料废水进行处理,讨论了影响COD去除率的各种因素;再在外加磁场条件下,对混凝沉淀后的废水进一步处理。结果表明混凝沉淀—Fenton氧化法对红4-BE初始质量浓度为400mg/L、COD为346mg/L、色度为2200倍的4-BE染料废水,COD去除率达到95%,脱色率达到99.3%;外加磁场协助时,废水的处理时间缩短,反应效率提高。     

印染废水生化出水中各类有机物在Fenton 氧化过程中的去除效果

考察了Fenton氧化法处理印染废水生化出水时,不同因素对色度去除效果的影响。在最佳处理条件下,即[H2O2]∶[Fe2＋]为6∶1,反应初始pH为4.0,H2O2和FeSO4的投加量分别为3.6 mmol/L和0.6 mmol/L,反应时间为30min,UV254、DOC和COD的去除率分别达到了84%、52%和84%,ADMI7.6和稀释倍数表征的色度去除率分别达到了94%和96%。通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将印染废水生化出水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物。实验结果表明,对于该印染废水的生化出水,疏水性物质是引起色度的主要物质,所占比例以ADMI7.6表征时为92%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到53%。Fenton试剂氧化处理对此水样中的非酸疏水物质和疏水酸均有较好的去除效果,对弱疏水性有机物和亲水性有机物去除率较低。     

强化3级Fenton氧化结合石灰乳中和混凝处理苯系染料中间体废水

采用多级Fenton氧化结合石灰乳中和混凝对苯系染料中间体废水进行强化处理,考察了Fenton试剂投加级数和投加比例对废水处理效果的影响,以及多级Fenton氧化之间石灰乳中和混凝作用效果,并分析了废水中有机成分的变化趋势。结果表明:Fenton氧化过程中,COD去除率随着Fenton试剂投加级数的增加逐渐增大,3级时效果最佳。3级Fenton处理过程中,Fenton试剂的投加比例为1∶2∶3时,COD去除率最高。在Fenton试剂投加比例为1∶2∶3的3级Fenton氧化过程中,石灰乳可有效调节pH由2.5至4.0,同时其混凝作用也可进一步提高COD去除率,最终COD去除率可达97.20%。经GC-MS对各个过程中有机物的分析鉴定,可发现原废水中的苯系有机物逐渐变化为苯酚、对苯醌以及短链小分子脂肪酸等物质。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.