碳源及碳氮比对异养反硝化微生物异养反硝化作用的影响

碳源(甘油和柠檬酸钠)及碳氮比对纯培养的异养反硝化菌HP1 (Pseudomonasalcaligenes)异养反硝化能力影响的试验表明,碳源种类对硝酸还原酶活性没有明显影响,对氧化亚氮还原酶活性有影响。批式培养方式下最适C/N为8,菌株HP1可以利用NO-3 作为唯一氮源进行反硝化作用,证明HP1至少有2种硝酸还原途径。连续培养方式下温度对菌株HP1异养反硝化作用中间产物的积累有影响,不同C/N时均有NH+4 积累,C/N为3时还有NO-2 的积累。     

碳氮比对晚期垃圾渗滤液自养脱氮的影响

采用缺氧/好氧(A/O)短程硝化与升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)厌氧氨氧化组合的自养脱氮系统处理实际晚期渗滤液,重点考察了碳氮比(C/N)对该系统的综合影响.在较低C/N范围内(1.45到1.95),氨氮去除率变化不显著,当C/N达到2.46以上时,硝化和厌氧氨氧化活性恶化导致其去除率从97.7%降为83.3%.化学需氧量和总氮去除率整体随C/N的提高而呈现先增加后减少的趋势.适度反硝化补充的碱度不仅为硝化菌提供充足的无机碳源,且有利于保障较高的p H和游离氨以维持稳定的短程硝化,亚硝积累率随C/N的提升呈现小幅上升.种群结构分析表明高C/N与厌氧氨氧化菌群所占的比例呈反比关系,从1.65%降为0.31%,维持厌氧氨氧化菌和反硝化菌的动态平衡是保证系统正常运行的关键因素.C/N为1.95时系统整体性能最优.     

油井采出液中硝酸盐还原菌的分离培养及对硫酸盐还原的抑制

采用油井采出液培养基和加入无机盐成分的改良油井采出液培养基,对大庆油田萨北过渡带油井采出液中的细菌进行分离培养及初步鉴定,比较了两种情况下培养出的具有硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐还原,以及/或反硝化能力菌群结构的差异.利用采出液培养基培养出一组新的微生物菌株,并且分离的硝酸盐和/或亚硝酸盐还原菌,以及/或反硝化细菌(Nitrate/nitrite reducing bacteria,denitrifying bacteria,NRDB)比例明显高于无机盐-采出液培养基;但培养基中无机盐成分的添加,提高了可培养NRDB的群落生物多样性.仅仅向油井采出液中直接投加硝酸盐作为电子受体,对其中硝酸盐还原、亚硝酸盐还原和反硝化微生物(NRDB)的激活作用以及产抑制硫化物产生的能力有限,而同时加入分离自采出液的NRDB和硝酸盐则对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的生长和产硫化物活性都产生了明显的抑制.但是NRDB与硝酸盐同时投加对不同SRB的抑制效果并不相同,导致了SRB群落结构的变化.图5表2参17     

西藏东北部热泉水中硫氧化菌的多样性及分布特征

热泉中存在大量的硫氧化菌,而西藏东北部丰富的热泉资源中硫氧化菌的相关研究较少。为探究西藏东北部热泉水中不同类型硫氧化菌(Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria,SOB)的多样性、群落结构及其分布特征,采集西藏东北部5个地热区总共13个热泉的地球化学及微生物样品,构建硫氧化基因dsrA和soxB的功能基因克隆文库、q PCR定量分析dsr A和soxB基因丰度,结合水化参数对比分析热泉水中dsrA型SOB和soxB型SOB的群落结构及其分布特征的差异。结果表明,西藏东北部热泉水中的硫氧化菌主要为β变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、α变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和嗜氢菌纲(Hydrogenophilalia),其中dsr A型SOB和soxB型SOB的优势类群在纲水平上均为Betaproteobacteria,但目水平上则存在差异,即soxB型SOB优势菌目为亚硝化单胞菌目(Nitrosomonadales)(30.0%-91.7%);dsr A型SOB优势菌目为红环菌目(Rhodocy...     

SMBBR工艺处理生活污水脱氮效能及其微生物多样性

微生物是生物膜法处理技术的核心,微生物多样性的研究对于生物膜法去除污染物的机理探讨具有重要意义.采用特异性流化床生物膜反应器(Special Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor,SMBBR)处理城市生活用水,并利用IlluminaHiSeq高通量测序技术对各反应器的微生物分布以及菌群与环境因子的相关性进行研究.结果显示,在水温20-30℃、上清液回流比为150%、DO为4 mg/L、水力停留时间为18 h的条件下,SMBBR对氨氮的去除率高达96.7%;SMBBR的好氧反应器和厌氧反应器的生物膜微生物种群结构组成存在不同,但优势微生物种群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes).在属的水平检测到好氧反硝化菌红细菌(Rhodobacter)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera),以及氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonadales)等.另外,DO是影响微生物群落结构最显著的环境因子.本研究表明环境因子会影响微生物群落替演,好氧反硝化以及氨氧化反应可能是SMBBR工艺中重要的脱氮机制.     

碳源及碳氮比对异养反硝化微生物异养反硝化作用的影响

碳源(甘油和柠檬酸钠)及碳氮比对纯培养的异养反硝化菌HP1(Pseudomonas alcaligenes)异养反硝化能力影响的试验表明，碳源种类对硝酸还原酶活性没有明显影响，对氧化亚氮还原酶活性有影响。批式培养方式下最适C／N为8，菌株HP1可以利用NO3^-f作为唯一氮源进行反硝化作用，证明HP1至少有2种硝酸还原途径。连续培养方式下温度对菌株HP1异养反硝化作用中间产物的积累有影响，不同C／N时均有NH4^ 积累，C／N为3时还有NO2^-的积累。     

一株Agrobacterium sp.异养硝化菌的分离鉴定及其氨氧化性能

针对传统污水处理工艺中存在的工艺复杂、脱氮效率低等问题,从江苏无锡市桃花山垃圾渗滤液生化反应池活性污泥中富集、分离及筛选出一株异养硝化菌BT1.通过16S rRNA序列分析,对分离菌株进行鉴定,同时对其异养硝化特性、氨氧化功能基因及氨氧化性能影响因素进行研究.结果显示:分离到的异养硝化菌为农杆菌属Agrobacterium sp..该菌经过32 h培养后,NH_4~+-N去除率为99.77%;TN去除率为96.99%.其中,59.62%TN转换为胞内氮,37.37%TN转化为气态氮;检测不到NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N的积累.结合氨单加氧酶基因(amo A)的PCR成功扩增,进一步证明了BT1菌株具有氨氧化能力.单因子试验结果显示,在温度为30℃、C/N为10-15、pH为7.0-9.0、转速为120-160 r/min的条件下,菌株均能去除98.51%以上NH_4~+-N,体现出良好的氨氧化性能.BT1菌株能够适应较宽的氨氮负荷,在高氨氮浓度(500和1 000 mg/L)下生长良好且NH_4~+-N去除率均超过64.69%.本研究表明BT1菌株具有高效的异养硝化性能及优异的氨氮耐受性,具有进一步处理高浓度氨氮废水的应用前景.(图9参39)     

秦皇岛近海养殖对潮间带微生物群落多样性的影响

潮间带微生物群落在驱动海岸带生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用,近海养殖造成的环境问题日益凸显,但其对潮间带微生物群落结构的影响还缺乏研究。采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）的分子生物学技术,研究秦皇岛养殖区与旅游区潮间带沉积物中微生物多样性的差异,分析养殖区微生物的16S rRNA基因文库的组成特征。结果表明：养殖区的微生物群落结构与旅游区形成较大的差异,DGGE图谱中养殖区的特有条带主要集中于γ-变形菌纲（γ-proteobacteria）,还分布于α-变形菌纲（α-proteobacteria）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。影响潮间带微生物的群落结构的主要环境因子包括温度、盐度、pH和NO3-浓度,影响率达55.2%。对差异最大的洋河大桥南养殖区（Q1站）的微生物样品建立克隆文库分析群落结构,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌群,占总群落的60%,其中γ-变形菌纲是主要存在的微生物纲,其余菌群包括放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的微生物。养殖区海岸带微生物群落中出现了与环境污染和赤潮密切相关的菌群,如拟杆菌门、肠杆菌属（Enterobacteriaceae）和α-变形细菌红细菌目（Roseovarius）的微生物。     

影响厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化耦合的因素

氨氮、氮氧化物对产甲烷菌有一定的抑制作用,但可以通过驯化去除毒性.亚硝酸盐在厌氧氨氧化菌作用下与氨发生厌氧氨氧化反应.虽然厌氧氨氧化菌是自养菌,但具有异养代谢能力,并且NO2可提高厌氧氨氧化菌的活性.因此,通过特殊的反应器技术,将厌氧氨氧化菌与甲烷菌、反硝化菌复合在一个有利的微生态环境中,充分发挥它们之间的协同耦合作用,把有机物转化为清洁能源又同时脱氮,是极有前景的废水厌氧(缺氧)处理研究新方向.表1参31     

耐盐异养硝化菌驯化方法及分离菌株鉴定

采用高C/N、逐渐降低DO、菌体对数生长期前期转接以及增加培养液中海水比例的方法完成了耐盐异养硝化菌的富集和驯化,并从中分离筛选出两株高效异养硝化菌qy37和gs2.通过对两株菌的形态观察、生理生化试验以及16S rRNA序列分析,确定菌株qy37和菌株gs2分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和盐单胞菌属(Halomonas).     

Enhancing the efficiency of nitrogen removing bacterial population to a wide range of C:N ratio (1.5:1 to 14:1) for simultaneous C & N removal

• Simultaneous C & N removal in Methammox occurs at wide C:N ratio. • Biological Nitrogen Removal at wide C:N ratio of 1.5:1 to 14:1 is not reported. • Ammonia removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy at high C:N ratio. • Acetogenic population compensated for ammonia oxidizers at high C:N ratio. • Methanogens increase the plasticity of nitrogen removers at high C:N ratio. High C:N ratio in the wastewater limits biological nitrogen removal (BNR), especially in anammox based technologies. The present study attempts to improve the COD tolerance of the BNR process by associating methanogens with nitrogen removing bacterial (NRB) populations. The new microbial system coined as ‘Methammox’, was investigated for simultaneous removal of COD (C) and ammonia (N) at C:N ratio 1.5:1 to 14:1. The ammonia removal rate (11.5 mg N/g VSS/d) and the COD removal rates (70.6 mg O/g VSS/d) of Methammox was close to that of the NRB (11.1 mg N/g VSS/d) and the methanogenic populations (77.9 mg O/g VSS/d), respectively. The activities established that these two populations existed simultaneously and independently in ‘Methammox’. Further studies in biofilm reactor fetched a balanced COD and ammonia removal (55%–60%) at a low C:N ratio (≤2:1) and high C:N ratio (≥9:1). The population abundance of methanogens was reasonably constant, but the nitrogen removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy as the C:N ratio shifted from low (C:N≤2:1) to high (C:N≥9:1). The reduced autotrophic NRB (ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox) population at a high C:N ratio was compensated by the fermentative group that could carry out denitrification heterotrophically. The functional plasticity of the Methammox system to adjust to a broad C:N ratio opens new frontiers in biological nitrogen removal of high COD containing wastewaters.     

Micro-analysis of nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs using microelectrodes

To investigate the nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs, micro-profiles of O₂, NH₄⁺, NO₂^–, NO₃^–, and pH were measured under different operating conditions. The flocs were obtained from a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor. Nitrification, as observed from interfacial ammonium and nitrate fluxes, was higher at pH 8.5, than at pH 6.5 and 7.5. At pH 8.5, heterotrophic bacteria used less oxygen than nitrifying bacteria, whereas at lower pH heterotrophic activity dominated. When the ratio of C to N was decreased from 20 to 10, the ammonium uptake increased. When dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bulk liquid was decreased from 4 to 2 mg·L^-1, nitrification decreased, and only 25% of the DO influx into the flocs was used for nitrification. This study indicated that nitrifying bacteria became more competitive at a higher DO concentration, a higher pH value (approximately 8.5) and a lower C/N.     

Nitrogen dynamics in an Australian semiarid grassland soil

We conducted a four-week laboratory incubation of soil from a Themeda triandra Forsskal grassland to clarify mechanisms of nitrogen (N) cycling processes in relation to carbon (C) and N availability in a hot, semiarid environment. Variation in soil C and N availability was achieved by collecting soil from either under tussocks or the bare soil between tussocks, and by amending soil with Themeda litter. We measured N cycling by monitoring: dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrate (NO3-) contents, gross rates of N mineralization and microbial re-mineralization, NH4+ and NO3- immobilization, and autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification. We monitored C availability by measuring cumulative soil respiration and dissolved organic C (DOC). Litter-amended soil had cumulative respiration that was eightfold greater than non-amended soil (2000 compared with 250 microg C/g soil) and almost twice the DOC content (54 compared with 28 microg C/g soil). However, litter-amended soils had only half as much DON accumulation as non-amended soils (9 compared with 17 microg N/g soil) and lower gross N rates (1-4 compared with 13-26 microg N x [g soil](-1) x d(-1)) and NO3- accumulation (0.5 compared with 22 microg N/g soil). Unamended soil from under tussocks had almost twice the soil respiration as soil from between tussocks (300 compared with 175 microg C/g soil), and greater DOC content (33 compared with 24 microg C/g soil). However, unamended soil from under tussocks had lower gross N rates (3-20 compared with 17-31 microg N x [g soil](-1) d(-1)) and NO3- accumulation (18 compared with 25 microg N/g soil) relative to soil from between tussocks. We conclude that N cycling in this grassland is mediated by both C and N limitations that arise from the patchiness of tussocks and seasonal variability in Themeda litterfall. Heterotrophic nitrification rate explained >50% of total nitrification, but this percentage was not affected by proximity to tussocks or litter amendment. A conceptual model that considers DON as central to N cycling processes provided a useful initial framework to explain results of our study. However, to fully explain N cycling in this semiarid grassland soil, the production of NO3- from organic N sources must be included in this model.     

异养硝化细菌处理氨氮废水及影响因素研究

从生物陶粒反应器中筛选出6株异养硝化细菌,将异养硝化细菌扩大培养后,建立SBR反应器并进行了氨氮去除的试验研究。在SBR反应器进入稳定运行阶段时,可以观察到系统对于氨氮的去除率稳定在82．96％左右,表现出较好的氨氮去除效果;出水亚硝酸盐含量一直维持在较低的水平,其最大值不超过3．84mg·L-1;COD的平均去除率为54．72％,基本实现了同一反应器中的有机物和氨氮的共同去除。异养硝化SBR反应器温度为29℃时,反应器对氨氮和总氮的去除能力最大为82．28％和47．27％;在pH值为8．0时,氨氮去除率最高达到80．15％。C／N〈4．5时,随着C／N比的增加,氨氮和总氮的去除率快速增加;在C/N为6时,氨氮去除率最高达到87．62％。     

Characterization of CANON reactor performance and microbial community shifts with elevated COD/N ratios under a continuous aeration mode

COD/N at low ratios (0–0.82) improved N removals of CANON. CANON performance decreased after COD/N up to 0.82. The relative abundance of AOB decreased continuously with increasing COD/N. AOB outcompeted at a high COD load led to CANON failure. The relative abundance of AnAOB decreased and increased with increasing COD/N. The effects of increasing COD/N on nitrogen removal performance and microbial structure were investigated in a SBR adopting a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process with a continuous aeration mode (DO at approximately 0.15–0.2 mg/L). As the COD/N increased from 0.1 to≤0.59, the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) increased from 88.7% to 95.5%; while at COD/N ratios of 0.59–0.82, the NRE remained at 90.7%–95.5%. As the COD/N increased from 0.82 to 1.07, the NRE decreased continuously until reaching 60.1%. Nitrosomonas sp. (AOB) and Candidatus Jettenia (anammox bacteria) were the main functional genera in the SBR. As the COD/N increased from 0.10 to 1.07, the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas decreased from 13.4% to 2.0%, while that of Candidatus Jettenia decreased from 35% to 9.9% with COD/N<0.82 then increased to 45.4% at a COD/N of 1.07. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria outcompeted AOB at high COD loadings (650 mg/L) because of oxygen competition, which ultimately led to deteriorated nitrogen removal performance.     

4种农药对土壤微生物的影响Ⅱ:氮素矿质化的变化

研究农药,氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、多菌灵和丁硫克百威对山西省两种土壤氮素矿质化（ 氨化作用和硝化作用） 的影响．结果表明,添加低浓度（ ｗ ＝ １００ ｍｇ／ｋｇ） 的４ 种农药,对土壤氮素矿质化无显著影响． 高浓度（ ｗ ＝ １０００ ｍｇ／ｋｇ） 的菊酯类农药会抑制土壤中硝化细菌的活动,使土壤中氨的含量明显积累;添加高浓度多菌灵的土壤样品出现硝态氮积累的现象,这可能与其对微生物生长影响有关;添加高浓度丁硫克百威在一种土壤样品中使氨的含量有明显积累,但在另一种土壤样品中与对照基本相同．可见,农药对土壤氮素矿质化及微生物活性的影响,因农药品种的不同和浓度的不同而异,不同的土壤因微生物活性的差异而对农药污染的反应也不同     

Responses of microbial interactions to elevated salinity in activated sludge microbial community

● Salinity led to the elevation of NAR over 99.72%. ● Elevated salinity resulted in a small, complex, and more competitive network. ● Various AOB or denitrifiers responded differently to elevated salinity. ● Putative keystone taxa were dynamic and less abundant among various networks. Biological treatment processes are critical for sewage purification, wherein microbial interactions are tightly associated with treatment performance. Previous studies have focused on assessing how environmental factors (such as salinity) affect the diversity and composition of the microbial community but ignore the connections among microorganisms. Here, we described the microbial interactions in response to elevated salinity in an activated sludge system by performing an association network analysis. It was found that higher salinity resulted in low microbial diversity, and small, complex, more competitive overall networks, leading to poor performance of the treatment process. Subnetworks of major phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi) and functional bacteria (such as AOB, NOB and denitrifiers) differed substantially under elevated salinity process. Compared with subnetworks of Nitrosomonadaceae, Nitrosomonas (AOB) made a greater contribution to nitrification under higher salinity (especially 3%) in the activated sludge system. Denitrifiers established more proportion of cooperative relationships with other bacteria to resist 3% salinity stress. Furthermore, identified keystone species playing crucial roles in maintaining process stability were dynamics and less abundant under salinity disturbance. Knowledge gleaned from this study deepened our understanding of microbial interaction in response to elevated salinity in activated sludge systems.     

Soil C and N models that integrate microbial diversity

Industrial agriculture is yearly responsible for the loss of 55–100 Pg of historical soil carbon and 9.9 Tg of reactive nitrogen worldwide. Therefore, management practices should be adapted to preserve ecological processes and reduce inputs and environmental impacts. In particular, the management of soil organic matter (SOM) is a key factor influencing C and N cycles. Soil microorganisms play a central role in SOM dynamics. For instance, microbial diversity may explain up to 77 % of carbon mineralisation activities. However, soil microbial diversity is actually rarely taken into account in models of C and N dynamics. Here, we review the influence of microbial diversity on C and N dynamics, and the integration of microbial diversity in soil C and N models. We found that a gain of microbial richness and evenness enhances soil C and N dynamics on the average, though the improvement of C and N dynamics depends on the composition of microbial community. We reviewed 50 models integrating soil microbial diversity. More than 90 % of models integrate microbial diversity with discrete compartments representing conceptual functional groups (64 %) or identified taxonomic groups interacting in a food web (28 %). Half of the models have not been tested against an empirical dataset while the other half mainly consider fixed parameters. This is due to the difficulty to link taxonomic and functional diversity.     

Mechanistic insight into the biofilm formation and process performance of a passive aeration ditch (PAD) for decentralized wastewater treatment

• A Passive Aeration Ditch was developed to treat decentralized wastewater. • A model was developed to describe the process performance. • A high C/N ratio facilitates microbial growth but nitrification deteriorates. • A high salinity decreases both organic and nitrogen contaminants removal. Decentralized wastewater containing elevated salinity is an emerging threat to the local environment and sanitation in remote coastal communities. Regarding the cost and treatment efficiencies, we propose a passive aeration ditch (PAD) using non-woven polyester fabric as a feasible bubbleless aerator and biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment. Consideration has been first given to PAD’s efficacy in treating saline decentralized wastewater, and then to the impact of chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and salinity on biofilm formation. A multispecies model incorporating the salinity effect has been developed to depict the system performance and predict the microbial community. Results showed that the PAD system had great capacity for pollutants removal. The biofilm thickness increased at a higher C/N ratio because of the boost of aerobic heterotrophs and denitrifying bacteria, which consequently improved the COD and total nitrogen removal. However, this led to the deterioration of ammonia removal. Moreover, while a higher salinity benefited the biofilm growth, the contaminant removal efficiencies decreased because the salinity inhibited the activity of aerobic heterotrophs and reduced the abundance of nitrifying bacteria inside the biofilm. Based on the model simulation, feed water with salinity below 2% and C/N ratio in a range of 1 to 3 forms a biofilm that can reach relatively high organic matter and ammonia removal. These findings not only show the feasibility of PAD in treatment of saline decentralized wastewater, but also offer a systematic strategy to predict and optimize the process performance.     

Pelagic-benthic coupling of the microbial food web modifies nutrient cycles along a cascade-dammed river

• Structure of multi-trophic microbial groups were analyzed using DNA metabarcoding. • Discontinuity and trophic interactions were observed along the dam-fragmented river. • C, N and P cycles are driven by top-down and bottom-up forces of microbial food web. • Pelagic-benthic coupling may intensify nutrient accumulation in the river system. Cascade dams disrupt the river continuum, altering hydrology, biodiversity and nutrient flux. Describing the diversity of multi-trophic microbiota and assessing microbial contributions to the ecosystem processes are prerequisites for the restoration of these aquatic systems. This study investigated the microbial food web structure along a cascade-dammed river, paying special attention to the multi-trophic relationships and the potential role of pelagic-benthic coupling in nutrient cycles. Our results revealed the discontinuity in bacterial and eukaryotic community composition, functional group proportion, as well as α-diversity due to fragmentation by damming. The high microbial dissimilarity along the river, with the total multi-trophic β-diversity was 0.84, was almost completely caused by species replacement. Synchronization among trophic levels suggests potential interactions of the pelagic and the benthic groups, of which the β-diversities were primarily influenced by geographic and environmental factors, respectively. Dam-induced environmental variations, especially hydrological and nutrient variables, potentially influence the microbial food web via both top-down and bottom-up forces. We proposed that the cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are influenced by multi-trophic groups through autotrophic and heterotrophic processes, predator–prey relationships, as well as the release of nutrients mainly by microfauna. Our results advance the notion that pelagic-benthic trophic coupling may intensify the accumulation of organic carbon, ammonium and inorganic phosphorus, thereby changing the biogeochemical patterns along river systems. As a consequence, researchers should pay more attention to the multi-trophic studies when assessing the environmental impacts, and to provide the necessary guidance for the ecological conservation and restoration of the dam-regulated systems.